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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH GmbH
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
Overviews the latest development and trend of the global recycling of lithium-ion power batteries, providing an important resource for scientsits, engineers and government authorities who would like to learn more about this area.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 Status and Development of Power Lithium‐Ion Battery and Its Key Materials
1.1 Market Status of Power Lithium‐Ion Battery
1.2 Key Materials and Development of Power Battery
1.3 Development and Trends in Power Lithium‐Ion Battery
1.4 Analysis of the Supply and Demand of Critical Metal Raw Material Resources for Power Lithium‐Ion Batteries
References
2 Battery Recycling Technologies and Equipment
2.1 Brief Introduction of Lithium‐Ion Battery Recycling
2.2 Introduction of the Battery Recycling Process
2.3 Pretreatment Technology for Battery Recycling
2.4 Hydrometallurgy
2.5 Pyrometallurgy
2.6 Direct Recycling Technology
2.7 Equipment for Battery Recycling
2.8 Global Industrial Participants and Their IP Layout
2.9 Conclusion
References
3 Typical Cases in Industry
3.1 China
3.2 Europe
3.3 North America
References
4 Current Status of the Carbon Footprint Life Cycle Analysis of Power Lithium‐Ion Batteries and the Impact of Recycling on Them
4.1 Life Cycle Analysis of the Power Battery Manufacturing Process
4.2 Carbon Footprint of Different Power Battery Recycling Processes
4.3 Best Power Battery Recycling Technology from a Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Perspective
References
5 Laws, Regulations, and Standards for Battery Recycling
5.1 Laws and Regulations Regarding Battery Recycling in Various Countries
5.2 Management Norms Regarding Battery Recycling
5.3 Technical Norms Regarding Battery Recycling
5.4 Support Policies Regarding Battery Recycling
References
6 New Application Scenarios for Power Lithium‐Ion Batteries
6.1 The Existing Application Scenarios of Power Batteries
6.2 Development of Emerging Business Mode
6.3 Sub‐summary
References
7 Battery Recycling Technology Outlook
7.1 Advanced Battery Recycling System
7.2 Green Battery Design for Recycling
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 The main material production capacity of the world's major produc...
Table 1.2 Comparison of three solid electrolytes.
Table 1.3 Global lithium mine reserves in 2020.
Table 1.4 Global lithium mine yield in 2020.
Table 1.5 Global nickel mine reserves in 2020.
Table 1.6 Global nickel mine yield in 2020.
Table 1.7 Global cobalt mine reserves in 2020.
Table 1.8 Global cobalt mine yield in 2020.
Table 1.9 Lithium, nickel, and cobalt minerals key challenges.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Summary of battery dismantling and recycling technologies.
Table 2.2 The interaction between solute and solvent molecules.
Table 2.3 Laboratory parameters of electrode materials dissolved in common ...
Table 2.4 Comparison of lithiation process characteristics.
Table 2.5 Prices of chemicals involved in treating 1 ton of spent LiFePO
4
c...
Table 2.6 Energy consumption involved in the treatment of 1 ton of spent Li...
Table 2.7 Prices of chemicals involved in regenerating 1 ton of spent LiFeP...
Table 2.8 Energy consumption involved in the treatment of 1 ton of spent Li...
Table 2.9 List of global main LIB recycler.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Carbon footprint of EV power battery, kg CO
2
‐e/kWh of battery cap...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 EU directives and regulations on the life cycle of batteries.
Table 5.2 Rules and regulations in Germany for batteries.
Table 5.3 Rules and regulations in Norway for batteries.
Table 5.4 Rules and regulations of the Netherlands for batteries.
Table 5.5 Macropolicies regarding battery recycling in the United States.
Table 5.6 Policies and regulations regarding battery recycling in China.
Table 5.7 Major policies and events regarding battery recycling in Jiangsu....
Table 5.8 Major policies regarding battery recycling in other provinces and...
Table 5.9 Macropolicies regarding battery recycling in Japan.
Table 5.10 Management norms in the United States.
Table 5.11 Management norms in China.
Table 5.12 Specifications in Japan.
Table 5.13 European norms (EN).
Table 5.14 Germany industry norm (DIN).
Table 5.15 Netherlands norm (NEN).
Table 5.16 Norway standards (NS).
Table 5.17 China standards.
Table 5.18 Support policies in European countries.
Table 5.19 Support policies in the United States.
Table 5.20 Adjusted subsidy policies for electric drive motor vehicles in C...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Technical specifications for safety of electric bicycles.
Table 6.2 Comparison of purchase and use costs of 6 × 4 tractors and power ...
