Sustainable Water Engineering E-Book

Ramesha Chandrappa

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 683

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Ensuring safe and plentiful supplies of potable water (both now and for future generations) and developing sustainable treatment processes for wastewater are among the world's greatest engineering challenges. However, sustainability requires investment of money, time and knowledge. Some parts of the world are already working towards this goal but many nations have neither the political will nor the resources to tackle even basic provision and sanitation. Combining theory and practice from the developing and developed worlds with high- and low-tech, high- and low-cost solutions, this book discusses fundamental and advanced aspects of water engineering and includes: * water resource issues including climate change, water scarcity, economic and financial aspects * requirements for sustainable water systems * fundamentals of treatment and process design * industrial water use and wastewater treatment * sustainable effluent disposal * sustainable construction principles With integrated theory, design and operation specifications for each treatment process, this book addresses the extent to which various treatment methods work in theory as well as how cost effective they are in practice. It provides a nontechnical guide on how to recover and reuse water from effluent, which is suitable for those in water resource management, environmental planning, civil and chemical engineering.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Preface

Abbreviations

Glossary

Chapter 1: Water Crisis

1.1 Water Resource Issues

1.2 Climate Change and Its Influence on Global Water Resources

1.3 Protection and Enhancement of Natural Watershed and Aquifer Environments

1.4 Water Engineering for Sustainable Coastal and Offshore Environments

1.5 Endangering World Peace and Security

1.6 Awareness among Decision Makers and the Public across the World

1.7 Criteria for Sustainable Water Management

1.8 Water Scarcity and Millennium Development Goals

1.9 Lack of Access to Clean Drinking Water and Sanitation

1.10 Fragmentation of Water Management

1.11 Economics and Financial Aspects

1.12 Legal Aspects

References

Chapter 2: Requirements for the Sustainability of Water Systems

2.1 History of Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection

2.2 Integrated Water Management

2.3 Sewerage Treatment and Urban Pollution Management

2.4 Conventional Water Supply

2.5 Conventional Wastewater Collection Systems

References

Chapter 3: Water Quality Issues

3.1 Water-Related Diseases

3.2 Selection Options for Water Supply Source

3.3 On-Site Sanitation

3.4 Water Quality Characteristics of Potable Drinking Water and Wastewater Effluents

3.5 Standards and Consents

3.6 Kinetics of Biochemical Oxygen Demand

3.7 Water Management for Wildlife Conservation

3.8 Water-Quality Deterioration

References

Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Treatment and Process Design, and Sustainability

4.1 History of Water and Wastewater Treatment Regulatory Issues across the World

4.2 Design Principles for Sustainable Treatment Systems

4.3 Preliminary and Primary Treatment

4.4 Secondary Treatment

4.5 Tertiary Treatment

4.6 Emerging Technologies

4.7 Residual Management

4.8 Portable Water Purification Kit

4.9 Requirements of Electrical, Instrumentation and Mechanical Equipment in Water and Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Sustainability

References

Chapter 5: Sustainable Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Treatment

5.1 Sustainable Principles in Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Treatment

5.2 Industries with Low Dissolved Solids

References

Chapter 6: Sustainable Effluent Disposal

6.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves, Mass Balance Calculations and Basic River Models

6.2 Disposal Options and Impact on Environment

6.3 Sustainable Reuse Options and Practice

References

Chapter 7: Sustainable Construction of Water Structures

7.1 Sustainable Construction – Principles

7.2 Intake Structures

7.3 Treatment Plants

7.4 Water Storage and Distribution Systems

7.5 Wastewater Collection and Disposal System

References

Chapter 8: Safety Issues in Sustainable Water Management

8.1 Health, Safety and Sustainability

8.2 Safety of Consumer versus Operator

8.3 Safety of People and Animals other than Consumers and Operators

8.4 Safety Issues during Construction

8.5 Chemical Handling and Storage

8.6 Safety during Water/Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation

8.7 Disaster Management

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Table 4.12

Table 4.13

Table 4.14

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 5.8

Table 5.9

Table 5.10

Table 5.11

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 8.6

Table 8.7

Table 8.8

Table 8.9

Table 8.10

Table 8.11

Table 8.12

Table 8.13

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Civilization has been mainly concentrated adjacent to water bodies.

