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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book presents the architecture of two networks that make up the backbone of the telephone service VoLTE and video service ViLTE. The 4G mobile network makes it possible to construct bearers through which IP packets, containing either telephone signals (SIP, SDP) or voice or video media (RTP stream), are transported. The IMS network performs the processing of the telephone signal to provide VoLTE and ViLTE services, including call routing and the provision of additional services. Different procedures are described: the set-up and termination of a session, interconnection with third-party networks, roaming and intra-system handover. The inter-system handover PS-CS is a special case that occurs when the mobile loses 4G network coverage over the course of a session. The e-SRVCC mechanism enables continuity of the service during the switch of the telephone communication to the 2G or 3G networks. The SMS service for short messages, which is a special telephone service in itself, is provided by two structures, one relying on the IMS network, and a second on the CSFB functionality.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
List of Abbreviations
1 Network Architecture
1.1. EPS network
1.2. IMS network
1.3. Databases
1.4. Charging associated with IMS network
1.5. PCC function
1.6. DIAMETER routers
1.7. ENUM system
1.8. IPX network
2 Signaling Protocols
2.1. NAS protocol
2.2. RRC protocol
2.3. S1-AP protocol
2.4. X2-AP protocol
2.5. GTPv2-C protocol
2.6. SIP protocol
2.7. SDP protocol
2.8. DIAMETER protocol
3 Basic Procedures
3.1. Attachment
3.2. Registration
3.3. Deregistration
3.4. Detachment
3.5. Establishment of VoLTE session
3.6. Termination of VoLTE session
3.7. Establishment of ViLTE session
3.8. Termination of ViLTE session
3.9. Emergency call
4 Radio Interface Procedures
4.1. Radio interface
4.2. Procedures
5 Service Profiles
5.1. Subscription data
5.2. VoLTE profile service
5.3. ViLTE profile service
6 Interconnections
6.1. Interconnection CS network
6.2. Interconnection with IMS network
7 Handover
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Handover based on X2
7.3. Handover based on S1
7.4. PS-PS inter-system handover
8 Roaming
8.1. Functional architecture
8.2. Procedures
9 Service Centralization and Continuity
9.1. ICS function
9.2. e-SRVCC function
10 Short Message Service
10.1. Message structure
10.2. SMS over SGsAP
10.3. SMS over SIP
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
1 Network Architecture
Table 1.1. QOS characteristics
Table 1.2. QCI parameters
2 Signaling Protocols
Table 2.1. ESM messages
Table 2.2. RRC messages: 1) transport of NAS messages only, downstream; 2) transport of NAS messages only, upstream
Table 2.3. SystemInformationBlock messages
Table 2.4. S1-AP messages
Table 2.5. X2-AP messages
Table 2.6. GTPv2-C messages
Table 2.7. Types of respones
Table 2.8. 1xx-type responses
Table 2.9. 2xx-type responses
Table 2.10. 3xx-type responses
Table 2.11. 4xx-type responses
Table 2.12. 5xx-type responses
Table 2.13. 6xx-type responses
Table 2.14. Structure of SDP message
Table 2.15. DIAMETER messages over S6a interface
Table 2.16. DIAMETER messages over Cx interface
Table 2.17. DIAMETER messages over Sh interface
Table 2.18. DIAMETER messages over Gx interface
Table 2.19. DIAMETER messages over Rx interface
Table 2.20. DIAMETER messages over Gz interface
Table 2.21. DIAMETER messages over Gy interface
4 Radio Interface Procedures
Table 4.1. ROHC specifications
Table 4.2. TDD frame configuration
Table 4.3. Acquisition of the PRACH physical channel
Table 4.4. Shift between signaling in the PDCCH channel and transmission in the PUSCH channel
Table 4.5. Shift for configuration 0 of the time frame
Table 4.6. Value of optional parameter Subframe_Offset
Table 4.7. HARQ process number in the TDD mode Data transfer for uplink
Table 4.8. Shift between the PUSCH and PHICH physical channels
Table 4.9. HARQ process number in the TDD mode data transfer for the downlink
Table 4.10. Number of ACK / NACK bits to be transmitted in the PUCCH physical channel for the TDD mode and the transmission mode 1
5 Service Profiles
Table 5.1. Supplementary telephone service
6 Interconnections
Table 6.1. RTP flow characteristics
