The State of the World Atlas E-Book

Dan Smith

• Herausgeber: Myriad Editions
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

'Unique and uniquely beautiful... A single map here tells us more about the world today than a dozen abstracts or scholarly tomes.'—Los Angeles Times'These are the bad dreams of the modern world submitted to a grid that can be grasped instantaneously.'—New York TimesA groundbreaking atlas and milestone of graphic reporting, this statistically meticulous presentation of trends in maps and charts explains the most challenging issues facing the world today.Authored by leading international peace researcher Dan Smith OBE, it has sold over 800,000 copies in different languages around the world.With the economic, global health and geopolitical reverberations of Covid-19 referenced throughout, other topics for this new 10th edition include: health – education and gender inequalities – human rights abuses – financial corruption – military might – chemical warfare – plastic waste – climate change.

Leseprobe

“The State of the World Atlas is something else – an occasion of wit and an act of subversion…These are the bad dreams of the modern world, given color and shape and submitted to a grid that can be grasped instantaneously.” New York Times “Unique and uniquely beautiful...a discerning eye for data and a flair for the most sophisticated techniques of stylized graphic design; the atlas succeeds in displaying the geopolitical subtleties of global affairs in a series of dazzling color plates…tells us more about the world today than a dozen statistical abstracts or scholarly tomes.” Los Angeles Times “Coupled with an unusual non-distorting map projection and a series of brilliant cartographic devices, this gives a positively dazzling set of maps. It deserves to be widely used.” New Society “A super book that will not only sit on your shelf begging to be used, but will also be a good read. To call this book an atlas is like calling Calvados, applejack – it may be roughly accurate but it conveys nothing of the richness and flavour of the thing. Its inventive brilliance deserves enormous rewards.” New Scientist “Outspoken cataloguing of global oppressions and inequities, painstakingly sourced.” Independent on Sunday “Packed with fascinating facts and figures on everything from the international drugs industry to climate change.” Evening Standard “A political reference book which manages to translate hard, boring statistics into often shocking visual statements... required reading.” NME

“Here is the innovative atlas no thoughtful person, male or female, should be without.” Washington Post “A life-saver and page-turner... This will add to everyone’s knowledge and power. Nobody should be without this book.” Gloria Steinem “The most important book that will be published this year.” Catherine Mayer, Women’s Equality Party “This one-of-a-kind book brings women’s lives out of the shadows. Every page lights up injustices and makes clear the work that Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Laureate and Liberian peace activist remains to be done.” “Not only offers a global view of the lives of women, it also shows their desires to effect revolutionary change.” Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland 1980–1996

THE STATE OF THE WORLD ATLAS DAN SMITH

This tenth edition first published in 2020 by Myriad Editions www.myriadeditions.com Myriad Editions An imprint of New Internationalist Publications The Old Music Hall, 106–108 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1JE First printing 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Copyright © Myriad Editions 2020 All rights reserved The moral right of the author has been asserted Every attempt has been made to obtain the necessary permissions for use of copyright material. If there have been any omissions, we apologise and will be pleased to make appropriate acknowledgement in any future edition All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Based on an original design by Caroline Beavon Printed by Jelgavas Tipografija in Latvia

Contents Introduction Who we are 13 Rights 65 and respect War and 95 peace and militia Health of the planet 167 Sources 198 Wealth and 41 poverty Health of 133 the people Index 207

Introduction The first step in trying to understand the state of the world is to recognize the simple yet not-so-simple fact that the world is always changing. Big or small, sudden or slowly building, soon over or with a lasting impact, alterations in the situation and condition of the world and its people are constant. A lot of that change is progress of one sort or another. Some of what we sometimes call progress is of little worth or merit – useless technological baubles that are modish for a while. And some of it when seen in larger context is downright dangerous – a contribution to global heating or the crisis of air pollution. But in even larger context, human progress is real. More people live longer, healthier lives than ever. Fewer live in extreme poverty than 20 or 30 years ago. The store of human knowledge continues to enlarge. Human rights are respected now in a way that was not dreamed of 200 years ago. And in the first two decades of the 21st century, warfare has taken far fewer human lives than it did in the first two decades of the 20th. Amid multiple world problems – and perhaps especially writing in 2020 as we wonder what the full effects of the Covid-19 pandemic will be – the point is worth stressing. Human progress has been real over the last century and a half, despite world wars, despite colonialism, despite environmental crises. It has been real and because of that we know that further progress is possible. It is important to hang onto that because it is also true that a lot of the change we experience is not progress at all. If progress is a journey, it is not about rolling along a smooth path or gliding through space. It is more like lurching in and out of massive potholes in the road or, if you prefer the space metaphor, from one big astral collision to another, juddering all the while under the impact of an unending, randomized shower of meteorites. One thing that matters in trying to understand the state of the world and gauge its progress or regress at any time is to distinguish between the big collisions and the meteorites. The past 30 years – the passage of time normally associated with one human generation – has seen four big moments of change, approximately once a decade. The first came in the years 1989 to 1991, as the Cold War between East and West, between the USSR and its allies on the one side, and the USA and its much richer and larger alliance on the other, came to an end. Not