Table 6.3 Typical case studies.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Registration volume and market share of electric cars in major co...
Figure 1.2 Top 10 global lithium‐ion power battery companies and their insta...
Figure 1.3 Comparison of the product structure of China's NCM materials in 2...
Figure 1.4 Market share of LFP manufacturers in 2021.
Figure 1.5 Market share of global anode material manufacturers in 2020–2021....
Figure 1.6 In 2020‐2021, anode material industry structure.
Figure 1.7 Market share of electrolyte in China in 2021.
Figure 1.8 Pattern of separator for wet process in 2021.
Figure 1.9 Main power batteries by material types and their installed capaci...
Figure 1.10 The history, current state, and development route of LIBs.
Figure 1.11 Lithium demand by application in 2020.
Figure 1.12 Nickel demand by application in 2020.
Figure 1.13 Cobalt demand by application in 2020.
Figure 1.14 Supply and demand forecast for lithium, nickel, and cobalt.
Figure 1.15 EV battery reaching end of life.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 The carbon emission in the whole life cycle of the raw, regenerat...
Figure 2.2 The conventional process of dismantling a single battery.
Figure 2.3 Hydrometallurgical process of spent LFP battery.
Figure 2.4 Pyrometallurgical process of scrapped LIBs.
Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram of the flotation process.
Figure 2.6 Schematic diagram of the alkali dissolution process.
Figure 2.7 Schematic diagram of ultrasonic layering.
Figure 2.8 Schematic diagram of ultrasonic enhanced leaching.
Figure 2.9 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of mechanical activation proce...
Figure 2.10 Schematic diagram of the mechanical activation process.
Figure 2.11 The process of combining solvent extraction and precipitation to...
Figure 2.12 The novel process of the combination of solvent extraction and p...
Figure 2.13 Pyrometallurgical process of LIBs.
Figure 2.14 Estimated value of battery cathode materials and their component...
Figure 2.15 The process of direct recycling of spent LIB materials.
Figure 2.16 Recovery process of spent LiFePO
4
.
Figure 2.17 The regeneration process of spent LFP batteries.
Figure 2.18 Single‐shaft shredder. 1 – Pushing mechanism; 2 – feed hopper; 3...
Figure 2.19 Two‐shaft shredder. 1 – Feeding hopper; 2 – crushing chamber; 3 ...
Figure 2.20 Four‐shaft shredder. 1 – Feeding hopper; 2 – knife roll assembly...
Figure 2.21 Horizontal hammer mill. 1 – Upper cover body; 2 – upper box; 3 –...
Figure 2.22 Rotor centrifugal pulverizer. 1 – Crushing chamber; 2 – rotor; 3...
Figure 2.23 Nitrogen protection system. 1 – Fire gate valve 1; 2 – feeding b...
Figure 2.24 Folding plate wind separator. 1 – Centrifugal fan; 2 – discharge...
Figure 2.25 Pulsating airflow air separation column. 1 – Active fan; 2 – the...
Figure 2.26 Rotary kiln. 1 – Feeding device; 2 – cylinder device; 3 – heatin...
Figure 2.27 Straight line vibrating screen. 1 – Feed inlet; 2 – dust cover; ...
Figure 2.28 Round shaking screen. 1 – Feed inlet; 2 – discharge port; 3 – sw...
Figure 2.29 Schematic diagram of the mechanical stirring leaching tank struc...
Figure 2.30 Air stirring leaching tank.
Figure 2.31 Schematic diagram of fluidization leaching tower structure.
Figure 2.32 Structure of horizontal autoclave. 1 – Feed inlet; 2 – stirrer; ...
Figure 2.33 Structure drawing of mixed clarification tank without the submer...
Figure 2.34 Packed extraction tower. 1 – Light liquid inlet; 2 – heavy liqui...
Figure 2.35 Schematic diagram of centrifugal extractor structure. 1 – Collec...
Figure 2.36 Process diagram of thickening tank. A – supernatant region; B – ...
Figure 2.37 Structure of plate and frame filter press. 1 – Fixed head; 2 – p...
Figure 2.38 Schematic diagram of opening compression of box filter press. (a...
Figure 2.39 Global patent application trend of retired battery recovery tech...
Figure 2.40 Patented technology life cycle diagram of retired battery recove...
Figure 2.41 Market layout and direction of decommissioned battery recycling ...
Figure 2.42 Ranking of major applicants for decommissioned battery recovery ...
Figure 2.43 Patent application trend of decommissioned battery recovery bran...
Figure 2.44 Market layout of decommissioned battery recycling branch technol...