8 Roaming
Table 8.1. RTP flow characteristics in the case of nominal routeing originating side
Table 8.2. RTP flow characteristics in the case of nominal routeing terminating side
List of Illustrations
Preface
Figure 1. Implementation of VoLTE or ViLTE services
Figure 2. Interconnection to the PSTN and PLMN network
Figure 3. PS-CS inter-system handover
1 Network Architecture
Figure 1.1. Functional architecture of EPS network
Figure 1.2. Protocol architecture: control plane
Figure 1.3. Protocol architecture: traffic plane
Figure 1.4. Protocol architecture of the X2 interface: control plane
Figure 1.5. Protocol architecture traffic plane during handover based on the X2 interface
Figure 1.6. Construction of the bearers
Figure 1.7. Functional architecture of IMS network
Figure 1.8. Functional architecture of OFCS
Figure 1.9. Functional architecture of OCS
Figure 1.10. Functional architecture of PCC
Figure 1.11. DIAMETER routers
3 Basic Procedures
Figure 3.1. Mobile attachment to EPS network
Figure 3.2. Mobile registration to IMS network
Figure 3.3. Mobile deregistration to IMS network
Figure 3.4. Mobile detachment to EPS network
Figure 3.5. Establishment of VoLTE session: originating side
Figure 3.6. Establishment of VoLTE session: terminating side
Figure 3.7. Termination of VoLTE session: initiated side
Figure 3.8. Termination of VoLTE session: received side
Figure 3.9. Adding a video stream: initiated side
Figure 3.10. Adding a video stream: received side
Figure 3.11. Removing a video stream: initiated side
Figure 3.12. Removing a video stream: received side
Figure 3.13. Conditions for the transmission of the emergency call
4 Radio Interface Procedures
Figure 4.1. Radio interface structure. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.2. Header compression
Figure 4.3. Transmission chain: downlink
Figure 4.4. Transmission chain: uplink
Figure 4.5. Structure of the frame in FDD mode
Figure 4.6. Structure of the frame in TDD mode
Figure 4.7. Time slot structure
Figure 4.8. Transmission modes
Figure 4.9. Random access with contention
Figure 4.10. Random access without contention in case of changing the cell during the session
Figure 4.11. DRX function For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.12. HARQ function in the FDD mode Data transfer for uplink. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.13. HARQ function in the TDD mode, for configuration 1 Data transfer for uplink. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.14. Coupling ACK / NACK information Configuration 2 of the time frame Data transfer for downlink. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.15. Multiplexing ACK / NACK information Configuration 2 of the time frame data transfer for uplink. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.16. TTI bundling function in the FDD mode For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
Figure 4.17. TTI function bundling in the TDD mode for configuration 1. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/perez/volte.zip
5 Service Profiles
Figure 5.1. Subscription data to EPS network
Figure 5.2. Subscription data to the IMS network
Figure 5.3. CFU
Figure 5.4. CFB
Figure 5.5. CFNR
Figure 5.6. CD
Figure 5.7. HOLD
Figure 5.8. CONF
Figure 5.9. CW
6 Interconnections
Figure 6.1. Functional architecture of IMS network interconnection with CS network
Figure 6.2. H.248 structure message
Figure 6.3. Transport of ISUP signaling
Figure 6.4. Voice transport
Figure 6.5. Session establishment initiated by IMS network ISUP or BICC signaling
Figure 6.6. Session establishment initiated by IMS network SIP-I signaling
Figure 6.7. Session establishment initiated by CS network ISUP or BICC signaling
Figure 6.8. Session establishment initiated by CS network SIP-I signaling
Figure 6.9. Session clearing initiated by IMS network ISUP, BICC or SIP-I signaling
Figure 6.10. Session clearing initiated by CS network ISUP, BICC or SIP-I signaling
Figure 6.11. Interconnection with IMS network functional architecture of IMS network
Figure 6.12. Interconnection with IMS network session establishment
7 Handover
Figure 7.1. Handover based on X2 without relocation functional architecture
Figure 7.2. Handover based on X2 without relocation procedure
Figure 7.3. Handover based on X2 with relocation functional architecture
