A Contractor's Guide to the FIDIC Conditions of Contract E-Book

Michael D. Robinson

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 363

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This guide will help the contractor's staff overcome some of the difficulties encountered on a typical international contract using FIDIC forms. The majority of FIDIC-based contracts use the Red Book (Conditions of Contract for Construction), so this book concentrates on the use of those particular forms. Supplementary comments are included in Appendix C for the Yellow Book (Plant & Design-Build) recommended for use where the contractor has a design responsibility. The Contractor is represented on site by the Contractor's Representative who carries the overall responsibility for all the Contractor's on-site activities. In order to provide guidance to the Contractor's Representative and his staff, this book is divided into five sections: * A summarized general review of the Red Book from the Contractor's perspective. * A review of the activities and duties of the Contractor's Representative in the same clause sequencing as they appear in the Red Book. * A summary of these activities and duties but arranged in order of their likely time sequence on site. This has the added intention of providing the Contractor's Representative with a means of ensuring that documents are not only properly provided to the Employer and Engineer, but most importantly that they are provided within the time limits specified in the Contract. * A selection of model letters is provided which make reference to the various clauses of the contract requiring the Contractor to make submissions to the Employer or Engineer. * Various appendices. The guide is not intended to be a review of the legal aspects of FIDIC- based contracts; legal advice should be obtained as and when necessary, particularly if the Contractor has little or no knowledge of the local law. Armed on site with a copy of The Contractor and the FIDIC Contract, the Contractor's Representative will be more able to avoid contractual problems rather than spend considerable time and energy resolving those problems once they have arisen.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Dedication

Chapter 1 Review of the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction (CONS) – ‘The Red Book’

