The Book of the People E-Book

A.N. Wilson

• Herausgeber: Atlantic Books
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

In The Book of the People A. N. Wilson explores how readers and thinkers have approached the Bible, and how it might be read today. Charting his own relationship with the Bible over a lifetime of writing, Wilson argues that it remains relevant even in a largely secular society, as a philosophical work, a work of literature and a cultural touchstone that the western world has answered to for nearly two thousand years. He challenges the way fundamentalists - whether believers or non-believers - have misused the Bible, either by neglecting and failing to recognize its cultural significance, or by using it as a weapon against those with whom they disagree. Erudite, witty and accessible, The Book of the People seeks to reclaim the Good Book as our seminal work of literature, and a book for the imagination.

Leseprobe

The Book of the People

Also by A. N. Wilson

FICTION

The Sweets of Pimlico

Unguarded Hours

Kindly Light

The Healing Art

Who Was Oswald Fish?

Wise Virgin

Scandal: Or Priscilla’s Kindness

Gentlemen in England

Love Unknown

Stray

The Vicar of Sorrows

Dream Children

My Name Is Legion

A Jealous Ghost

Winnie and Wolf

The Potter’s Hand

THE LAMPITT CHRONICLES

Incline Our Hearts

A Bottle in the Smoke

Daughters of Albion

Hearing Voices

A Watch in the Night

NON-FICTION

A Life of Sir Walter Scott: The Laird of Abbotsford:

A Life of John Milton

Hilaire Belloc: A Biography

How Can We Know?

Landscape in France

Tolstoy

Penfriends from Porlock: Essays and Reviews, 1977–1986

Eminent Victorians

C. S. Lewis: A Biography

Paul: The Mind of the Apostle

God’s Funeral: A Biography of Faith and Doubt in Western Civilization

The Victorians

Iris Murdoch As I Knew Her

London: A Short History

After the Victorians: The World Our Parents Knew

Betjeman: A Life

Our Times: The Age of Elizabeth II

Dante in Love

The Elizabethans

Hitler: A Short Biography

Victoria: A Life

First published in hardback in Great Britain in 2015 by

Atlantic Books, an imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd.

Copyright © A. N. Wilson, 2015

The moral right of A. N. Wilson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.

Every effort has been made to trace or contact all copyright-holders. The publishers will be pleased to make good any omissions or rectify any mistakes brought to their attention at the earliest opportunity.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Hardback ISBN: 978 1 84887 959 1

Trade paperback ISBN: 978 1 84887 960 7

E-book ISBN: 978 1 78239 637 6

Printed in Great Britain

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For

Susie Attwood

Whatever’s written in what poets name

The book of the people. . .

W. B. Yeats, ‘Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931’

CONTENTS

A Prologue

1

This Mountain

2

The Vulgate of Experience

3

Prophets

4

Holy Wisdom

5

Job

6

Living in a Metaphor: Psalms

7

The Rebirth of Images

Epilogue

Notes

Selected Reading List

Permissions

About the Author

A PROLOGUE

THE BIBLE USED to be familiar to almost everyone in the Western world, even (I was going to write ‘especially’) to the illiterate. Visit any great church from Durham to Constantinople, from Rome to Jerusalem, and your eye will fall on images drawn from the Bible, which would have been instantly recognized by any visitor when these places were first constructed. There is Abraham, offering his son Isaac in sacrifice, and having his hand stayed by an angel even as he lifts a knife to the child. There is Daniel in the Lion’s Den. There is Noah in the Ark, and there is Noah having landed the Ark, lying in a state of drunkenness. For hundreds of years, the human race filled its mind with these Bible-based images.

With the invention of printing, and the coming of the Reformation, the Bible, translated out of its original Hebrew and Greek into German, English, French, and eventually all the languages of the globe, became what it had never quite been until then: primarily a book, an object which people read as a text. Before that, many people heard the Bible, and saw images taken from it, carved in stone, or painted on glass. But it was not primarily an object, certainly not a book they would have had in their own home. Then came Luther’s sublime idea that every ploughboy should be able to read and understand the Scriptures. And from that idea sprang many unforeseen consequences – perhaps the Enlightenment itself, and the eventual decision, by many who read the Book, that it was not true, or not true in the way which they had been taught.