only did the confrontation between the USSR and USA terminate but so also the USSR itself. As the 1990s began, the world order changed, along with the possibilities for what the United Nations could do. Agreements were reached to dismantle tens of thousands of nuclear weapons, military spending started to fall, and the number of countries with a functioning democracy grew throughout the decade. It was not by any means painless. The transition to democracy is often fraught with danger and the first half of the 1990s saw an increase in the number of armed conflicts. The second big change came in 2001 in the York and Washington, DC. The peace dividend of the 1990s started to look less peaceful, the long war in Afghanistan that had begun with the Soviet invasion in December 1979 took on a new form as the USA and its allies intervened, and at the same time headed towards war on and then in Iraq. The third change was the financial crash of 2008 to 2009, which became a general economic crisis in 2009 and 2010. The depth of the crash was different in different countries; economic output recovered but in many of the richer countries in the world, the sense of economic well-being that marked most of the previous two decades has gone for good. And the fourth big change has come with the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 – not just the pandemic itself but the economic impact associated with it. At the time of completing this atlas in mid-2020, it is not possible to know what the full impact will be. Though we live in an age that wants instant everything, it remains true that historical significance can only be gauged once the event is well in the past. And even then it is an art rather than a science to understand what it all meant. Nonetheless, the economic impact of the Covid-19 lockdowns – the crash in production, consumption, trade and travel – even though in some aspects recovery may also be equally dramatic, seems likely to be profound and long-lasting. These events have had a dramatic and lasting impact (or will do in the case of the current pandemic) not simply because of their sheer weight as big events, but also because they interact with other, slower-moving combinations of events. These are the unfolding trends that form the backdrop to the immediate drama. Here we encounter issues such as climate change and today’s many-sided environmental crisis. Here is rising inequality in most countries over the past 40-plus years, demographic developments including both population growth – and, more important than the global numbers, where it is concentrated – and urbanization. We see economic growth and seemingly unending technological innovation. And relations between people change, with something closer to gender equality in many countries, with greater acceptance of the rights of LGBTQ+ people, with assumptions about freedoms and responsibilities altering, and with contestation about the rights of different races and ethnic and religious groups within a country.

This atlas offers snapshots of all this. Not one snapshot of the state of the world but, rather, a series of snapshots of diverse aspects of the state of the world as it changes. It captures the big moments and the background trends. It does not and cannot – and does not want to try to – say everything about every, or indeed any, topic. The information here is not the whole story. The treatment of the issue is as an introduction, pointing out a door that, if opened, could be the way towards getting fuller knowledge. 2030, with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). If achieved, they could mark the next phase in human progress. Thinking about this agenda in terms of the journey of human progress, I see it as the process of navigating a safe route, increasing the ability to avoid the big collisions, and staying on course despite all the impediments. Under In 2015, the United Nations agreed a the headline goals there are 169 targets to potentially era-defining programme – Agenda achieve by 2030. This is human progress as it The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere resilient and sustainable 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture patterns 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education impacts and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women marine resources for sustainable development and girls 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, water and sanitation for all combat desertification, and halt and reverse land 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and degradation and halt biodiversity loss modern energy for all 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable sustainable development, provide access to justice economic growth, full and productive employment and for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive decent work for all institutions at all levels 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize sustainable industrialization and foster innovation the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