Clause 1 General Provisions

1.1 Definitions

1.2 Interpretation

1.3 Communications

1.4 Law and Language

1.5 Priority of Documents

1.6 Contract Agreement

1.7 Assignment

1.8 Care and Supply of Documents

1.9 Delayed Drawings and Instructions

1.10 Employer’s Use of the Contractor’s Documents

1.11 Contractor’s Use of Employer’s Documents

1.12 Confidential Details

1.13 Compliance with Statutes, Regulations and Laws

1.14 Joint and Several Liability

Clause 2 The Employer

2.1 Right of Access to Site

2.2 Permits, Licences or Approvals

2.3 Employer’s Personnel

2.4 Employer’s Financial Arrangement

2.5 Employer’s Claims

Clause 3 The Engineer

3.1 Engineer’s Duties and Authority

3.2 Delegation by the Engineer

3.3 Instructions of the Engineer

3.4 Replacement of the Engineer

3.5 Determinations

Clause 4 The Contractor

4.1 Contractor’s General Obligations

4.2 Performance Security

4.3 Contractor’s Representative

4.4 Subcontractors

4.5 Assignment of Benefit of Subcontract

4.6 Co-operation

4.7 Setting Out

4.8 Safety Procedures

4.9 Quality Assurance

4.10 Site Data

4.11 Sufficiency of the Accepted Contract Amount

4.12 Unforeseeable Physical Conditions

4.13 Rights of Way and Facilities

4.14 Avoidance of Interference

4.15 Access Routes

4.16 Transport of Goods

4.17 Contractor’s Equipment

4.18 Protection of Environment

4.19 Electricity, Water and Gas

4.20 Employer’s Equipment and Free-Issue Material

4.21 Progress Reports

4.22 Security of Site

4.23 Contractor’s Operations on Site

4.24 Fossils

Clause 5 Nominated Subcontractors

5.1 Definition of ‘Nominated Subcontractor’

5.2 Objection to Nomination

5.3 Payments to Nominated Subcontractors

5.4 Evidence of Payments

Clause 6 Staff and Labour

6.1 Engagement of Staff and Labour

6.2 Rates of Wages and Conditions of Labour

6.3 Persons in Service of Employer

6.4 Labour Laws

6.5 Working Hours

6.6 Facilities for Staff and Labour

6.7 Health and Safety

6.8 Contractor’s Superintendence

6.9 Contractor’s Personnel

6.10 Records of Contractor’s Personnel and Equipment

6.11 Disorderly Conduct

Clause 7 Plant, Materials and Workmanship

7.1 Manner of Execution

7.2 Samples

7.3 Inspection

7.4 Testing

7.5 Rejection

7.6 Remedial Work

7.7 Ownership of Plant and Materials

7.8 Royalties

Clause 8 Commencement, Delays and Suspension

8.1 Commencement of Work

8.2 Time for Completion

8.3 Programme

8.4 Extension of Time for Completion

8.5 Delay Caused by Authorities

8.6 Rate of Progress

8.7 Delay Damages

8.8 Suspension of Work

8.9 Consequences of Suspension

8.10 Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of Suspension

8.11 Prolonged Suspension

8.12 Resumption of Work

Clause 9 Tests on Completion

9.1 Contractor’s Obligations

9.2 Delayed Tests

9.3 Re-testing

9.4 Failure to Pass Tests on Completion

Clause 10 Employer’s Taking Over

10.1 Taking Over of the Works and Sections

10.2 Taking Over of Parts of the Works

10.3 Interference with Tests on Completion

10.4 Surface Requiring Reinstatement

Clause 11 Defects Liability

11.1 Completion of Outstanding Work and Remedying Defects

11.2 Cost of Remedying Defects

11.3 Extension of Defects Notification Period

11.4 Failure to Remedy Defects

11.5 Removal of Defective Work

11.6 Further Tests

11.7 Right of Access

11.8 Contractor to Search

11.9 Performance Certificate

11.10 Unfulfilled Obligations

11.11 Clearance of Site

Clause 12 Measurement and Evaluation

12.1 Works to be Measured

12.2 Method of Measurement

12.3 Evaluation

12.4 Omissions

Clause 13 Variations and Adjustments

13.1 Right to Vary

13.2 Value Engineering

13.3 Variation Procedure

13.4 Payment in Applicable Currencies

13.5 Provisional Sums

13.6 Daywork

13.7 Adjustments for Changes in Legislation

13.8 Adjustment for Changes in Cost

Clause 14 Contract Price and Payment

14.1 The Contract Price

14.2 Advance Payment

14.3 Application for Interim Payment Certificates

14.4 Schedule of Payments

14.5 Plant and Materials Intended for the Works

14.6 Issue of Interim Payment Certificates

14.7 Payment (by the Employer)

14.8 Delayed Payment

14.9 Payment of Retention Money

14.10 Statement at Completion

14.11 Application for Final Payment Certificate

14.12 Discharge

14.13 Issue of Final Payment Certificate

14.14 Cessation of Employer’s Liability

14.15 Currencies of Payment

Clause 15 Termination by the Employer

15.1 Notice to Correct

15.2 Termination by the Employer

15.3 Valuation at Date of Termination

15.4 Payment after Termination

15.5 Employer’s Entitlement to Termination

Clause 16 Suspension and Termination by Contractor

16.1 Contractor’s Entitlement to Suspend Works

16.2 Termination by Contractor

16.3 Cessation of Work and Removal of Contractor’s Equipment

16.4 Payment on Termination

Clause 17 Risk and Responsibility

17.1 Indemnities

17.2 Contractor’s Care of the Works

17.3 Employer’s Risks

17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks

17.5 Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights

17.6 Limit of Liability

Clause 18 Insurance

18.1 General Requirements for Insurance

18.2 Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment

18.3 Insurance Against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property

18.4 Insurance for Contractor’s Personnel

Clause 19 Force Majeure

19.1 Definition of Force Majeure

19.2 Notice of Force Majeure

19.3 Duty to Minimize Delay

19.4 Consequences of Force Majeure

19.5 Force Majeure affecting Subcontractor

19.6 Optional Termination Payment and Release

19.7 Release from Performance under the Law

Clause 20 Claims, Disputes and Arbitration

20.1 Contractor’s Claims

20.2 Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)

20.3 Failure to Agree Dispute Adjudication Board

20.4 Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision

20.5 Amicable Settlement

20.6 Arbitration

20.7 Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision

20.8 Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board’s Appointment

Chapter 2 Activities and duties of the FIDIC Contractor’s Representative discussed in the same order as they appear in the FIDIC Conditions of Contract

Clause 1 General Provisions

Clause 2 The Employer

Clause 3 Engineer’s Duties and Authority

Clause 4 The Contractor

Clause 5 Nominated Subcontractors

Clause 6 Staff and Labour

Clause 7 Plant, Materials and Workmanship

Clause 8 Commencement, Delays and Suspension

Clause 9 Tests on Completion

Clause 10 Employer’s Taking Over

Clause 11 Defects Liability

Clause 12 Measurement and Evaluation

Clause 13 Variations and Adjustments

Clause 14 Contract Price and Payment

Clause 15 Termination by Employer

Clause 16 Suspension and Termination by Contractor

Clause 17 Risk and Responsibility

Clause 18 Insurance

Clause 19 Force Majeure

Clause 20 Claims, Disputes and Arbitration

Chapter 3 Activities and duties of the FIDIC Contractor’s Representative summarised and arranged in time sequence

A The Estimating Office and Management

B Initial Stages of the Project

C The Early Stages of the Project and Continuously Thereafter

D The Latter Stages of the Contract

E The Ultimate Situation

F Claims

Appendices

Appendix A Contractor’s claims under a CONS contract

Appendix B Employer’s claims under a CONS contract

Appendix C Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-build (P and DB) – ‘The Yellow Book’