Figure 1.2 Availability of water per person in different regional of the world (based on the information available in Ramirez

et al.

, 2011).

Figure 1.3 Global water use pattern.

Figure 1.4 Discrepancies in water consumption between rich, poor and animals.

Figure 1.5 Definition of blue, green and grey water footprint.

Figure 1.6 Average footprint for production of vegetables, bovine meat and fruits. (.)

Figure 1.7 Raw material storage in cement plant.

Figure 1.8 Preparation of land for rain-fed agriculture.

Figure 1.9 Freshwater sources, once abundant, are declining due to climate change, destruction of watersheds and distortion of natural streams.

Figure 1.10 Many watersheds have been converted into urban settlement and waste-dumping yards.

Figure 1.11 Activities in coastal areas have been a source of pollution in the fragile ecosystem of estuaries, deltas and the marine environment.

Figure 1.12 Ports and harbours generate a range of wastes, which include minerals and damaged products.

Figure 1.13 The drop in water resources has increased damage to fragile ecosystem as well as forest fires.

Figure 1.14 Failure of agriculture due to drop in water resources.

Figure 1.15 Noninteraction of components in unsustainable water management.

Figure 1.16 Interaction of components in sustainable water management.

Figure 1.17 Fragmentation of water management.

Figure 1.18 Village dwellers on a river bank washing cloth.

Figure 1.19 Wastewater is being drained out without treatment from a small-scale industry.

Figure 1.20 Oil spillage in a waste-oil storage yard.

Figure 1.21 Reasons for failure of environmental legislation.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The relation between sustainable design and sustainable society.

Figure 2.2 Key reasons for increase in water demands.

Figure 2.3 Water storage for drinking, agriculture, animal rearing and temperature maintenance of a building in ancient India.

Figure 2.4 Major themes that need to be integrated in IWRM.

Figure 2.5 Supporting instruments of integrated water management.

Figure 2.6 Sustainable and unsustainable plumbing.

Figure 2.7 Single source and single mode of transportation leads to unsustainable water supply in case of failure of water source or mode of transportation.

Figure 2.8 Multiple options for source and transportation would ensure sustainability in water supply.

Figure 2.9 Pictorial depiction of assumed and actual population growth. (a) Actual population growth; (b) forecast population growth.

Figure 2.10 Typical water supply system: (a) gravity, (b) pumped.

Figure 2.11 Types of water distribution system: (a) branching system, (b) grid arrangement, (c) grid arrangement with loops, (d) grid arrangement with dual mains.

Figure 2.12 Laying of pipe in progress in Europe.

Figure 2.13 Pipes in series.

Figure 2.14 Pipes in parallel.

Figure 2.15 Typical distribution system.

Figure 2.16 Air gap.

Figure 2.17 Barometric loop.

Figure 2.18 Storage of raw material in an industry open to the sky.

Figure 2.19 Indiscriminate solid waste disposal.

Figure 2.20 Solid waste stored in open area before disposal in a solid-waste-disposal facility.

Figure 2.21 Open kitchen using wood in roadside eatery.

Figure 2.22 Air pollution due to vehicular emission.

Figure 2.23 Industrial air pollution.

Figure 2.24 Unplanned urbanization.

Figure 2.25 Fundamentals of corruption.

Figure 2.26 Water being wasted in one of the railway stations in India.

Figure 2.27 Proper onsite solid waste bins.

Figure 2.28 Open spaces within in the city.

Figure 2.29 Collection of food waste for biogas generation.

Figure 2.30 Wastewater collection centre where urban dwellers dispose of solid waste.

Figure 2.31 Waste-dropping place; pneumatic solid waste conveying system.

Figure 2.32 Stand along collection point: (a) front view; (b) top view; (c) depth of collection bin.

Figure 2.33 Electric driven cars being charged. Use of such cars solves air and water pollution problems simultaneously.