People still went on reading the Bible, however, even in this time of crisis. The Bible would have been read to them in schools. Infant plays based on Daniel in the Lion’s Den, or Noah’s Ark, or the Nativity of Jesus, would still have been part of their lives, as would at least a selective reading of the Bible texts.

For many people in the Western world today, this is no longer the case. The Bible, for them, is largely unfamiliar. Even those who have attended schools where there is some rudimentary Bible reading in the morning assembly will find, when they visit the great monuments of the Christian past, or read Christian classics such as Paradise Lost or Dante’s Divine Comedy, that the multitudinous Biblical references ring no bells.

It is a bit late in history to say how sad this is – though of course it is sad. One of the reasons for it has perhaps been a tendency, since the Enlightenment towards the close of the eighteenth century, to think of the Bible in fundamentalist ways. The non-believers are more likely, in my view, to have been fundamentalist than the believers. It is the non-believer who tends to think the Bible is ‘untrue’ because archaeology provides no evidence for the existence of Noah’s Ark or the Crucifixion.

This book is an attempt to persuade people to read the Bible. It is not intended to be a contentious book, and it is certainly not telling you what to think. I have cast it in a semi-fictional form, in which incidents and memories and characters in my own life, and a dialogue with a friend to whom I have given the initial L., are the background of the book. My reason for this is that the Bible, more than most books, forms part of one’s life once it is absorbed into the system. It does not remain static, any more than you remain ever the same. Your perspective of it will change with the years. I have been lucky enough to have had time not only to read the Bible, but also to study it sporadically. This has helped me to form impressions which I do not wish to force on anyone, but which some readers might find helpful.

This book is intended as a sort of ‘guide’ to the Bible – as my semi-fictionalized friend L. was a guide to my own reading. It takes a seven-fold form. In the first chapter, I explain why the Quest for the Historical Jesus, in which I have foolishly indulged myself, is a dead end which can only lead nowhere. The Bible was not written by authors with our sense of historical accuracy. Much of it is deeply literary, by which I mean that passages which appear to be plain narratives are actually reworkings of older passages from other parts of Scripture. The literary history of the Bible makes ‘literalism’ impossible.

So what sort of book is the Bible? The remaining six chapters of my short book explore answers to this question. The first section of the Bible, known in Hebrew as the Torah (Law), implies that everything is fixed and grounded, as Biblical fundamentalists want it to be. But for the Jews who wrote down these books, almost the opposite was the case. The very word ‘God’ was not quite mentionable. If it was, it was not a noun but a verb. Chapter Two suggests that the Jewish concept of God really was different from that of other peoples.

My third chapter explores the sections of Scripture known as the Prophets. The tradition of Biblical prophecy has led to some of the most extraordinary changes in human society, right down to our own day with the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, the overthrow of Soviet power and the abolition of apartheid in South Africa. The reason that my book is called The Book of the People is that the Bible has affected human life. It is not proved or disproved by a sceptic poring over its pages in a study. Rather, it is enacted when people such as Martin Luther King or Desmond Tutu are enflamed by it.

The Writings, or the Holy Wisdom, which inform the third section of the Jewish Scriptures, perhaps have no finer examples than the Book of Job and the Book of Psalms, which I consider in detail. Then I return to the questions which have surrounded the truth or otherwise of the Gospels, since they first began to be read with a sceptical eye in the eighteenth century.

In my final chapter, I return to the idea of the Bible as a Book of the People, and of its traditions being carried along through history, not by its quiet existence on a library shelf, but by the living tradition of human beings, who have heard, and acted upon, its words since the first handing-down of the traditions. In this last chapter, I go to Ghent and look at one of the most stupendous readings of the Bible ever undertaken – the Altarpiece, based on the Apocalypse of John. For there are more ways of reading than by merely turning the pages of a book.

ONE

THIS MOUNTAIN

She hears, upon that water without sound,

A voice that cries, ‘The tomb in Palestine

Is not the porch of spirits lingering.

It is the grave of Jesus, where he lay.’