Figure 2.45 Applicants for the decommissioned battery recycling branch techn...
Figure 2.46 Trend of a patent application for a technical branch of metal se...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Spent lithium‐ion battery recovery process of Botree Cycling.
Figure 3.2 Brunp Recycling spent lithium‐ion battery recovery process.
Figure 3.3 Pretreatment process of the spent lithium battery from Huayou Cob...
Figure 3.4 The process flow of GEM spent lithium battery recycling process....
Figure 3.5 The process flow of Shunhua Lithium LFP battery recycling process...
Figure 3.6 The process flow of Ganpower spent lithium battery recycling proc...
Figure 3.7 Flowchart of crushing and sieving of decommissioned lithium batte...
Figure 3.8 Schematic illustration of Umicore Valéas
™
process.
Figure 3.9 Schematic illustration of Accurec process.
Figure 3.10 Schematic illustration of Recupyl process.
Figure 3.11 Schematic illustration of the Hub process.
Figure 3.12 Inmetco spent lithium‐ion battery recovery process.
Figure 3.13 Toxco spent lithium‐ion battery recovery process.
Source:
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Main process of implementation of life cycle assessment.
Figure 4.2 Life cycle of a typical EV battery.
Figure 4.3 NCM811 battery cathode material production process.
Figure 4.4 EV power battery production process.
Figure 4.5 Carbon footprint of different EV battery components.
Figure 4.6 Energy consumption of 1 kWh NCM111 battery material and productio...
Figure 4.7 Comparison of the carbon footprint of 50 kWh cell production and ...
Figure 4.8 Role of battery recycling on the life cycle carbon footprint of p...
Figure 4.9 Three different pyrometallurgical + hydrometallurgical process fl...
Figure 4.10 Carbon footprint analysis of three pyrometallurgical + hydrometa...
Figure 4.11 Process flow of battery mechanical pretreatment.
Figure 4.12 Process flow of black mass hydrometallurgical process.
Figure 4.13 “Net” environmental impacts after subtracting recycling benefits...
Figure 4.14 Environmental benefits, broken down to the contribution of each ...
Figure 4.15 Comparison between traditional and Botree hydrometallurgical rec...
Figure 4.16 Selectivity comparison of the extractants from the traditional p...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Electric vehicle parc in China [1].
Figure 6.2 Percentage of two‐wheeled electric vehicles.
Figure 6.3 Sales of two‐wheeled electric vehicles in the United States over ...
Figure 6.4 Sales of two‐wheeled electric vehicles in Europe over the years....
Figure 6.5 Number of newly registered EVs in 2020.
Figure 6.6 Market share of electric vehicles and fuel vehicles in Norway in ...
Figure 6.7 CO
2
emissions in different industries (including the proportion o...
Figure 6.8 Percentage of NOx emissions from various types of vehicles.
Figure 6.9 Percentage of particulate matter emissions from various types of ...
Figure 6.10 Preliminary shipping GHG mitigation strategy.
Figure 6.11 Trends in the number of the global electric ship market.
Figure 6.12 Annual growth market size of cascade utilization.
Figure 6.13 Estimated penetration rate of power swapping electric two‐wheele...
Figure 6.14 Predicted percentage of lithium batteries in the Chinese two‐whe...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 The main ecological challenges facing by LIB materials and its el...
Figure 7.2 Device for separating cathode, anode, and separator from lithium ...
Figure 7.3 Schematic diagram of removing a battery (dotted line indicates th...
Figure 7.4 GBA platform vision for battery passport [23].
Figure 7.5 Oak Ridge Laboratory battery passport QR code for efficient proce...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Recycling of Power Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Technology, Equipment, and Policies
Xiao Lin, Xue Wang, Gangfeng Liu and Guobin Zhang
Authors
Dr. Xiao Lin
Suzhou Botree Cycling Sci & Tech Co., LTD
No. 99 Jinjihu Avenue
215128 Suzhou, Jiangsu
China;
Gusu Laboratory of Materials, No. 388, Ruoshui Road, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
Dr. Xue Wang
Suzhou Botree Cycling Sci & Tech Co., LTD
No. 99 Jinjihu Avenue
215128 Suzhou, Jiangsu
China
Dr. Gangfeng Liu
Suzhou Botree Cycling Sci & Tech Co., LTD
No. 99 Jinjihu Avenue
215128 Suzhou, Jiangsu
China;
Gusu Laboratory of Materials, No. 388, Ruoshui Road, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
Dr. Guobin Zhang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Koguan School of Law
No. 1954, Huashan Road
Xuhui District
200030 Shanghai
China
Cover: Courtesy of Xue Wang
All books published by WILEY‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
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© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH, Boschstraße 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐35108‐4
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ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐83989‐6
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Preface
The global new energy vehicle industry has been developed rapidly and the global sales volume of new energy vehicles is increasing year by year. Since 2016, the new energy revolution has swept the world. By 2020, there are more than 10 million electric cars cumulatively in the market. As the most crucial technology, power lithium‐ion batteries have achieved explosive growth in the production and sales with the gradual electrification of transportation. The installed capacity of power lithium‐ion batteries in 2021 was about 300 GWh with a year‐on‐year increase of 115%. As the first batch of new energy vehicles have been used for eight years, the small peak of power lithium‐ion battery retirement with cumulative capacity of more than 300 000 tons (35 GWh) in 2021 has arrived. Therefore, the recycling of spent power lithium‐ion batteries will play a significant role in the new energy industry chain.