Figure 2.34 Green taxis in Stockholm.

Figure 2.35 Proper solid waste-storage facility at one of the hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities.

Figure 2.36 Avoiding soil erosion in rural and urban area can greatly enhance the quality of water.

Figure 2.37 Integration of urban landscape design with water-quality objectives – gravel provided on soil to avoid soil erosion and dust.

Figure 2.38 Principal types of pumps.

Figure 2.39 View of new-generation pumps in wastewater treatment plants.

Figure 2.40 Open drainage.

Figure 2.41 Poorly maintained open drainage.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of knowledge gap in water quality.

Figure 3.2 View of dam across river.

Figure 3.3 Spring capping – option 1.

Figure 3.4 Spring capping – option 2.

Figure 3.5 Spring capping (spring protection chamber) – option 3.

Figure 3.6 Bore well drilling under progress.

Figure 3.7 Different types of handpumps.

Figure 3.8 Ancient rainwater harvesting at Chittorghar, India.

Figure 3.9 Pay and use latrine in Sweden.

Figure 3.10 Toilet with reading material.

Figure 3.11 Septic tank.

Figure 3.12 Aqua privy.

Figure 3.13 Swimming birds can replace surface aerators when used in large numbers.

Figure 3.14 A flooded street.

Figure 3.15 Storm water inlet (located in the front of a car).

Figure 3.16 Storm water drains in narrow passage way of Stockholm.

Figure 3.17 Dirty railway station with faeces discharged on the railway track from trains.

Figure 3.18 Burnt crackers on streets.

Figure 3.19 Green roofs.

Figure 3.20 Permeable pavements.

Figure 3.21 Infiltration trenches.

Figure 3.22 (a) Colour of the water due to visibility of objects below the water; (b) Colour of the water due to reflection of sky; (c) Colour of the water due to colloidal soil particles; (d) Colour of the water in large forest is yellowish brown hues which is the colour formed during degradation of humus substance in nature. The water bodies in would look dark especially in forest with large pine trees due to colour released from pine needles on the ground.

Figure 3.23 Chromium-contaminated groundwater.

Figure 3.24 pH metre.

Figure 3.25 Atomic absorption spectrometer used to measure concentration of contaminants.

Figure 3.26 Gas chromatograph used to analyse volatile organic compounds.

Figure 3.27 High-performance liquid chromatograph used to analyse nonvolatile chemical and biological compounds.

Figure 3.28 Electron microscope pictures of China clay.

Figure 3.29 Microscopic picture of microbial floc.

Figure 3.30 Microscope picture of microbes and disintegrated cells.

Figure 3.31 Colour of water that has turned green due to Eutrophication.

Figure 3.32 Evolution of standards.

Figure 3.33 Wildlife and water.

Figure 3.34 Fishing in heart of the city in Stockholm.

Figure 3.35 Sewage discharged on land without treatment.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Imhoff tank.

Figure 4.2 Control room of a large sewage treatment plant without process control engineers.

Figure 4.3 Biogas filling station for public transport in Stockholm, Sweden.

Figure 4.4 Bus fuelled by biogas generated from sewage sludge and organic solid waste in Stockholm, Sweden.

Figure 4.5 Rapid sand filters in sewage treatment plant at Bromma, Stockholm, Sweden.

Figure 4.6 Windmill used for pumping.

Figure 4.7 Comparison of energy and footprints of various treatment processes located at places that receive sufficient sunlight to sustain oxidation pond and constructed wetlands.

Figure 4.8 Sludge digester and generator building at Okhla, Delhi, India.

Figure 4.9 Interrelationship between various parameters of water/wastewater treatment plant.

Figure 4.10 Mechanically cleaned screen.

Figure 4.11 Fully automated self-cleaning screen with enclosure.

Figure 4.12 A grit-removal chamber with scrapper.

Figure 4.13 Grease trap.

Figure 4.14 Calculating capacity of equalization tank.

Figure 4.15 Configuration of ions around a charged particle.

Figure 4.16 Different zones during sedimentation.