Figure 7.4. Handover based on X2 with relocation completion phase
Figure 7.5. Handover based on S1 without relocation procedure
Figure 7.6. Handover based on S1 with relocation functional architecture
Figure 7.7. Handover based on S1 with relocation preparation phase
Figure 7.8. Handover based on S1 with relocation execution phase
Figure 7.9. Handover based on S1 with relocation completion phase
Figure 7.10. PS-PS inter-system handover functional architecture
Figure 7.11. PS-PS inter-system handover procedure
8 Roaming
Figure 8.1. Roaming applied to the EPS network functional architecture
Figure 8.2. Roaming applied to the IMS network: nominal routeing
Figure 8.3. Roaming applied to IMS network: optimal routeing
Figure 8.4. SDP announcements: optimal routeing
Figure 8.5. Session establishment for nominal routeing originating side
Figure 8.6. Session establishment for nominal routeing terminating side
Figure 8.7. Session establishment for optimal routeing originating side
9 Service Centralization and Continuity
Figure 9.1. MSC server and UE implementing ICS function functional architecture
Figure 9.2. Functional architecture for TADS
Figure 9.3. MSC server and UE not implementing ICS function functional architecture
Figure 9.4. Mobile registration to IMS network with ICS function
Figure 9.5. Session establishment at originating side MSC server and UE implementing ICS function
Figure 9.6. Session establishment at terminating side MSC server and UE implementing ICS function
Figure 9.7. Functional architecture for basic call control plane
Figure 9.8. Functional architecture for basic call traffic plane
Figure 9.9. RTP flow characteristics for service continuity
Figure 9.10. RTP flow characteristics at the end of PS-CS inter-system handover
Figure 9.11. Functional architecture for emergency call control plane
Figure 9.12. Registration for service continuity
Figure 9.13. Session establishment for service continuity originating side
Figure 9.14. Session establishment for service continuity terminating side
Figure 9.15. PS-CS inter-system handover
Figure 9.16. Access transfer for service continuity
Figure 9.17. Session establishment for service continuity emergency call
Figure 9.18. Access transfer for an emergency call
10 Short Message Service
Figure 10.1. Protocol architecture for SMS over SGsAP
Figure 10.2. Protocol architecture for SMS over SIP
Figure 10.3. Functional architecture for SMS over SGsAP
Figure 10.4. Procedure at originating side for SMS over SGsAP
Figure 10.5. Procedure at terminating side for SMS over SGsAP
Figure 10.6. Functional architecture for SMS over SIP
Figure 10.7. Procedure at originating side for SMS over SIP
Figure 10.8. Procedure at terminating side for SMS over SIP
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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VoLTE and ViLTE
Voice and Conversational Video Services over the 4G Mobile Network
André Perez
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2016
The rights of André Perez to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016938934
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-923-6
Preface
This book presents the mechanisms used in the 4G evolved packet system (EPS) mobile network and in the IP Multimedia sub-system (IMS) for the supply of voice over long term evolution (VoLTE) and video over long term evolution (ViLTE) service (Figure 1).
Figure 1.Implementation of VoLTE or ViLTE services
The EPS network does not provide telephone service because it does not deal with telephone signaling.
The EPS network operates in packet-switched (PS) mode and acts as the transport of internet protocol (IP) packets through bearers.
The EPS network, therefore, transfers the IP packets containing voice or video real-time transport protocol (RTP) streams or telephone signaling session initiation protocol (SIP).
Telephone or videophone service is provided by the IMS network which provides the functions as follows:
– routing the call;
– supplementary telephone and videophone services;
– interconnection to the third-party networks.
Chapter 1 presents the architecture of EPS and IMS networks and these networks environment: databases, charging, policy and charging control (PCC), DIAMETER routing, ENUM system and internet protocol exchange (IPX).