could be, towards a better world that is not just imaginable but practicable. In this atlas, I group the issues covered by the SDGs under the heading of five big challenges that face humanity, challenges we must rise to if we are to thrive. Having looked at who we are – some of the basics of demography, diversity, and dwelling place – the five challenges that confront humanity form the substance of this atlas. They are the production and distribution of wealth and poverty; human rights and the respect with which ordinary people are treated by those in power; the question of war and peace; the health of the people; and the health of the planet. These are distinct but linked challenges. The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic are not the same for all. Not surprisingly, wealth, privilege and power offer more effective protection to some than is available to all. The same is true of the effects of climate change and many other aspects of environmental deterioration. Throughout the industrial age, rich factory owners managed to live well away from the part of the city their factories polluted. There is no health or environmental issue that is purely about physiological health or how things are in nature. The source of the problem, how it is defined, the allocation of resources to address it are all shaped by how society is governed. Social inequalities and lack of respect for human rights often mean there is no way to express grievances except through anger, to which power responds through repression. That explosive mixture can quickly generate political instability and open armed conflict. The socially destabilising effects of climate change and environmental crisis only add to those pressures. Cooperation is the new realism Recent years have seen a distinct decline in how well these challenges are addressed. This is the tenth edition of this atlas. For the ninth in 2013, summing it up, I had a relatively positive assessment on rights and respect, partly because democracy was growing, as well as on war and peace, and on health. But any progress on wealth and poverty was marred by growing inequalities and damage to the natural environment. So on three of the five challenges, the record, while not perfect, was not bad; on the other two, the record was clearly deficient. Since then, while the statistics of democracy remain good, its quality is weaker in many countries. Worse, geopolitics have turned toxic, the number of armed conflicts has increased, and the scale of military preparations now is back to Cold War levels. And on the health front, there is the pandemic. So there is more bad news than a few years ago. But the tools for improvement are available. The UN’s Agenda 2030 and the SDGs themselves demonstrate that. We can see it in the snapshots in this atlas when we look at peace operations, at advances in healthcare, at the possibilities for reshaping economic functioning so the natural environment is better respected. Further, in some places, the tools are in use. We can see them in initiatives to build peace and support neighbours in highly diverse local communities; in small-scale environmental protection projects and some initiatives that 10

are pretty large scale; in choices some people are making to live lives and to run businesses in ways that are more in tune with the rhythms of nature. One characteristic of world politics today is a visibly declining appetite for international cooperation among the biggest players and many of the smaller ones. That is the severest single difficulty to overcome so the work of improvement and progress can resume in good order. None of the challenges and problems depicted in this atlas can be successfully addressed by any state acting alone. Not even the biggest, the richest, or the most populous. Going it alone is a fantasy; cooperation is the new realism. If we face the bad news, perhaps we will see that it is not so bad. There are so many other things happening. And that should be a spur to action, to take the decisions that are needed to stem the rise of inequality, ensure our rights are respected, expand the world’s zone of peace again, keep improving public health and prepare better against the next pandemic, and put our relationship with nature onto a healthier footing. And above all, to start working together to those ends. Finally, my thanks to those who make this book possible but don’t get on the title page. In the Myriad team, Jannet King has once again been the editor for this tenth edition in the series, assiduous and sharp yet kindly. The cartography and visuals are the work of Clare Shepherd and of Isabelle Lewis, within the design framework established by Corinne Pearlman. All this happens under the inspiring and supportive leadership of Candida Lacey. The research assistance, which means all the hard work, was done by Jakob Faller. It was a semi-surreal experience to complete the work on this edition in the midst of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, even if doing it in the lockdown-lite of Sweden rather than the full-on isolation of many other countries. What helped keep me sane in that was family – Åsa, Felix and Bob close at hand, and further away in two homes in one city, Jake, Jess, Josie and Jed, and Rebecca, Marcus and Zac. My thanks and love to you all whether you knew how much you were helping or not. Dan Smith Stockholm June 2020 11

Who we are What is the name of our age? It continues to be the age of more, most, and never before. There are more people, living in more countries, and more of us living in cities, than at any time. And along with that come things never before experienced, so much so that the idea of “the new normal” has become the defining cliché of our time. New – the consequences of New – the loss of biodiversity New – the acidification of the New – the crisis of air pollution. New – plastic garbage covering the ocean. New – our dependence on cyberspace, and with it vulnerability to its failure. New – the cycle of pandemics from SARS to MERS to Covid-19. New – the combination of all of the above. climate change. and of land quality. oceans. It is only just over 200 years ago – less than a blink of an eye in the timescale of the planet, and not much more in the timescale of human beings – that the world’s population passed the 1 billion mark. Today, there are just under 8 billion of us. Despite signs of deceleration in the rate of growth, world population is still projected to increase by another 2 billion people to around 10 billion by 2050. By then, towns and cities are expected to hold just over two-thirds of humanity. There has never been demographic change on such a huge scale. The movement from the countryside to the cities in the industrial revolution two centuries ago has nothing on this. Nor has migration from Europe to the American New World between the mid-19th century and the early 20th century – just 30 million people. Compared to that, the increase in the global population so far this century is almost 100 million every year, and urban population growth is even faster. Because there are more of us, we inevitably consume more of everything. But technological advance means that we also consume massively more per person. Our population, eight times that of 200 years ago, produces over 50 times the economic output, and uses more than 60 times as much water and 75 times as much energy. The figures testify to the creativity unleashed through the Industrial Revolution. They should also encourage we continue? 13