Figure 4.17 Schematic diagram depicting movement of particle with obstruction.

Figure 4.18 Schematic diagram of lamella flarifier.

Figure 4.19 Scematic diagram of floatation unit.

Figure 4.20 Typical bacterial growth curve in terms of numbers.

Figure 4.21 Schematic diagram of activated sludge process.

Figure 4.22 Aeration process with submerged aerators.

Figure 4.23 Piping arrangement for submerged aerators.

Figure 4.24 Optimum submergence of surface aerator.

Figure 4.25 Sludge from ASP.

Figure 4.26 Treated effluent from ASP being further treated in anoxic tank to achieve denitrification.

Figure 4.27 Variations in ASP: (a) step aeration, (b) tapered aeration, (c) contact stabilization.

Figure 4.28 Schematic diagram of sequential biological reactor (SBR).

Figure 4.29 Classification of constructed wetlands.

Figure 4.30 Types of wastewater treated in constructed wetland.

Figure 4.31 Free water surface flow.

Figure 4.32 Horizontal subsurface flow type constructed wetland.

Figure 4.33 Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

Figure 4.34 View of constructed wetlands.

Figure 4.35 Constructed wetlands built between buildings.

Figure 4.36 Oxidation pond.

Figure 4.37 Subsurface treatment (a) pre-treatment (b) post-treatment.

Figure 4.38 Concept of choice of treatment for different needs.

Figure 4.39 Centralized treatment.

Figure 4.40 Decentralized treatment.

Figure 4.41 Electron microscope picture of activated carbon (a) spherical: polymer pyrolized carbons (b) irregular granular: wood-based active carbon (c) polyacrylonitrile derived carbon fibre.

Figure 4.42 View of pressure sand filter and softener.

Figure 4.43 Reverse osmosis system.

Figure 4.44 SEM micrographs showing morphology of cellulose nitrate membrane: (a) top view of membrane; (b) zoom-in top view of membrane; (c) cross section of membrane; (d) a zoom-in SEM image corresponding to the arrowhead pointed area in (c).

Figure 4.45 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographic images of cellulose nitrate membrane: (a) 2D AFM image; (b) 3D AFM image.

Figure 4.46 Disinfection efficiency of various treatment units/operations.

Figure 4.47 Sludge management in developed countries.

Figure 4.48 Sludge drying beds.

Figure 4.49 View of digesters.

Figure 4.50 View of portable water purifier.

Figure 4.51 Solar energy is an attractive idea but still not practical due to high coast associated with installation of potovoltaic cells.

Figure 4.52 Comparison of mechanical equipment requirement for different treatment unit/process.

Figure 4.53 Sophisticated real time monitoring setup.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Components of calculating water demand.

Figure 5.2 Imbalance between water availability and demand.

Figure 5.3 Air-cooling arrangement made to cement kiln.

Figure 5.4 Closed-loop system.

Figure 5.5 Leaner system.

Figure 5.6 Industrial wastewater classification.

Figure 5.7 Classification of dissolved solids based on biodegradability.

Figure 5.8 View of open-cast mining.

Figure 5.9 Afforestation efforts in mining area and surface water inundation in mining area.

Figure 5.10 Mining activity in progress and exposure of groundwater.

Figure 5.11 Usual metal-deposition process.

Figure 5.12 View of an electroplating unit.

Figure 5.13 Flow chart showing the operating sequence involved in phosphating process.

Figure 5.14 A typical galvanizing rinsing tank.

Figure 5.15 Properties to be considered to make decision about treatment of organic chemicals in wastewater.

Figure 5.16 Organic chemical removal techniques.

Figure 5.17 Steps in distilleries.

Figure 5.18 Fluid milk processing.

Figure 5.19 Cultured products.

Figure 5.20 Butter manufacture.

Figure 5.21 Cheese manufacture.

Figure 5.22 Cottage cheese manufacture.

Figure 5.23 Schematic diagram of starch manufacturing from corn.

Figure 5.24 Schematic diagram of starch manufacturing from wheat.

Figure 5.25 Schematic diagram of starch manufacturing from potato.