Chapter 2 presents various signaling protocols:
– signaling of the EPS network, allowing the mobile to attach, to update its location, to establish sessions for the transport of IP packets and to change cells during a session (handover);
– signaling of the IMS network, allowing the mobile to register, to establish a session and to negotiate the media;
– DIAMETER signaling exchanged between, firstly, the EPS or IMS networks, and, secondly, the environment of these networks.
Chapter 3 presents the different basic procedures:
– the attachment and the detachment of the mobile with the EPS network and the establishment of the default bearer to transport SIP flows;
– the registration and the deregistration of the mobile with the IMS network;
– the establishment and the release of VoLTE and ViLTE session.
Chapter 4 presents the characteristics of the radio interface, for which the following features are described: data structure, transmission chain of the physical layer, frequency time and space multiplexing.
The same chapter also illustrates two procedures of the radio interface: access control of the mobile to network and data transfer.
Chapter 5 presents the supplementary telephone and videophone services offered by a particular entity of the IMS network, the telephony application server (TAS).
These services include call forwarding, identity presentation, message waiting indication, call hold, conference call, call waiting and call barring.
It also presents the characteristics of audio and video streams.
Chapter 6 presents the interconnection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or to the public land mobile network (PLMN) (Figure 2).
Figure 2.Interconnection to the PSTN and PLMN network
Chapter 6 also presents the interconnection of the IMS network with IMS third-party networks.
Chapter 7 presents the mechanisms of intra-system and PS-PS inter-system handover.
The intra-system handover is performed when the mobile changes cell but does not change the 4G network concerned.
The PS-PS inter-system handover is performed when the mobile changes cell and network but holds the PS mode. This type of handover is applied to VoLTE or ViLTE services if the same functionality exists in the HSPA evolution of 3G network.
Both handover modes are transparent to VoLTE and ViLTE services, the movement of the mobile being masked for the IMS network.
Chapter 8 presents the roaming for which two routing methods of the RTP streams are described:
– nominal routeing of the RTP stream that passes through the home network;
– optimal routeing of the RTP stream that does not pass through the home network.
Chapter 9 presents the centralization of services implemented by IMS centralized services (ICS) that enables the IMS network to offer VoLTE and ViLTE services regardless of the network where the mobile phone is connected.
Chapter 9 also presents the continuity of services implemented by function enhanced single radio voice call continuity (e-SRVCC) which ensures that the communication is maintained in case of PS-CS (Circuit-Switched) inter-system handover (Figure 3).
Figure 3.PS-CS inter-system handover
Chapter 10 presents the two modes providing short message service (SMS).
Short message service over SGsAP allows a mobile connected to the 4G network to send and receive SMS in the CS mode.
Short message service over SIP is a supplementary telephone service provided by the IMS network.
André PEREZApril 2016
List of Abbreviations
A
AAA
Authorization-Authentication-Answer
AAR
Authorization-Authentication-Request
ACA
Accounting-Answer
ACM
Address Complete Message
ACR
Accounting-Request
AF
Application Function
AIA
Authentication-Information-Answer
AIR
Authentication-Information-Request
AM
Acknowledged Mode
AMBR
Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate
AMR
Adaptive Multi-Rate
AMR WB
AMR Wide Band
ANM
Answer Message
AOC
Advice of Charge
APM
Application transport Mechanism
APN
Access Point Name
ARP
Allocation and Retention Priority
ARQ
Automatic Repeat Request
AS
Application Server
ASA
Abort-Session-Answer
ASR
Abort-Session-Request
ATCF
Access Transfer Control Function
ATGW
Access Transfer Gateway
ATU-STI
Access Transfer Update – Session Transfer Identifier