States of the world C A N AD A U S A MEXICO CUBA CAYMAN IS. (UK) GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS NICARAGUA COSTA RICA PANAMA ST PIERRE & MIQUELON (Fr) ANGUILLA (UK) ST MARTIN (Fr) SINT MAARTEN (Neths) ST BARTHÉLEMY (Fr) ANTIGUA & BARBUDA GUADELOUPE (Fr) DOMINICA ST LUCIA BARBADOS ST VINCENT & GRENADINES MARTINIQUE (Fr) TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BERMUDA (UK) BAHAMAS TURKS & CAICOS IS. (UK) VIRGIN IS. (UK) PUERTO RICO (USA) DOMINICAN REP. HAITI VIRGIN IS. (USA) ST KITTS & NEVIS HAITI ARUBA (Neths) CURAÇAO (Neths) MONTSERRAT (UK) GRENADA BONAIRE (Neths) VENEZUELA GUYANA COLOMBIA SURINAME FRENCH GUIANA (Fr) ECUADOR PERU B R A Z I L BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY GREENLAND (Den) ICELAND FAROE IS. (Den) U K SVALBARD (Nor.) FINLAND NORWAY SWEDEN LAT. LITH. POLAND CZ.REP. SLOVAKIA AUS. HUN. SL. S. B-H CR. MONT. N. MAC. ALB. GREECE MALTA IS. OF MAN (UK) DENMARK GERMANY NETH. BEL. LUX. SW. FRANCE ITALY IRELAND CHANNEL IS. (UK) PORTUGAL SPAIN GIBRALTAR (UK) TUNISIA MOROCCO WESTERN SAHARA (Mor.) A LG E R IA LI BYA CAPE VERDE MAURITANIA MALI SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA BURKINA FASO CÔTE D’IVOIRE NIGER NIGERIA CAMEROON EQUATORIAL GUINEA SÃO TOME & PRINCIPE GABON CONGO CHAD C.A.R. ANGOLA ST HELENA, ASCENSION & TRISTAN (UK) NAMIBIA 14 FALKLANDS IS. (UK) S GEORGIA & S SANDWICH IS. (UK)

Sovereignty Effective independence gained by existing states before 11 November 1918 11 November 1918 – 23 October 1945 24 October 1945 – 8 November 1989 9 November 1989 – 30 September 2019 not a sovereign state (affiliation) FINLAND EST. LAT. LITH. POLAND SLOVAKIA HUN. S. K. N. MAC. GREECE BELARUS UKRAINE MOLDOVA ROM. BUL. TURKEY N. CYPRUS (TURK) LEB. CYPRUS ISRAEL PAL. AUTHORITY R U S S I A K AZ AKH STA N M O N G O LI A GEORGIA ARMENIA UZBEKISTAN AZER. TURKMEN. KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN SYRIA IRAQ JORDAN AFGHANISTAN I R A N KUWAIT PAKISTAN BHUTAN NEPAL I N D IA BANGLADESH MYANMAR NORTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA JAPAN C H I NA MACAO SAR (CHINA) TAIWAN HONG KONG (SAR CHINA) PHILIPPINES LAOS THAILAND VIETNAM CAMBODIA SRI LANKA MALDIVES BRUNEI M A L A Y S I A SINGAPORE BAHRAIN SAUDI ARABIA QATAR U.A.E. OMAN ERITREA YEMEN DJIBOUTI Somaliland ETHIOPIA Puntland EGYPT S UDA N SOUTH SUDAN D.R CONGO UGANDA KENYA SOMALIA RWANDA BURUNDI TANZANIA ZAMBIA MALAWI ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE SOUTH AFRICA SWAZILAND LESOTHO SEYCHELLES COMOROS MAYOTTE (Fr) MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS RÉUNION (Fr) GUAM (USA) NORTHERN MARIANA IS. (USA) MICRONESIA, FED. ST. OF MARSHALL ISLANDS PALAU NAURU KIRIBATI TUVALU TOKELAU AMERICAN SAMOA (USA) SAMOA WALLIS & FUTUNA IS. (Fr) VANUATU FIJI COOK IS. (NZ) NIUE (NZ) TONGA NEW CALEDONIA (Fr) NORFOLK IS. (Aus) FRENCH POLYNESIA (Fr) PITCAIRN IS. (UK) I N D O N E S I A CHRISTMAS IS. (Aus) TIMOR-LESTE PAPUA NEW GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS A U S T R A L I A NEW ZEALAND 15