Sub-Clause 1.5 – Priority of Documents

Sub-Clause 1.9 – Errors in the Employer’s Requirements

Sub-Clause 4.6 – Cooperation

Clause 5.0 – Design

Sub-Clause 5.3 – Contractor’s Undertaking/Sub-Clause 5.4 – Technical Standards

Sub-Clause 5.5 – Training

Sub-Clause 5.6 – As-Built Drawings

Sub-Clause 5.7 – Operation and Maintenance Manuals

Sub-Clause 9.1 – Contractor’s Obligations

Sub-Clause 11.2 – Cost of Remedying Defects

Sub-Clause 12.0 – Tests on Completion

Sub-Clause 13.1

Sub-Clause 14.1 – The Contract Price

Sub-Clause 14.4 – Schedule of Payment

Appendix D Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey projects (EPCT) – ‘The Silver Book’

Appendix E Other FIDIC publications

1. Short Form of Contract (the ‘Green Book’)

2. Conditions of Contract for Construction designed by the Employer for bank-financed projects only (the ‘Pink Book’)

3. Conditions of Contract for Design, Build and Operate Projects (the ‘Gold Book’)

4. Dredgers Contract (the ‘Blue Book’)

5. Subcontract Forms

Appendix F Model form for submissions to the Engineer for approval and/or consent

Appendix G Model form of daywork/daily record sheets

Appendix H Evaluation of cost

Appendix I Contractor’s overhead costs

1.

2.

3.

4.

Fixed-Overhead Costs

Time-Related Costs

Appendix J Model letters for use by the Contractor

Introduction to indexes

Index

This edition first published 2011

© 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Robinson, Michael D., consulting engineer.

 A contractor’s guide to the FIDIC conditions of contract / Michael D. Robinson.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-65764-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)

 1. Construction contracts. 2. Engineering contracts. 3. Architectural contracts. 4. Standardized terms of contract. I. Title.

 K891.B8R6135 2011

 343′.07869–dc22

2010042183

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781119993391; Wiley Online Library 9781119993414; ePub 9781119993407

Preface

The Conditions of Contract prepared by FIDIC have for many years had no rival as the standard form of choice for use in the international construction industry.

Traditionally in the standard FIDIC forms the Engineer was given an authoritative role, enabling him to make informed judgements concerning the conduct and execution of projects with a large measure of independence from the Employer. From time to time FIDIC updated these standard forms, continuing to maintain the traditional role of the Engineer, culminating in the 4th Edition 1987 (reprinted 1992).

However, throughout the 1980s and 1990s discernible changes developed in the international construction industry. Employers increasingly became involved in day-by-day administration of projects, thereby restricting the powers of the Engineer to act independently of the parties. The diminution of the power and authority of the Engineer had the effect of disturbing the allocation of risk between the parties and as many contractors perceived, to their disadvantage.

The same period saw a marked increase in the availability of international funding, particularly for infrastructure projects. As a consequence more and more companies, both engineers and contractors, undertook contracts outside their national borders. The international construction industry came of age.

Disputes have long been endemic to the construction industry. The increased participation of more companies of differing nationalities in projects outside their own borders inevitably increased the number of disputes arising for a number of reasons. Contractors were not always familiar with the operation of a FIDIC-based contract. Equally, Employers, well used to their own national systems of contracting practices and law, were faced with having to deal with contracts based on unfamiliar FIDIC forms. As a consequence the number of disputes increased markedly.

A key feature of the dispute-resolution procedure contained in the FIDIC 4th Edition 1987, Sub-Clause 67.1 – ‘Engineer’s Decision’ was the power and authority of the Engineer to make independent judgements. As the independence of the Engineer diminished as a result of the increasing direct involvement of the Employer, the value of the Engineer’s decision was increasingly challenged by contractors, with the result that more and more disputes were referred to arbitration.

Few in the construction industry regard arbitration as a satisfactory means of resolving disputes. Arbitration is a lengthy and expensive process which may lead to awards that with a more flexible, realistic approach could have been negotiated without arbitration. A contractor also suffers because he is unable to foresee the outcome of the arbitration and his cash flow is uncertain and damaged as a consequence of lengthy arbitration. Regrettably there are instances of employers preferring to refer some disputes to arbitration to avoid having to make decisions which for political or economic reasons they are unwilling to make themselves.

Against this background FIDIC undertook a major review of their standard forms. Following extensive consultations, a new suite of contract forms was issued in 1999:

CONSConditions of Contract for Construction (‘The Red Book’), which FIDIC recommends for use on building or engineering works designed by the Employer or by his representative, the Engineer.P & DBConditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build (‘The Yellow Book’), which FIDIC recommends for the provision of electrical and/or mechanical plant and for the design and execution of building or engineering works to be designed by the Contractor in accordance with the Employer’s requirements.EPCTConditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects (‘The Silver Book’), which FIDIC recommends for the provision of a process or power plant on a turnkey project.