AUTN
Authentication Network
B
B2BUA
Back-to-Back User Agent
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BCH
Broadcast Channel
BCTP
Bearer Control Tunnelling Protocol
BGCF
Breakout Gateway Control Function
BICC
Bearer Independent Call Control
BSR
Buffer Status Report
BSS
Base Station Sub-system
C
CA
Carrier Aggregation
CAP
Camel Application Part
CAT
Customized Alerting Tone
CBP
Constrained Baseline Profile
CC
Component Carrier
CCA
Credit-Control-Answer
CCBS
Completion of Communications to Busy Subscriber
CCCH
Common Control Channel
CCNL
Completion of Communications on Not Logged-in
CCNR
Completion of Communications on No Reply
CCR
Credit-Control-Request
CD
Communication Deflection
CDF
Charging Data Function
CDIV
Communication Diversion
CDR
Charging Data Record
CFB
Communication Forwarding on Busy User
CFI
Control Format Indicator
CFNL
Communication Forwarding on Not Logged-in
CFNR
Communication Forwarding on no Reply
CFU
Communication Forwarding Unconditional
CGF
Charging Gateway Function
CK
Cipher Key
CLA
Cancel-Location-Answer
CLR
Cancel-Location-Request
CM
Call Management
CMAS
Commercial Mobile Alert System
CNG
Comfort Noise Generation
CP
Cyclic Prefix
CQI
Channel Quality Indicator
CRI
Contention Resolution Identity
C-RNTI
Cell RNTI
CRS
Customised Ringing Signal
CS
Circuit-Switched
CSCF
Call Session Control Function
CSFB
CS FallBack
CTF
Charging Trigger Function
CUG
Closed User Group
CW
Communication Waiting
D
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCI
Downlink Control Information
DDA
Delete-Subscriber-Data-Answer
DDR
Delete-Subscriber-Data-Request
DEA
DIAMETER Edge Agent
DL-SCH
Downlink Shared Channel
DNS
Domain Name System
DRB
Data Radio Bearer
DM-RS
Demodulation Reference Signal
DRA
DIAMETER Routing Agent
DRX
Discontinuous Reception
DSCP
DiffServ Code Point
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
DwPTS
Downlink Pilot Time Slot
E
EATF
Emergency Access Transfer Function
ECGI
E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier
E-CSCF
Emergency-CSCF
ECT
Explicit Communication Transfer
EM
End Marker
EMM
EPS Mobility Management
eNB
evolved Node B
EPC
Evolved Packet Core
EPS
Evolved Packet System
E-RAB
EPS Radio Access Bearer
ESM
EPS Session Management
e-SRVCC
enhanced Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
ETWS
Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System
E-UTRAN
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
EVS
Enhanced Voice Services
F
FA
Flexible Alerting
FB
Full Band
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
FR
Full Rate
G
GBR
Guaranteed Bit Rate
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC
Gateway MSC
GP
Gap Period
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
Global System for Mobile
GTP-C
GPRS Tunnel Protocol Control
GTP-U
GPRS Tunnel Protocol User
GUTI
Globally Unique Temporary Identity
H
HARQ
Hybrid ARQ
HI
HARQ Indicator
HII
High Interference Indication
HLR
Home Location Register
H-PCRF
Home PCRF
HR
Half Rate
HSS
Home Subscriber Server
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
I
IAM
Initial Address Message
IBCF
Interconnection Border Control Function
ICB
Incoming Communication Barring
ICS
IMS Centralized Services
ICIC
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
I-CSCF
Interrogating-CSCF
IDA
Insert-Subscriber-Data-Answer
IDR
Insert-Subscriber-Data-Request
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
iFC
initial Filter Criteria
IFFT
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IK
Integrity Key
IMPI
IMS Private User Identity
IMPU
IMS Public User Identity
IMRN
IP Multimedia Routing Number
IMS
IP Multimedia Sub-system
IMS-GWF
IMS Gateway Function
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IOI
Interference Overload Indication
IP
Internet Protocol
IPBCP
IP Bearer Control Protocol
IPSec
IP Security
IP-SM-GW
IP Short Message Gateway
IPX
Internet Protocol eXchange
ISC
IMS Service Control
ISIM
IMS Services Identity Module
ISUP
ISDN User Part
IWMSC
Inter Working MSC
L
LAI
Location Area Identifier
LCID
Logical Channel Identifier
LIA
Location-Info-Answer
LIR
Location-Info-Request
LRF
Location Retrieval Function
LTE
Long Term Evolution
M
MAA
Multimedia-Auth-Answer
MAC
Media Access Control
MAR