Recycling of power lithium‐ion batteries has multiple attributes of safety, environment, resources, and regionality. From the perspective of safety, improper disposal of waste power batteries has potential dangers such as electric shock, explosion, and hydrogen fluoride corrosion. From the environmental perspective, there are heavy metals pollution caused by nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese as well as organic pollution caused by electrolyte and binders. Besides, dust, waste gas, wastewater as well as waste residues in the recycling process can also endanger the environment. From the resource perspective, it contains key resources such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, etc. Finally, from a geographical point of view, there are great differences in environmental protection policies, recycling channel systems, battery types and stock sizes as well as the recycling technologies for various regions.
Based on the industrial status and development of power lithium‐ion batteries, the current book mainly focuses on the recycling technology and equipment, typical cases in industry, whole life cycle analysis, recycling regulations, new application scenarios, etc., to show the current situation and future development of global recycling industry of spent power lithium‐ion battery. This book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 starts with the market dynamics of new energy vehicles and power lithium‐ion batteries, as well as the status and development trend of key materials for power batteries. Based on the global distribution of raw materials containing critical metals for power lithium‐ion batteries, the supply and demand analysis of critical metals for power batteries are displayed with and without considering recycling. Chapter 2 mainly introduces the research and technology of battery recycling including pretreatment, hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and direct recycling technologies. Besides, the typical equipment associated with the recycling process is also introduced in detail. Followed by some typical industrial cases in China, Europe, and the United States, which are overviewed in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, the carbon emissions caused by the pyrometallurgical process, hydrometallurgical process, and direct recycling process are compared via life cycle assessment, with the aim to propose the best recycling technology of power lithium‐ion batteries. In Chapter 5, the relevant management regulations, technical standards, and support policies of various countries for the battery recycling industry are summarized. Except for the major application in electric vehicles, Chapter 6 illuminates new application scenarios of power lithium‐ion batteries, such as two‐wheeled electric bicycles, electric boats, and energy storage. With the development of battery swapping, platform‐based business model, and considering consumers' differences in usage frequency and daily management of batteries, power lithium‐ion batteries will be expanded in more detailed and dispersed application scenarios. As a result, a more diversified technical route is required in the future. Chapter 7 tries to balance the environmental friendliness and economy from the perspective of life cycle assessment, and promising green battery design for recycling are recommended. The book aims to form a roadmap for the development of power lithium‐ion battery recycling, in order to provide support for the sustainable development of the new energy vehicle industry.
This book is written by the G2116 project research team from Gusu Laboratory of Materials and Botree Cycling based on a large number of literature and industry research. The authors would like to thank Bin Wu, Chunwei Liu, Chenri Chen, Feng Zhang, Hui Yang, Huiyu Sha, Hao Wu, Junyi Shen, Jinfeng Zhao, Jianwen Liu, Jiawei Wen, Jing Peng, Jianning Li, Jia Fu, Min Li, Mengting Wu, Nana Chang, Nan Bai, Peng Chen, Renwen Zhai, Rong Wang, Shunfeng Li, Shengran Dai, Wenfeng Li, Xiao Yang, Xiaoling Guo, Xizu Yang, Xiaoyan Huang, Yi Deng, Yingying Wang, Zhihua Zhang, Zhi Sun for their support and suggestions on the revision of this book. In addition, the authors especially thanks Prof. Hongbin Cao and Prof. Yi Zhang for their guidance on this book. Finally, the authors really thank Dr. Lifen Yang, Ms. Katrina Maceda, and other editorial team members for their great efforts and advice in the publication of this book.
However, there are unavoidable omissions in the book due to time constraints and we hope that experts and readers can criticize and correct our book as much as possible.
06 May 2022
Xiao Lin
Suzhou, China