A fourth contract entitled ‘Short Form of Contract’ (‘The Green Book’), intended for use on contracts involving simple or repetitive work, was also issued by FIDIC. This is not considered further in this book.

In the preparation of the new suite of contracts, FIDIC continued with the use of the English language as the language of interpretation. In retaining the use of the English language, FIDIC took the opportunity to ensure that all of the forms in the new suite were written in modern English and not the ‘legalese’ English of previous editions. Opening an introductory FIDIC seminar in London in early 2000, the chairman, Christopher Wade, remarked that the new suite of contracts ‘had been written by engineers for engineers!’ Nonetheless, engineers with a lesser command of the English language have tended to find it more difficult to assimilate the requirements, obligations and duties contained in the FIDIC forms.

The FIDIC forms are arranged in twenty primary clauses, each covering a major topic. For inexperienced personnel (particularly those whose mother-tongue is not the English language) it is often difficult to draw together all the sub-clauses relating to a particular issue. For example, the presentation of an individual claim may require reference not only to the sub-clause that permits the contractor to claim, but potentially also to Sub-Clauses 3.5, 8.4 and 20.1 which are widely separated in the FIDIC forms. In the text of this book cross-references to other relevant clauses or sub-clauses are provided. Nonetheless, it is appropriate that professional users of the FIDIC forms should familiarise themselves with the general philosophy adopted by the FIDIC committee in preparation of the forms.

This book has the aim of assisting the contractor’s staff to overcome some of the difficulties encountered on a typical international contract using FIDIC forms. Since the majority of FIDIC-based contracts use ‘The Red Book’ (CONS), this book concentrates on the use of those particular forms. Supplementary comments are included in Appendix C in respect of ‘The Yellow Book’ (P & DB), recommended for use where the contractor has a design responsibility. For reasons expressed elsewhere, the third set of forms for turnkey projects, ‘The Silver Book’ (EPCT), has not found favour. Limited comments are included in Appendix D to this book.

The Contractor is represented on site by the Contractor’s Representative who carries the overall responsibility for all the Contractor’s on-site activities.

In order to provide guidance to the Contractor’s Representative and his staff, this book is divided into sections:

1) A general summarised review of ‘The Red Book’ from the Contractor’s perspective.

2) A review of the activities and duties of the Contractor’s Representative in the same clause sequence as they appear in ‘The Red Book’ with particular reference to submittals to the Employer and the Engineer. Additional notes are included in respect of the activities of the estimating office insofar as they impact on the activities of the Contractor’s Representative.

3) A summarised version of the matters referred to in 2), but arranged in order of their likely time sequence on site. This has the added intention of providing the Contractor’s Representative with a means of ensuring that documents are not only properly provided to the Employer and Engineer, but most importantly that they are provided within the time limits specified in the Contract.

4) A number of appendices relating to construction topics are provided. These include an appendix containing a selection of model letters on various issues which require the Contractor to make formal submissions to the Employer or Engineer.

This book is intended to provide on-site guidance to the Contractor’s Representative and his staff. It is not intended to be a review of the legal aspects of FIDIC-based contracts. Legal advice should be obtained as and when necessary, particularly if the Contractor has little or no knowledge of the local law. It is hoped that this book will assist contractors (and hopefully engineers in supervisory roles) to prevent problems arising rather than spend considerable time and energy resolving those problems once they have arisen. This comment has particular reference to the ever-present issue of resolving claims presented by the Contractor in a timely and professional manner. This book contains only brief quotations from the various FIDIC standard forms. It is recommended that the reader gives consideration to the purchase of a copy of ‘The FIDIC Contracts Guide’ published by FIDIC in 2000. The publication provides important guidance on the use and interpretation of the referenced FIDIC forms.

Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to the Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) for permission to quote extracts from the Conditions of Contract for Construction (‘The Red Book’) and the FIDIC Contracts Guide.All quoted extracts from these publications are given in italics wherever they occur.

In this book, the Employer, the Engineer, the Contractor and Subcontractors are referred to in the masculine gender in conformity with standard FIDIC practice. The author wishes to emphasise that the book is intended to address female readers on an equal basis with their male colleagues and that the use of the masculine gender is for practical reasons only.

Dedication

This book is dedicated to Stewart, Fred, Keith, Fritz and many others who have encouraged me to complete the task of writing this book during its long gestation and to my wife Monika without whose practical help and encouragement nothing would have been achieved.

Chapter 1

Review of the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction (CONS) – ‘The Red Book’

Clause 1 General Provisions

1.1 Definitions

This sub-clause provides definitions of approximately 65 words and expressions that are used in the Conditions of Contract. With the exception of the words ‘day’ and ‘year’, these defined words and expressions are identifiable by the use of capital initial letters.

Consequently, in any submission or correspondence it is important to use the capitalised form of the words and expressions if that is what is precisely intended by the writer.

