2d atoms E-Book

Helmut Albert

• Herausgeber: Books on Demand
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Seitenzahl: 37

Beschreibung

2d atoms. Nuclear shapes and nuclear structure The paper compares the scientific ideas of spherical and deformed atomic nuclei with the previously unknown theory of checkerboard and planar atomic structure. For this purpose, the interpretations of the nuclear structure of international researchers were compared with the author's interpretations according to the checkerboard and planar atomic structure. Helmut Albert, Freiburg / Germany 2023.

Leseprobe

Contents

1.0 View of the atomic nucleus

2.0 Development of the atomic conception

3.0 Explanation of terms

4.0 Deformed atomic nuclei

5.0 Different nuclei shapes

6.0 Nuclear structures of atomic nuclei

7.0 Clustering of alpha particles

8.0 Transition states

9.0. Appearance and reality

10.0 List of figures

11.0 Bibliography

12.0 Abstract

13.0 Biography

Preliminary remarks

„A lot goes a long way“ is not always true. In the case of fundamental physics it is even counterproductive. Many people like to be put off by the mass of terms, particles and theories when it comes to the atom. This is understandable! But - it is not the complexity of atoms and matter, but the complexity of science and scientists. The nature works according to simple laws!

Some text passages and passages in this paper refer to earlier publications of the author, which are listed in the bibliography(cf. Albert G./ Albert H. 2017; Albert 2019a; 2019b; 2021).

Helmut Albert, Freiburg/ Breisgau in March 2023.

1.0 View on the atomic nucleus

Which nuclear structure and nuclear shapes can be used to explain atoms conclusively? This question is addressed in the present work by contrasting the scientific theories of multiform atomic nuclei with the counterposition of an exclusively two-dimensional nuclear structure. To this end, the idea of spherical atomic nuclei in the first atomic models at the beginning of the 20th century is first described. Then, the alpha-cluster theory, which emerged soon after the discovery of the proton and the neutron, the nuclear shell theory, and the ideas of multiform atomic nuclei are pointed out.

Following this, we will look at selected research projects on the atomic nucleus from the last decade. In 2013, researchers confirmed for the first time that they could observe pear-shaped and other nuclear shapes in experiments in addition to spherical atomic nuclei. Spherical atomic nuclei are said to be atoms in the stable ground state, while the other nuclear shapes are to be regarded as deformations due to excitations or supernumerary nucleons. Further research projects on nuclear shapes and nuclear structure are then described.

The research reports reveal the scientists' efforts to reconcile the empirical research results with their ideas about nuclear structure. It can be seen that researchers often draw on previous theories in their interpretations. Regardless of the theories, however, it seems problematic to be able to explain the nuclear structure of atoms with the observed nuclear shapes. It is questioned by the author whether the external influences and excitations of the nuclei in particle accelerators are not too massive to draw conclusions about the natural basic shape of the atomic nuclei from the observations.

In order to show that the atomic structure can also be understood in a different way, an opposing position in the form of the checkerboard-like, planar atomic structure is contrasted. In each case, a research report is followed by an opposing position. A brief summary completes the picture of the checkerboard planar atomic structure. The starting point for the understanding of the whole atomic structure is then the properties of the atomic building blocks proton and neutron. Already the only possible spin settings, "spin-up" and "spin-down" of the nucleons, give a hint to the two-dimensional nuclear structure, which is explained in the thesis.

The present work makes no claim to completeness of the scientific ideas and theories about the atomic or nuclear structure.

2.0 Development of the atomic conception