Multimedia-Auth-Request
MBR
Maximum Bit Rate
MBSFN RS
MBMS Single Frequency Network RS
MCC
Mobile Country Code
MCCH
Multicast Control Channel
MCH
Multicast Channel
MCID
Malicious Communication Identification
MGCF
Media Gateway Control Function
MGW
Multimedia Gateway
MIB
Master Information Block
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MISO
Multiple Input Single Output
MME
Mobility Management Entity
MNC
Mobile Network Code
MP
Main Profile
MRF
Multimedia Resource Function
MRFC
MRF Controller
MFRP
MRF Processor
MSC
Mobile-services Switching Centre
MDISDN
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
MTCH
Multicast Traffic Channel
MWI
Message Waiting Indication
N
NAPT
Network Address and Port Translation
NAPT-PT
NAPT Protocol Translation
NAS
Non Access Stratum
NB
Narrow Band
NOA
Notify-Answer
NOR
Notify-Request
O
OCB
Outgoing Communication Barring
OCS
Online Charging System
OFCS
Offline Charging System
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
OIP
Originating Identification Presentation
OIR
Originating Identification Restriction
OMR
Optimal Media Routeing
OTDOA
Observed Time Difference of Arrival
P
PBCH
Physical Broadcast Channel
PCC
Policy and Charging Control
PCCH
Paging Control Channel
PCEF
Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PCFICH
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PCH
Paging Channel
PCI
Physical-layer Cell Identity
PCRF
Policy Charging and Rules Function
P-CSCF
Proxy-CSCF
PDCCH
Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN
Packet Data Network
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PGW
PDN Gateway
PHICH
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
PHR
Power Headroom Report
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
PMCH
Physical Multicast Channel
PMI
Precoding Matrix Indicator
PNA
Push-Notification-Answer
PNR
Push-Notification-Request
PPA
Push-Profile-Answer
PPR
Push-Profile-Request
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
PRS
Positioning Reference Signal
PS
Packet-Switched
PSAP
Public Safety Answering Point
PSI
Public Service Identity
PSS
Primary Synchronization Signal
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
PUCCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUA
Profile-Update-Answer
PUR
Profile-Update-Request
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Q
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QCI
QoS Class Identifier
QoS
Quality of Service
QPSK
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
R
RAA
Re-Auth-Answer
RACH
Random Access Channel
RAR
Random Access Response
RAR
Re-Auth-Request
RA-RNTI
Random Access RNTI
RAT
Radio Access Technology
RB
Resource Block
RE
Resource Element
REL
Release
RFC
Request For Comments
RI
Rank Indicator
RLC
Radio Link Control
RLC
Release Complete
RNC
Radio Network Controller
RNTI
Radio Network Temporary Identity
RNTP
Relative Narrowband Tx Power
ROHC
Robust Header Compression
RRC
Radio Resource Control
RS
Reference Signal
RSA
Reset-Answer
RSR
Reset-Request
RSRP
Reference Signal Received Power
RSRQ
Reference Signal Received Quality
RTA
Registration-Termination-Answer
RTP
Real-time Transport Protocol
RTR
Registration-Termination-Request
RV
Redundancy Version
S
SAA
Server-Assignment-Answer
SAR
Server-Assignment-Request
SCC AS
Service Centralization and Continuity AS
SC-FDMA
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
S-CSCF
Serving-CSCF
SDF
Service Data Flow
SDP
Session Description Protocol
SGSN
Service GPRS Support Node
SFN
System Frame Number
SGW
Serving Gateway
SIB
System Information Block
SIGTRAN
Signalling Transport over IP
SIMO
Single Input Multiple Output
SIP
Session Initiation Protocol
SIP-I
SIP with Encapsulated ISUP
SI-RNTI
System Information RNTI
SISO
Single Input Single Output
SLF
Subscription Locator Functional
SM-AL
Short Message Application Layer
SM-CL
Short Message Control Layer
SM-RL
Short Message Relay Layer
SM-TL
Short Message Transport Layer
SMS
Short Message Service
SMS-SC
SMS Service Center
SNA
Subscribe-Notifications-Answer
SNR
Subscribe-Notifications-Request
SPR
Subscription Profile Repository
SPS
Semi-Persistent Scheduling
SRB
Signalling Radio Bearer
SRS
Sounding Reference Signal
SS7
Signalling System 7
SSS
Secondary Synchronization Signal