The FIDIC Contract Guide (p. 339–346) provides a glossary (dictionary) of words and phrases that are in common use in the fields of building consultancy, engineering and associated activities. This glossary is not intended to amplify or replace the definitions given in this Sub-Clause 1.1, but the use of the provided definitions is useful to ensure clarity on a given topic.

Nonetheless, there are a number of words and expressions used in these FIDIC Conditions of Contract that are neither defined in this sub-clause nor yet explained in the glossary. These words and expressions include ‘claim’, ‘event’, ‘circumstance’. It is logical that these words and expressions have the meanings attached to them from any recognised standard dictionary of the English language (e.g. Oxford, Webster’s).

The Parties should take every care to avoid incorporating additional words and expressions of significance into the contract documents without providing a corresponding definition. To illustrate this point, the author has experience of a Red Book contract which required the Contractor to produce ‘working drawings’. No definition of ‘working drawings’ was provided in the contract documents. The Contractor took a broad view that ‘working drawings’ related to drawings required for his own construction purposes. The Employer sought to extend the responsibility of the Contractor to include correction of elements of a faulty Employer-provided design. A lengthy dispute ensued. The Contractor amended the design under protest. The end result was that the completion was delayed and additional payment eventually became due to the Contractor.

1.2 Interpretation

This sub-clause contains legal statements confirming (except where the context requires otherwise)

(a) words indicating one gender – includes all genders

(b) words indicating the singular also include the plural and vice-versa

(c) ‘Agreements’ have to be recorded in writing. As a consequence the Parties are required to ensure that any verbal agreements are formalised in writing. Too often important instructions and decisions are not formally recorded by the Parties.

(d) where something is stated to be ‘written’ or ‘in writing’ this shall result in a permanent record. This requirement may have consequences in respect of the authorised means of communication identified in Sub-Clause 1.3.

1.3 Communications

This sub-clause identifies the authorised methods of communications between the Parties. Importantly Sub-Clause 1.3(a) provides for the ‘use of any agreed systems of electronic transmission between the Parties as stated in the Appendix to Tender’. If this is not so stated in the Appendix to Tender and the Parties are agreeable to the use of e-mails, then a supplementary agreement between the Employer and Contractor will be required. The difficulty with the use of e-mails is that the sender may not be able to evidence directly if the required recipient did in fact receive the e-mail – this in contrast to telefax messages wherein the recipient’s telefax machine does respond. Many e-mail operating systems do provide for electronic receipt of incoming e-mails but this relies on the cooperation of the recipient. In all cases where electronic transmissions are acceptable, it is advisable for confirmatory hard copies of all e-mails to be sent to the recipient at prescribed intervals. In all cases the use of a formal mail transmission book is highly recommended.

Both Parties should ensure that only authorised staff members formally communicate, particularly by e-mail, and that the other Party is informed in writing of the limitations of any delegated authority.

1.4 Law and Language

Both the applicable law and the language of communication are to be defined in the contract documents.

Invariably the applicable law is that of the country where the contract is to be executed. This more so, if the Employer is also resident in that country. Even if the applicable law is not that of the country of execution, it may happen that the local courts will claim jurisdiction regardless of the wording of the contract. Legal advice should be sought should such a situation arise.

Frequently the Employer may require that correspondence addressed to him be written in his own language. Given the vagaries of site translations, it is recommended that correspondence to the Employer and other public bodies be provided simultaneously in both the language of the contract and the local language.

1.5 Priority of Documents

The basic priority listing of the documents forming the contract is given in this sub-clause. Frequently additional documents will be added to the given listing by the Employer prior to tender date.

Preferred tenderers are often invited by the Employer to a post-tender meeting to finalise outstanding issues arising from the Contractor’s tender. As a consequence a document entitled ‘Minutes of Post-Tender Meeting(s)’ or similar is drawn up and is usually accorded highest priority, even above the Conditions of Contract. Both Parties should ensure that the quality of such minute-keeping is of the highest order and that the contents are formally agreed before inclusion in the final Contract Document. Occasionally the Employer may wish to include the Contractor’s tender offer in the final Contract Document. Care should be taken to ensure that the Contractor’s tender offer, if included, is given the appropriate priority and does not inappropriately contradict the intended priorities of other documents that also form part of the Contract. Sub-Clause 1.1.19 defines ‘Appendix to Tender’. There are more than thirty references contained in the Conditions of Contract to the Appendix to Tender. The Appendix to Tender contains specific data qualifying the general data that is provided in the Conditions of Contract. The Appendix to Tender is not shown in the documents listed in this sub-clause. However, most Employers do include the Appendix to Tender as a separate document that is stated to be of higher priority than the Particular Conditions of Contract. It is important that the Contractor carefully checks the data given in the Appendix to Tender to ensure that any impact on his Tender is correctly evaluated. If in the Contractor’s opinion the data is incorrect or otherwise not conforming to the General Conditions, then clarification should be sought from the Engineer in the pre-tender period.