Wallace Stevens, ‘Sunday Morning’

L.HAD SAID — If you’re going to Israel, you’ve got to see Nablus. You’ll see Roman remains, she said, a great colonnade; and you’ll see Mount Gerizim towering above the old town. In legendary times, before King David, before the land divided into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah, this was Israel’s cultic centre. Shechem is its name in the Bible. Then the centre shifted to Mount Zion and Jerusalem, and the people who were left behind, clinging to the old faith, were called Samaritans.

L. and I over the years–

Yes, but who the L.? writes my editor in the margin of the typescript. I see her point. But, by the end of this story, you will know enough about L. Enough. Not very much, but enough. That, by the way, will be one of the points of this book: how much knowledge is enough?

But it is not a book about L. It’s a book, in part, about what we have done to ourselves, as a culture either by neglecting the Bible or by making it into an offensive weapon with which to attack people with whom we disagree. L. was the one who was meant to be writing a book about the Bible, but this never came to anything. So in the end, I have decided to write my own version, incorporating some of the things she taught me. I don’t know whether she would agree with the conclusions – but that isn’t very important.

Back to Israel – in, I suppose, May 1991, when, on L.’s recommendations, we were driving to Nablus on a hot day. R. and I had been together for a couple of years, but still did not know one another very well. We had not yet married. Our companions were K. B., a young colleague on the newspaper where I worked, and his wife B. We were in Israel combining a holiday with a visit to K. B.’s mother, who, though Irish and non-Jewish, had come with a fairly recent husband to live at Jaffa/Joppa, a smart southern suburb of Tel Aviv, better known to the outside world for its oranges. At the party given to celebrate our arrival, we had been shown into a room which seemed to contain all the famous Israelis you’d ever heard of – Daniel Barenboim, Amos Oz, and so on. And now, family visits done, we had checked into the American Colony Hotel in Jerusalem, and were doing some sightseeing.

The car-hire firm had given some confusing, though not, at the time, particularly alarming advice about number plates. If we were going to Jewish areas, it would be safer to have such-and-such a number plate. And if we were going to the occupied West Bank?

Don’t go to the West Bank, was the advice.

But I wanted to see Nablus. I had been to Israel quite often before. I was of the generation where non-Jewish European students went to work on kibbutzim in their gap year. I’d done this after leaving boarding school in 1969 – I’d picked oranges at the Kibbutz Beit HaEmek, near Acre, explored crusader ruins, hitch-hiked through the Negev, smoked on the beach with hippies at Eilat before it was the huge holiday resort it is today, and seen the Biblical sites. I’d stayed for two weeks in Jerusalem at the Anglican cathedral, St George’s; I’d visited the Dome of the Rock, the Garden of Gethsemane and the Holy Sepulchre, taken buses to Galilee, seen Nazareth, Capernaum, Bethsaida and Tiberias. But I had never been to Nablus.

The name is an Arabic rationalization of the Greek ‘Neapolis’. It was a Hellenistic city, with splendid remains; and it was also in the heart of Biblical Samaria. As we bowled along in the boiling heat, there were many jokes about Good Samaritans, telephoning the Samaritans if we were not enjoying our holiday, and so forth.

Nablus is near the old Biblical site of Shechem, which was a flourishing Canaanite city in the second millennium BC (as recorded in Judges, Chapter 9). According to the old tales, recorded in Genesis, Abraham, our Father in Faith, had a theophany, a vision of God, at Shechem, and built an altar. His grandson Jacob (Israel) did the same [Genesis 33:18–20]. At some point in the early history of Israel, the people who worshipped God at Shechem broke away from those who worshipped God at Jerusalem. If you are a Samaritan, you would probably rewrite that sentence, that the worshippers at Jerusalem were the ones who broke away, while the Samaritans stayed loyal to the Abrahamic faith in Shechem. Certainly by 330 BC, in the Hellenistic period, Shechem was a great city, with a temple. It was laid waste in 107 BC by the Hasmonean John Hyrcanus, so by the time Jesus went there, it would have been a place which had seen better days. The Samaritans, however, are distinctive among the peoples mentioned in the Bible in that they alone, apart from the Jews and the Christians, survive as a separate religious entity to this day. They still maintain the old faith.