STA
Session-Termination-Answer
S-TMSI
Shortened-TMSI
STN-SR
Session Transfer Number for SRVCC
STR
Session-Termination-Request
SWB
Super Wide Band
T
TA
Timing Advance
TAI
Tracking Area Identity
TAS
Telephony Application Server
TC-RNTI
Temporary Cell RNTI
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing
TEID
Tunnel Endpoint Identifier
THIG
Topology Hiding Interconnect Gateway
TIP
Terminating Identification Presentation
TIR
Terminating Identification Restriction
TM
Transparent Mode
TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TPC
Transmit Power Control
TRF
Transit and Roaming Function
TrGW
Transition Gateway
TTI
Transmission Time Interval
U
UA
User Agent
UAA
User-Authorization-Answer
UAC
User Agent Client
UAR
User-Authorization-Request
UAS
User Agent Server
UCI
Uplink Control Information
UDA
User-Data-Answer
UDR
User-Data-Request
UE
User Equipment
UICC
Universal Integrated Circuit Card
ULA
Update-Location-Answer
ULR
Update-Location-Request
UL-SCH
Uplink Shared Channel
UM
Unacknowledged Mode
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UpPTS
Uplink Pilot Time Slot
URI
Uniform Resource Identifier
URN
Uniform Resource Name
USIM
Universal Services Identity Module
UTRAN
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
V
VAD
Voice Activity Detection
ViLTE
Video over LTE
VoHSPA
Voice over High Speed Packet Access
VoLTE
Voice over LTE
V-PCRF
Visited PCRF
W, X
WB
Wide Band
XCAP
XML Configuration Access Protocol
XML
eXtensible Markup Language
1Network Architecture
1.1. EPS network
1.1.1. Functional architecture
The functional architecture of the evolved packet system (EPS) network is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1.Functional architecture of EPS network
The EPS mobile network consists of an evolved packet core (EPC) network and an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN).
The E-UTRAN access network ensures the connection of the User Equipment (UE).
The EPC core network interconnects the access networks, provides the interface to the packet data network (PDN) and ensures the attachment of mobile phones and the establishment of bearers.
1.1.1.1. eNB entity
The E-UTRAN access network includes a single type of entity, the evolved Node Base station (eNB) that connects to the mobiles.
The eNB entity is responsible for the management of radio resources, for the control of the establishment of the data radio dearer (DRB), in which the mobile traffic is transmitted and for its mobility management during the session (handover).
The eNB entity transfers the traffic data from the mobile (respectively from the Serving Gateway (SGW)) to the SGW entity (to the mobile phones concerned, accordingly).
When the eNB entity receives data from the mobile or the SGW entity, it refers to the QoS class identifier (QCI) in accordance with the data scheduling mechanism.
The eNB entity can perform the marking of the DiffServ code point (DSCP) field of IP header, based on the assigned QCI identifier, for the outgoing data to the SGW entity.
The eNB entity performs compression and encryption of traffic data on the radio interface.
The eNB entity performs encryption and integrity control of signaling data exchanged with the mobile.
It also undertakes the selection of the mobility management entity (MME) to which the mobile is attached.
It treats paging requests sent by the MME entity for their distribution in the cellphone corresponding to the radio coverage area of the eNB entity.
The eNB entity also distributes system information to the cell containing the technical characteristics of the radio interface and allowing the mobile access to connect.
The eNB entity uses the measurements made by the mobile to decide on the initiation of a cell change during a session (handover).
1.1.1.2. MME entity
The MME entity is the network control tower, allowing mobile access and controlling bearer establishment for the transmission of traffic data.
The MME entities belong to a group (pool). Load balancing of MME entities is provided by the eNB entities within a group that must have access to each MME entity of the same group.
The MME entity is responsible for attachment and detachment of the mobile phone to the network concerned.