The author has experience of a contract where the Percentage for Adjustment of Provisional Sums, (refer to Sub-Clause 13.5 (b)), was left blank by the Employer. Despite the protestations of the Contractor it was later judged that he had accepted a nil percentage and that he was not entitled to any payment under this heading.

1.6 Contract Agreement

The FIDIC 1999 Conditions of Contract envisage that the Employer will provide the Contractor with a Letter of Acceptance as described in Sub-Clause 1.1.1.3, which the Contractor should acknowledge with the date of receipt noted. From the date of receipt of the Letter of Acceptance a binding contractual relationship exists between the Parties. Within 28 days from the date of receipt of the Letter of Acceptance by the Contractor, the Parties are required to enter into a Contract Agreement based on a standard form annexed to the Particular Conditions of Contract. Should there be no Letter of Acceptance, then a Contract Agreement is necessary.

In many jurisdictions it is required that the full Contract documentation, including the Contract Agreement and those documents described in Sub-Clause 1.5, are all brought together in one comprehensive document and signed by the Parties. Only then does the Contract come into force.

To summarise, three possibilities exist for the establishment of a formal contractual relationship:

the issue of a Letter of Acceptance orthe signing of a Contract Agreement with or without a Letter of Acceptance orthe signing of a formal comprehensive ‘Contract’ document which would include the Contract Agreement.

The precise method of formalising the Contract is important because it affects other matters under the Contract. For example, the Performance Security, Sub-Clause 4.2, shall be provided by the Contractor within 28 days after receipt of the Letter of Acceptance.

1.7 Assignment

‘Neither Party is permitted to assign or transfer the whole or any part of the Contract or any benefit or interest in or under the Contract without the agreement of the other Party.’ Exceptionally either Party may, as security, assign its right to any money due under the Contract to a bank or financial institution. Not infrequently a government may transfer responsibility for the Contract from one government department to another. Provided the Contract is between the government and the Contractor, this would not be regarded as an assignment. More and more responsibilities are being transferred by governments to government-owned parastatal companies as a prelude to denationalisation. Should this situation arise in mid-contract, then the Contractor should review the risk case by case and obtain legal advice where appropriate.

1.8 Care and Supply of Documents

The Employer is required to provide to the Contractor two copies of the Contract and subsequent drawings. The Contractor has to supply six copies of the Contractor’s Documents to the Engineer. The Contractor’s Documents would importantly include submittals requiring the Engineer’s Consent. The Contractor should seek clarification from the Engineer if a full submittal of all six copies is required at the submittal-for-approval stage. It may be that only a full submittal is required once the documents are approved. It may be mutually convenient if documentation, particularly drawings, can be passed electronically between the Parties. This should be discussed between the Parties at the earliest opportunity as this, for example, would facilitate the production of ‘as built’ drawings.

1.9 Delayed Drawings and Instructions

The Contractor is required to give notice to the Engineer whenever ‘the Works are likely to be delayed or disrupted’ by a delay in the issue of drawings or other instructions by the Employer and/or Engineer as the case may be. The Contractor is further required to provide details of ‘who, when and why’ the drawings or other instructions are needed. This has a direct relationship to the preparation of programmes (Sub-Clause 8.3 refers). This appears to be an unnecessarily complex procedure, since if the supply of the drawings or instructions is not the Contractor’s responsibility, then the responsibility for delay automatically belongs to the Employer. The date by which a drawing or instruction is required can be identified from the contract programme. Particularly on projects where, for example, materials are to be obtained by the Contractor from outside the country of execution, it is not unreasonable to advise the Engineer that all necessary drawings and instructions are required two months or more before the programmed date of execution. Such an agreement also helps the Engineer to plan his own activities, particularly if his own design office is to provide the drawings and instructions. Should the Contractor experience a delay or incur additional costs, he is entitled by reference to this clause and to Sub-Clause 20.1 to give notice of claim to the Engineer.

1.10 Employer’s Use of the Contractor’s Documents

Although the Contractor retains the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Contractor’s Documents, the Employer has a free licence to use this information for the operation and maintenance of the relevant portion of the Works. It is of interest to note that such free licence does not specifically entitle the Employer to use the Contractor’s Documents for publicity or advertising purposes.

The same requirements will apply to the Contractor’s Subcontractors and appropriate provisions will have to be included in any Subcontractor’s Documents.

1.11 Contractor’s Use of Employer’s Documents

The Contractor is entitled to use the Employer’s Documents solely for the purpose of executing the Contract and for no other purpose without the written permission of the Employer.

1.12 Confidential Details

The Contractor is entitled to keep confidential anything considered a trade secret, but is required to provide sufficient information to verify compliance with the Contract and to comply with the laws of the country of execution.