L. (who was a Presbyterian) had an affection for the Old Believers whenever they cropped up in Russian literature. (These were the sectarians who refused some very minor innovations in the Russian Orthodox Church in the eighteenth century and thereafter lived slightly outside the ordinary run of society.) She also sympathized with Roman Catholics who yearned for their Tridentine Latin Mass. And she claimed that she had once made a pilgrimage to Sussex to meet the very last of a seventeenth-century sect called the Muggletonians, who got it in the neck from Cromwell, and had been quietly waiting for the Second Coming ever since. They were quite a sizeable sect in Cromwellian days, but by the time L. met them, there were only two left. The Samaritans were her sort of people. One of her favourite sayings was, ‘The majority is always wrong’. Sometimes, she’d vary this by quoting the Willie Raskin song, ‘Fifty Million Frenchmen Can’t Be Wrong’. To which she would add, ‘Oh, yeah?’ (L. was American.)

It would seem as if the origin of the schism between Samaritans and Jews was simple conservatism. The Samaritans resented innovations being imported into the faith from Jerusalem. They had/have stricter dietary laws, and stricter Sabbath observance than the Jews. They venerate Mount Gerizim as a place where the God of Israel appeared long before he lighted upon Mount Zion in Jerusalem.

The encounter between Jesus and a woman of Samaria at Jacob’s Well [John 4] has no parallels in the other three Gospels. It tells of Jesus sitting by the well when the woman came to draw water. Jesus asked her for water to drink, and she was surprised that a Jew should ask this of a Samaritan, since Jews and Samaritans were on such bad terms.

Jesus then told her that, if she knew who he really was, who had asked her for a drink, then she would be asking him for water – living water. ‘The woman said to him, “Sir, you have no bucket and the well is deep. Where do you get that living water? Are you greater than our ancestor Jacob, who gave us the well, and with his sons and his flocks drank from it?” Jesus said to her, “Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again, but those who drink of the water that I will give them will never be thirsty.”’ [John 4:11–14]

Anyone acquainted with the narrative of the Fourth Gospel will see here something very typical. It has been announced to us in the Preface that Jesus is the Eternal Logos or Word, who took human flesh and walked this earth unrecognized except by a few initiates. In some of the encounters, he gives a ‘sign’ (which is the word this Gospel uses more than ‘miracle’) of his true identity and God is thereby glorified. In others, the dramatic irony is preserved, as in this conversation with the Samaritan woman. She does not know who he is. She does not realize, when he speaks of the abundant, living water which he is offering her, that he is speaking symbolically. This is one who has already, in the course of this narrative, transformed water into wine, as a sign of the superabundance of God’s grace.

The prophet Jeremiah had spoken of God himself as the fountain of living water [Jeremiah 2:13] and it is this, access to the living God, which Jesus offers. Indeed, later in the conversation, Jesus reveals to us (the initiated readers) just who he is. The woman says that when the Messiah comes, he will reveal himself. ‘Jesus said to her, “I am he, the one who is speaking to you.”’ [John 4:26] The ancient Greek word eimi just means ‘I am’. But in Hebrew, the great I AM is the word for God himself. The frequent use of the word by the Jesus of the Fourth Gospel proclaims him as the authentic mouthpiece of the living God.

Those with an interest in the geography of the New Testament note that the Fourth Gospel is alone in making Jesus journey through Samaria and have this discussion with a Samaritan. There are probably good reasons for this. One reason could well be that the author is using as his source the earlier Gospels, and the Acts of the Apostles. The Book of Acts, perhaps written some time in the mid-AD 80s, speaks of the first Christians, Jews of Jerusalem, being persecuted by their fellow Jews and scattering to the countryside ‘of Judea and Samaria’ [Acts 8:1]. Acts speaks frequently either of the Church or of the Word moving first through Biblical Palestine, and then further out, through present-day Syria and up into Asia Minor (modern Turkey). In Acts, there survives the tradition of some in Samaria being converted to the Way of Christ. Probably what is happening in the narrative of Jesus and the woman at the well, in the Fourth Gospel, is that some backdating has gone on: Jesus, who is not recorded as having been to Shechem in Matthew, Mark or Luke, is here made to follow the progress of his church. By AD 90 or 100 – whenever this Gospel was written – the Word has reached Samaria; the Samaritans, some of them, have drunk of the Living Water.