During attachment, the MME entity retrieves the subscriber’s profile and the subscriber’s authentication data stored in the home subscriber server (HSS) and performs authentication of the mobile.
During attachment, the MME entity registers the tracking area identity (TAI) of the mobile and allocates a globally unique temporary identity (GUTI) to the mobile which replaces the private international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI).
The MME entity manages a list of location areas allocated to the mobile, where the mobile can move in an idle state, without contacting the MME entity to update its TAI location area.
When attaching the mobile, the MME selects SGW and PGW (PDN Gateway) entities for the construction of the default bearer, e.g. for the transport of IP packets containing Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling.
For the construction of the bearer, the selection of the PGW entity is obtained from the access point name (APN), communicated by the mobile or by the HSS entity in the subscriber’s profile.
The source MME entity also selects the target MME entity when the mobile changes both cell and group (pool).
The MME entity provides the information required for lawful interception, such as the mobile status (idle or connected), the TAI location area if the mobile is idle or the E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier (ECGI) if the mobile is in session.
1.1.1.3. SGW entity
The SGW entities are organized into groups (pools). To ensure load balancing of SGW entities, each eNB entity within a group must have access to each SGW entity of the same group.
The SGW entity forwards incoming data from the PGW entity to the eNB entity and outgoing data from the eNB entity to the PGW entity.
When the SGW entity receives data from the eNB or PGW entities, it refers to the QCI identifier for the implementation of the data scheduling mechanism.
The SGW entity can perform marking of the DSCP field of IP header based on the assigned QCI identifier for incoming and outgoing data.
The SGW entity is the anchor point for intra-system handover (mobility within EPS network) provided that the mobile does not change group. Otherwise, the PGW entity performs this function.
The SGW entity is also the anchor point at the inter-system handover PS-PS, requiring the transfer of traffic data from the mobile to the second or third generation mobile network.
The SGW entity informs the MME entity of incoming data when the mobile is in idle state, which allows the MME entity to trigger paging of all eNB entities of the TAI location area.
A mobile in the idle state remains attached to the MME entity. However, it is no longer connected to the eNB entity and thus the radio bearer and the S1 bearer are deactivated.
1.1.1.4. PGW entity
The PGW entity is the gateway router providing the EPS network connection to the PDN network.
When the PGW entity receives data from the SGW entity or PDN network, it refers to the QCI identifier for the implementation of the data scheduling mechanism.
The PGW entity can perform DSCP marking of IP header based on the assigned QCI identifier.
During attachment, the PGW entity grants an IPv4 or IPv6 address to the mobile.
The PGW entity constitutes the anchor point for inter-SGW mobility when the mobile changes groups.
The PGW entity hosts the policy and charging enforcement function (PCEF) which applies the rules relating to mobile traffic data on packet filtering, on charging and on quality of service (QoS) to be applied to the bearer to build.
The policy charging and rules function (PCRF) entity, outside the EPS network, provides the PCEF function of the PGW entity with the rules to apply when establishing bearers.
The PGW entity generates data for use by charging entities to develop the record tickets processed through the billing system.
The PGW entity performs replication of the mobile traffic data within the framework of lawful interception.
1.1.2. Protocol architecture
The protocol architecture of the EPS network is illustrated in Figure 1.2 for the control plane and in Figure 1.3 for the traffic plane.
Figure 1.2.Protocol architecture: control plane
The LTE-Uu interface is the reference point between the mobile and the eNB entity.
This interface supports radio resource control (RRC) signaling exchanged between the mobile and the eNB entity, transmitted in the signaling radio bearer (SRB) and the mobile traffic data transmitted in the data radio bearer (DRB).
The RRC signaling also provides transport of the non-access stratum (NAS) protocol exchanged between the mobile and the MME entity.
Figure 1.3.Protocol architecture: traffic plane
The S1-MME interface is the reference point between the MME and eNB entities for signaling, via the S1-AP (Application Part) protocol.
The S1-AP protocol also provides transport of the NAS protocol exchanged between the mobile and the MME entity.
The S11 interface is the reference point between the MME and SGW entities for signaling via the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) tunnel control protocol (GTPv2-C).