1.13 Compliance with Statutes, Regulations and Laws

The Employer is required to obtain planning permissions for the Permanent Works and any other permissions where so stated in the Contract. If in doubt, clarification should be requested by the Contractor during the tender phase.

The Contractor is required to give notices, obtain all permits (assumed to include building permits) and licences as required by Contract or Law. Again, these requirements should be clarified during the tender stage, not least because the Contractor is liable for all costs incurred.

1.14 Joint and Several Liability

The issue of joint and several liability is normally addressed in the Tender Documents. Appropriate documentation is provided with the Tender Documents for completion by tenderers.

Many projects are undertaken by Joint Ventures comprising two or more companies. In the event that one or more of the joint ventures is declared insolvent or is otherwise unable to contribute to the performance of the Contract, then a greater responsibility falls on the surviving partners, who are obliged to continue with the Contract. Self-evidently, the selection of competent, financially stable partners is a crucial aspect of the pre-tender period.

Clause 2 The Employer

2.1 Right of Access to Site

This sub-clause refers not only to the Contractor’s Right of Access to the Site, but also to his right to take possession of the Site.

It is intended that the relevant dates for taking possession are to be given in the Appendix to the Tender. If no date(s) is given in the Appendix to the Tender, then the Employer shall provide access to and possession of the Site in accordance with the requirements of the programme that the Contractor is required to submit in accordance with the provisions of Sub-Clause 8.3. In such case the prudent Contractor should show the required handover date or dates in his programme. In any event the handover or part handover cannot be delayed by more than 42 days after the issue of the Letter of Acceptance (refer to Sub-Clause 8.1), otherwise the Commencement Date will be cor­respondingly delayed. Should a delay occur, the Contractor is entitled to claim both time and costs by reference to this clause and to Clause 20.1.

Importantly, the Employer may delay the handover until the Contractor provides the Performance Security required by Sub-Clause 4.2. Additionally, the Employer understandably may be reluctant to allow the Contractor to commence work without appropriate insurances in place.

The handover of the Site is a significant event and should be properly managed. It is the Employer’s duty to hand over the Site, not the Engineer’s. The Contractor should inspect the site carefully and investigate any potential obstructions including those that may not be his contractual responsibility. Typically, an empty, unsecured site is a magnet for third parties, who illegally dump waste after the tender site inspection and before commencement. Equally, delays may occur because requisitioned properties have not been vacated due to a lack of compensation payments.

A formal protocol should be drawn up, identifying not only the date/timing of the handover, but also the result of the site inspection. This protocol is to be signed by authorised representatives of both the Employer and Contractor.

For partial handovers a protocol is required for each handover.

Frequently the Contractor may agree to accept the site even though there exist obstructions that are the responsibility of the Employer. A most common cause of obstruction arises from the lack of, or incomplete, land requisition. If these are restricted to small areas, the protocol should indicate the dates by which the handover will be finally achieved.

Although it is laudable to commence physical work as soon as possible, it is frequently not in the Contractor’s interest to commence work in a fragmented, inefficient manner. It may be appropriate for the Contractor to decline an incomplete handover and make claim as permitted under this sub-clause of the Contract.

In addition to handing over the Site, the Employer is also required to grant the Contractor the right of access to the Site. It is assumed that there already exists a suitable route or one that can be constructed by the Contractor. Under Sub-Clause 4.15 the Contractor is deemed to have satisfied himself in this matter. Having been granted a right of access, the Contractor assumes the risk for all practical difficulties (and costs) in providing the access. This is clearly an issue that the Contractor is required to have carefully reviewed during the pre-tender site inspection.

Exceptionally, the Site may be surrounded by land owned by third parties. The Employer remains responsible to ensure that a viable access is possible. In such instances the issue of access to the Site should be clarified in the pre-tender period.

It should not be assumed that because the site is owned by the Employer – possibly a government department – and the surrounding land by another government department, this will necessarily ensure unrestricted access to the site. For example, there may be security restrictions, particularly in the vicinity of airports and military installations.

2.2 Permits, Licences or Approvals

Frequently the assistance of the Employer is required to enable the Contractor to obtain the various permits, licences and approvals necessary for the performance of the Contract.

The nature of the required permits, licences and approvals will vary from country to country and from project to project and could include building permits, trade licences, licences for quarry operations, approvals from utility companies. These requirements should be researched using local knowledge and their potential value and impact on the timely performance of the Works evaluated in the preparation of the tender.