Figure 5.26 View of jeans-washing unit.

Figure 5.27 View of paper mill.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Typical trends in oxygen depletion and changes in water bodies due to entry of biodegradable wastewater.

Figure 6.2 A canal connecting water bodies in Stockholm.

Figure 6.3 Shipbuilding units without wastewater treatment.

Figure 6.4 Boulder placed on seashore to protect from tides.

Figure 6.5 Solid waste dumped into river.

Figure 6.6 Unsustainable (a) and sustainable (b) disposal options.

Figure 6.7 Infiltration through basins.

Figure 6.8 Infiltration through drains.

Figure 6.9 Correlation between natural water quantity/quality, demand and time.

Figure 6.10 (a) Direct recycling; (b) indirect recycling.

Figure 6.11 Relation between global freshwater available and reused.

Figure 6.12 Wastewater reuse possibilities.

Figure 6.13 Wastewater reuse, alternative possibilities.

Figure 6.14 Correlation between quality and reuse options.

Figure 6.15 Fountains for ornamental purposes do not need potable water quality.

Figure 6.16 Artificial snow does not need potable water quality.

Figure 6.17 Simple straightforward reuse option for grey water.

Figure 6.18 Water spraying for suppressing dust.

Figure 6.19 A crusher hopper in mining area.

Figure 6.20 Water spraying to suppress dust during crushing.

Figure 6.21 Water sprinkling in an open cast mining area.

Figure 6.22 Ash stabilization and solidification unit.

Figure 6.23 Landfill.

Figure 6.24 A waste-feeding place for converting waste to energy.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Technology assessment.

Figure 7.2 Entrance to wastewater treatment plant located underground at Stockholm. Such a location can avoid freezing of water during a severe winter and save construction costs.

Figure 7.3 Inside view of a wastewater treatment piping located underground in Stockholm.

Figure 7.4 Population growth versus groundwater depletion in Delhi.

Figure 7.5 Example of possible sustainable alternative.

Figure 7.6 Earthen pond with liner to store leachate from landfill.

Figure 7.7 Inside view of wastewater treatment tanks located underground at Stockholm.

Figure 7.8 Stabilized mud blocks moulded using soil at site.

Figure 7.9 Water pipes waiting to be laid in Bangalore, India.

Figure 7.10 Annual production of different resources in 2001. (.)

Figure 7.11 Water cycle and human intervention.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Relationship between water/wastewater treatment and risk.

Figure 8.2 Relationship between treatment, sustainability and risk.

Figure 8.3 Risk map for health, safety and sustainability.

Figure 8.4 Risk map of safety of construction workers.

Figure 8.5 Wastewater treatment plant with proper guarding.

Figure 8.6 Flares for burning methane from wastewater to energy plant.

Figure 8.7 Safety signs and handrails on stairs of sedimentation tank.

Figure 8.8 Lifebuoy at outlet of wastewater treatment plant.

Figure 8.9 View of slippery floor.

Figure 8.10 Safety issues with respect to water distribution.

Figure 8.11 Safety issues with respect to water/wastewater treatment.

Figure 8.12 Poor water quality in swimming pool and amusement parks is a cause for diseases among users.

Figure 8.13 Unsafe chemical storage practice.

Figure 8.14 Schematic diagram of linkage between cause and loss.

Figure 8.15 Effluent from operations with poor safety precautions.

Figure 8.16 Example of bad safety procedures that still exist in developing countries.

Figure 8.17 Schematic diagram of a permeable reactive barrier.

Figure 8.18 Lowering a water table to eliminate contact with contaminated site.

Figure 8.19 Zero valent iron (a) before adsorption (b) after adsorption.

Figure 8.20 Building under construction covered completely to avoid dust nuisance.

Figure 8.21 Chemicals stored at a wastewater treatment plant site.

Figure 8.22 Chlorine stored at wastewater treatment plant site.

Figure 8.23 Safety issues during winter include slippery workplace and increased flows in streams.

Figure 8.24 Schematic diagram of disaster management plan.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter

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