State- and Nation-Building in Poland E-Book

Inga von der Stein

• Herausgeber: GRIN Verlag
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Essay from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - Region: Eastern Europe, grade: 9, Maastricht University, language: English, abstract: "Saisonstaat” (seasonal state) - this was the pejorative name Prussian historians labelled Poland with in the 18th century (Davies, 2005, pp. 24, 324). They did so in the face of the partitions of Poland, which resulted in Poland completely vanishing off the map (Davies, 2005, p. 386). But why was Poland seen merely as an instrument for Prussia and Russia in striving for hegemony? (Biskupski, 2000, p. 22) This question is difficult to answer and already gives a hint to the complexity of the process of state- and nation-building in Poland, which deviates in many aspects from the Western European countries. To provide a foundation for the concepts that this paper is based on, one needs to define the terms of both nation and state. According to Smith, a nation is more than only an ethnic group but a cultural- political community, living in an area of settlement and sharing a common heritage, culture and law (Smith, 1995, p. 57). The concept of a state applied derives from Roberts. To him, a state is characterized by “the presence of supreme authority, ruling over a defined territory, who is recognized as having power to make decisions in matters of government […]” (Roberts, 1979, p. 32). Taking these definitions into consideration, this paper is divided into four sections, relating each of the different stages in the state- and nation-building process to one season of the year. This paper firstly examines the economic “spring” of Poland, the Piast dynasty, thereafter attention is laid on the Jagiellonian period, Poland’s “summer”, which is linked to the personal union of Poland and Lithuania. In the next section I analyze the “fall” of the Poland, which is characterized by the consolidation of the Nobility’s supremacy and the economic decay of the country. This is leading up to the last section of this paper, as well as the partitions which killed the Polish state, yet the nation was becoming more alive than ever. My aim is to show that the state- and nation-building process of Poland was not destined to become “a country only for a season” as claimed by Prussian historians, though following a unique way, a nation state might have been successful by the beginning of the 19th century if it had not felt victim to the will of territorial expansion by its neighboring empires (Weinberg, 1996, page. 42). To that end, several lines of a poem named “Sezony” (seasons) written by an anonymous Polish Poet form the frame.

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Contents

1 Introduction: A “Seasonal state”?

2 Poland’s spring: a kingdom of fragmentation but economic augmentation (966-1385)

3 Poland’s summer: The Jagiellons (1385-1569)

4 Poland’s fall: The Republic of the Nobility (1569 – 1795)

5 Poland’s winter: a dead state but a living nation (1795-?)

6 Conclusion: Poland’s next spring?

7 References

1 Introduction: A “Seasonal state”?

"Saisonstaat” (seasonal state) - this was the pejorative name Prussian historians labelled Poland with in the 18th century (Davies, 2005, pp. 24, 324). They did so in the face of the partitions of Poland, which resulted in Poland completely vanishing off the map (Davies, 2005, p. 386).

But why was Poland seen merely as an instrument for Prussia and Russia in striving for hegemony? (Biskupski, 2000, p. 22) This question is difficult to answer and already gives a hint to the complexity of the process of state- and nation- building in Poland, which deviates in many aspects from the Western European countries.

To provide a foundation for the concepts that this paper is based on, one needs to define the terms of both nation and state. According to Smith, a nation is more than only an ethnic group but a cultural- political community, living in an area of settlement and sharing a common heritage, culture and law (Smith, 1995, p. 57). The concept of a state applied derives from Roberts. To him, a state is characterized by “the presence of supreme authority, ruling over a defined territory, who is recognized as having power to make decisions in matters of government […]” (Roberts, 1979, p. 32).

Taking these definitions into consideration, this paper is divided into four sections, relating each of the different stages in the state- and nation- building process to one season of the year. This paper firstly examines the economic “spring” of Poland, the Piast dynasty, thereafter attention is laid on the Jagiellonian period, Poland’s “summer”, which is linked to the personal union of Poland and Lithuania. In the next section I analyze the “fall” of the Poland, which is characterized by the consolidation of the Nobility’s supremacy and the economic decay of the country. This is leading up to the last section of this paper, as well as the partitions which killed the Polish state, yet the nation was becoming more alive than ever.

My aim is to show that the state- and nation- building process of Poland was not destined to become “a country only for a season” as claimed by Prussian historians, though following a unique way, a nation state might have been successful by the beginning of the 19th century if it had not felt victim to the will of territorial expansion by its neighboring empires (Weinberg, 1996, page. 42).

To that end, several lines of a poem named “Sezony” (seasons) written by an anonymous Polish Poet form the frame of this paper.

2 Poland’s spring: a kingdom of fragmentation but economic augmentation (966-1385)

The figure connecting polish legendary with recorded history was Piast, a peasant who arose as the king of the Polans and established this way the so-called ‘Piast Dynasty’ (Davies, 2005, p. 52). The myth of Piast can be seen as a lieu de mémoire of Poland as his figure served later as a foundation on which the origin of the Polish nation was explained. In the first century Poland could not be considered as a state as the Piast princes ruled over tribes, not over a defined territory (Davies, 2005, p. 4).

The collapse of the Roman imperial state in the fifth century laid the foundations for the emergence of the modern state. Due to its location, Poland, however, was never conquered by the Romans, and could therefore not profit of the economic and cultural advantages the Roman civilization brought along (Lukowski & Zawadzki, 2001, p. 3). Indeed it was affected by the “twin oracles” of Christianity which spread its arms also towards the Slavs (Opello & Rosow, 1999, pp. 11, 18; Schulze, 1996, p. 15; Davies, 2005, p. 52).