State formation Number of states gaining effective independence in each decade including states that no longer exist as of September 2019 before 11 November 1918 11 November 1918 – 23 October 1945 24 October 1945 – 8 November 1989 9 November 1989 – 30 September 2019 Some of our sense of who we are comes from where we were born and grew up – our countries, most of which are quite recent creations. In 1945, the United Nations was founded by just 51 states, some of which were not fully independent at the time (and the defeated states in World War II were initially excluded). Today, the UN has 193 member states. 47 The United Nations was founded on 24 October 1945 at the end of World War II (1939–45). 17 The defeat of Austria-Hungary and of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914–18) led to the breakup of their empires and the creation of new European and Middle Eastern states. 10 pre 1900 1900 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 16

Over the past century, states have won, lost, and regained independence, divided and (re-) unified, often but not always against a background of war and bloodshed. Some have become formally independent before achieving real independence; with others, it has been the other way round. On other pages, this atlas shows many ways – economic, environmental, political – in which independent states do not have full sovereignty in the modern world – yet the evidence is clear that sovereignty is a highly desirable political commodity. The age of forming new states is not yet over. 47 On 9 November 1989 the Cold War ended as East German demonstrators breached the Berlin Wall; the subsequent break-up of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia led to the creation of many new states. 28 In the 1950s and 1960s, British and French colonies were made independent in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. 25 11 On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the newest state. 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 17

Population CANADA U S A 329m M EXI C O 128m GUATEMALA CUBA HAITI DOM. REP. EL SALVADOR HONDURAS JAMAICA NICARAGUA PANAMA COSTA RICA PUERTO RICO VENEZUELA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO COLOMBIA ECUADOR PERU B R AZ I L 211m BOLIVIA CHILE PARAGUAY ARGENTINA URUGUAY Changing population Actual and projected world population 1960–2100 actual population high projection medium projection low projection 4 billion 3 billion 1960 1965 1970 18 UK NORWAY SWEDEN IRELAND DEN. NETHS BELGIUM GERMANY FRANCE AUS. CRO. SWITZ. SPAIN ITALY LAT. SLOV. BULG. NORTH MAC. HUN. POLAND CZ REP. SL. SERBIA B-H ALB. GREECE PORTUGAL MOROCCO TUNISIA LIBYA ALGERIA MAURITANIA SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA MALI BURKINA FASO G.-BISSAU SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA CÔTE D'IVOIRE GHANA CHAD NIGER C.A.R. NIGERIA 201m BENIN TOGO CAMEROON EQUATORIAL GUINEA CONGO GABON ANGOLA NAMIBIA 6 billion 7 billion 8 billion 5 billion 9 billion 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Life expectancy C A N AD A U S A ICELAND IRELAND UK SWEDEN FINLAND NORWAY DENMARK RUSSIA ESTONIA LATVIA LITHUANIA RUS. NETH. BELGIUM GERMANY POLAND BELARUS FRANCE LIECHT. LUX. SWITZ. S. M. PORTUGAL ANDORRA SPAIN CZECH REP. AUSTRIA SLOV. B-H CROATIA MONT. ITALY ALBANIA SLOVAKIA HUNGARY UKRAINE MOLDOVA ROMANIA SERBIA BULGARIA N. MAC., REP. OF TURKEY GREECE TUNISIA MALTA MEXICO BAHAMAS CUBA JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS NICARAGUA GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR COSTA RICA DOMINICAN REP. PUERTO RICO (USA) HAITI ST KITTS & NEVIS PUERTO RICO (USA) ST VINCENT & GRENADINES GRENADA ANTIGUA & BARBUDA DOMINICA ST LUCIA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO PANAMA VENEZUELA GUYANA COLOMBIA SURINAME ECUADOR PERU Living longer Average years life expectancy at birth 1870–2016 B R A Z I L BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY 48 60 29.7 32 34.1 MOROCCO ALGERIA WESTERN SAHARA (Mor.) CAPE VERDE MAURITANIA SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA-BISSAU SIERRA LEONE MALI NIGER NIGERIA CAMEROON GABON EQUATORIAL GUINEA SÃO TOME & PRINCIPE GUINEA CÔTE D’IVOIRE LIBERIA LI BYA CHAD C.A.R. D.R. CONGO BURKINA FASO CONGO ANGOLA BOTSWANA NAMIBIA 66.5 70.1 65.2 72 SOUTH AFRICA 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 20 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020