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- Herausgeber: epubli
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Deutsch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
As already more than 100 years ago, also according to today's conception, an atom should consist of an atomic nucleus and an atomic shell. An atom is considered as a triple system with electrons in the atomic shell and protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus. The properties of chemical elements are said to depend on the electrons and electron configurations. What electrical charge an atom has is determined by the ratio of electrons and protons. According to the theory of the checkerboard-planar atomic structure, these ideas are backward and a mistake. The checkerboard-planar atomic structure assumes a binary system of atoms. According to it, the nucleus is the atom and the shell is fiction. The protons and neutrons of the atom, form the whole mass. Protons are right-handed and neutrons left-handed, fast rotating building blocks of the atom. Spin-Up and Spin-Down. Based on these properties, protons and neutrons build up into atomic rectangles. This happens checkerboard-planar in the square lattice. In this way, each isotope of an element forms an individual "proton-neutron configuration". Depending on the configurations, open or closed, we are dealing with a reactive, or non-reactive atom. On the other hand, whether an atom is electrically positively or negatively charged depends on the unoccupied proton or neutron sites of an atom. The idea of a core-shell atom will no longer be relevant in the foreseeable future. The realization that atoms have a chessboard-like planar structure, on the other hand, will provide a new approach to the structure of matter.
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Seitenzahl: 23
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preliminary remarks
1.0 Atomic structure
2.0 The nuclear-shell-atom: a fallacy?!
2.1 Contradictions of the nuclear-shell-atom-model
2.2 The importance of atomic mass
2.3 Bohr's electron system
2.4 The electric atom
2.5 The structure of atomic nuclei
3.0 The nucleus is the atom, the electron shell is fiction
3.1 Protons and Neutrons
3.2 The atomic rectangles
3.3 Ion crystal instead of planetary system
3.4 Reactive and non-reactive atoms
3.5 The proton-neutron configuration
3.6 The building block series of the atom
4.0 Summary
5.0 Bibliography
6.0 Figures
7.0 Biography
THE NUCLEUS IS THE ATOM -
THE ELECTRON SHELL IS FICTION
Second revised edition
HELMUT ALBERT
Imprint:
The nucleus is the atom, the electron shell is fiction
(Second revised e-book edition 2022)
Translation into English: DeepL Pro
First edition 2019
Overall conception: Helmut Albert
© Copyright, Helmut Albert 2022
Talstrasse 63, 79102 Freiburg; Germany
Preliminary remarks
This paper, "The Nucleus is the atom, the electron shell is fiction", is the revised version of the 2019 e-book edition, with additional text and illustrations added to the original text.
The checkerboard-planar atomic structure described here is in contrast to science's idea of a nucleus-shell atom. The chemical properties are not determined by an atomic shell, but by the proton-neutron configuration of the so-called atomic nucleus. With this paper I hope to contribute to a new understanding of the structure of matter in the future.
(The English version was translated with DeepL. Pro. Except captions)
Helmut Albert, Freiburg in September 2022
1.0 Atomic structure
The basic idea of the structure of atoms has remained largely the same for more than 100 years. It envisages electrically negative electrons in an atomic shell, opposite an electrically positively charged atomic nucleus. In this paper, the author Helmut Albert presents a completely different conception of the atom. An atom is not understood as a particle system with spatial regions in which differently charged particles are neatly separated from each other, but as a particle system whose two types of particles are arranged in a chessboard-like manner in order to directly balance each other energetically. The separating of the particles is at the same time the connecting. This conception of the atom, envisages exclusively a binary system of protons and neutrons.
In order to work out the differences of the conceptions, the today's atom conception and its weaknesses are described at the beginning. Thereby the chronological sequence of the discoveries of the atomic building blocks is described and the connection with the atomic conceptions is shown. In the further course the periodicity and the atomic masses of the elements are discussed.