In this narrative, Jesus and the woman then moved to some of the most basic questions which can be asked of any religion:

The woman said to him, ‘Sir, I see that you are a prophet. Our ancestors worshipped on this mountain, but you say that the place where people must worship is in Jerusalem.’ Jesus said to her, ‘Woman, believe me, the hour is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshippers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father seeks such as these to worship him. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth.’ [John 4:19–24]

The Fourth Gospel is here in tune with the earliest Christian writings, those of St Paul. First came Judaism – but Judaism, though it had validity in the past, was too wedded to literalism. The revelation of what lay behind the old Bible stories has only been made plain in Christ. Of the Samaritan position, we learn little in the Synoptic Gospels, giving some readers to speculate that the Fourth Gospel has a Samaritan origin, perhaps from Shechem/Nablus itself. Others place all the writings associated with the name John, the so-called Johannine writings, further west in Asia Minor, perhaps Ephesus.

The drive was fun, the May day light, hot but airy. The centre of Nablus, as we drove round and round trying to find the Church of the Holy Well, was pitted with potholes, and we began to wonder whether we knew the Arabic for ‘broken axle’, ‘flat tyre’, ‘wrecked car’, ‘do you take credit cards’, or ‘please get me out of here’. When we had parked, we sat for a while smoking outside a café, nibbling delicious intensely sweet kanafeh, a bright orange pastry crammed with honey-sweetened cheese, and drinking Turkish coffee. The waiter put us in the right direction for the church, which was an easy walk away.

If you are not Orthodox, the experience of entering a church of the Eastern rite is always exotic, but confusing. Should one bow, light tapers, cross oneself from right to left, rather than left to right as Westerners do? Or should one admit difference? Is that murmuring and chanting simply a priest praying, or is there some kind of service in progress?

Nothing was ‘going on’ in the church today, and a young priest, immediately recognizing us as European visitors, approached and told us the story of Jesus at the well.

While we showed reverence, the young priest went on to tell us the story of the Orthodox priest who had been martyred in the church as recently as 1979. Father Philumen had been standing beside the altar, near Jacob’s Well, when fanatical Israeli settlers burst into the church. They had visited a week before, demanding that all Christian symbols – crosses and icons – which had been given by God to Jacob be removed from ‘their’ Holy Well. On this visit, they were not content to abuse the priest verbally. His mutilated body was later found by the congregation. The fingers of his right hand, with which he would have crossed himself, had been chopped off, and as well as being stabbed, he had been beaten. Although the police were summoned, no one was ever prosecuted for his murder.

The story was painful on many levels. Clearly, the persecution of the Christians in Israel since 1945 was a reality. One of ‘our’ (C of E) churches in Jerusalem had been burned to the ground and the Israeli fire brigade had been mysteriously slow to come with the hosepipes. On the other hand, these stories – with which you get regaled at all the Christian shrines in Israel/Palestine – of Israeli encroachment on church property, for example – are tinged with a curdled anti-Jewish hatred. We had just been entertained, only days before, by the crème de la crème of liberal Israel, and it was odious to be reminded of the evil things which human beings did to one another because of disputes about the Bible. The debate between the woman at the well and Jesus had here been translated into a modern splurge of ignorant hatred between two groups who disputed the other’s reading of God’s Book. There was the added pain of not knowing how much of the young priest’s story was true. Father Philumen had been murdered – it was an acknowledged fact. But he is now a canonized saint, and any attempt to get to the forensic truth of the case would seem, to one side, to be blasphemous intrusion, and to the other, creepily anti-Jewish.

Quietened by the sad experience of visiting Jacob’s Well, we returned to the car, thinking we should be able to see the fine Roman colonnade which L. had recommended, and then maybe have a bite of lunch. But a small crowd had gathered round the car – of boys and youths. The car-hire man had either not properly explained the drill over number plates, or we had not been listening. More likely, we should have heeded his advice not to go into the West Bank with an Israeli car and an Israeli number plate.