It may be appropriate to raise any concerns during pre-tender meetings, so that the commitment of the Employer to assist in resolving problems is well established. Typical problems that frequently occur include:

In many countries with a policy of centralised planning the supply of basic materials (cement, bitumen, fuels etc.) may be strictly controlled and bulk supplies only available with the support of the Employer. Even then the authorities are often unwilling to pre-advise of any supply bottlenecks, which can be extremely frustrating.Many projects are stated to be free of local taxes. Of particular interest are customs duties and value added tax (VAT). Often these arrangements cause problems between one state ministry (e.g. the Treasury ministry controlling the collection of taxes and revenues) and the Employer. Important supplies and equipment can be held up in part because the Treasury Department has failed to issue internal authorisation for duty-free imports. The Contractor (unless required by law) should not pay temporary deposits unless the Employer acknowledges liability to arrange for a refund. It is often very difficult to obtain refunds from Treasury Departments. Again, during any pre-tender meeting the Employer could be asked to confirm that the appropriate arrangements are in hand. An unforeseen need to pay customs duties even on a temporary basis can affect the Contractor’s cash flow which can be damaging in the early stages of a contract.In many countries utility companies are tardy in dealing with requests for relocation of services, frequently because of a lack of material or skilled workers and occasionally because of a reluctance to deal expediently with requests from a contractor without local connections.

2.3 Employer’s Personnel

The Employer is responsible to ensure that his personnel support the Contractor’s efforts in respect of general cooperation and specifically Safety Procedures and Protection of Environment.

2.4 Employer’s Financial Arrangement

‘The Employer shall submit, within 28 days after receiving any request from the Contractor, reasonable evidence that financial arrangements have been made and are being maintained which will enable the Employer to pay the Contract Price …’.

Should the Employer finance the Works from his own sources, it may be difficult to produce the ‘reasonable evidence’ required by this sub-clause. However, if the Employer is an agency of a stable government, concerns will be minimised. A considerable number of contracts are financed by external financing of known provenance and the risk of non-payment can be assessed. Other financing is provided by international aid and finance organisations to Governments for specific projects with a fixed budget. The Contractor should be continuously aware of the financial status of his contract in order to be assured that sufficient funds are available to pay for all work instructed. Such calculations should take into account the likely value of outstanding claims and the financial implications of other unresolved items. If the Employer is unable or unwilling to provide the required evidence when requested by the Contractor, the Contractor would be entitled to take action as described in Clause 16 ‘Suspension and Termination by the Contractor’. Should doubts remain that the existing funding is likely to be inadequate, it would be politic for the Contractor to discuss his concerns with the Employer ahead of any formal correspondence.

2.5 Employer’s Claims

This sub-clause entitles the Employer to make formal claims against the Contractor. The Employer has broadly to follow the same procedure adopted for claims by the Contractor against the Employer. The Employer has to give notice of claim ‘as soon as practical after which (he) became aware of the event or circumstances giving rise to claim’. This contrasts with the 28-day time limit imposed by Sub-Clause 20.1 in respect of Contractor’s claims against the Employer. There is no precise definition of the time span intended by the wording ‘as soon as practical …’.

The Employer is to provide detailed particulars and substantiation of the amount to which he considers himself entitled.

The Engineer has the duty to agree or determine the claim in accordance with the provision of Sub-Clause 3.5. A full listing of clauses giving rise to the right for the Employer to make claims against the Contractor is given in Appendix B. Possibly the most significant of these potential claim headings are those given in Sub-Clause 8.7 ‘Delay Damages’.

Clause 3 The Engineer

3.1 Engineer’s Duties and Authority

This sub-clause confirms the fundamental obligation of the Employer to appoint the Engineer to carry out the duties assigned to him in the Contract. The Engineer may be a named person or may be a company. Should a company be named as Engineer, then the company has to advise the name of the person who will specifically be allocated the duties of the Engineer.

The Engineer is frequently named in the Tender Documents, which allows the Contractor to assess the potential risk involved in this appointment. Less satisfactory is the appointment of the Engineer in the post-tender period prior to the Commencement Date. For the Contract to properly function, the Engineer needs to be available by the Commencement Date. Usually if no Engineer is appointed, the Employer invariably seeks to appoint one of his own staff as Engineer on a temporary basis. Self-evidently, such an appointee cannot be considered as an independent Engineer. In such circumstances the Contractor should give careful consideration to the implication of such an interim appointment. The temporary appointment should be accepted only for a very limited period by the Contractor.

The duties and authority allocated to the Engineer are given in the various clauses of the Contract. However, it is now standard practice for these duties and authority to be varied by amended clauses included in the Particular Conditions of Contract. Routinely, the Engineer is not allowed to authorise additional expenditure (except possibly minor amounts), nor to authorise extensions of time, nor to issue Taking Over Certificates or the Performance Certificate without the consent of the Employer. These limitations can be quite frustrating because the direct involvement of the Employer frequently delays the administration process of the Contract to the Contractor’s disadvantage.

Sub-Clause 3.1(a) clarifies ‘that the Engineer whenever carrying out his duties or exercising authority … the Engineer shall be deemed to act for the Employer’. The time-honoured concept of the Engineer acting according to his own independent experience and skills is no longer valid.

Further, Sub-Clause 3.1(b) confirms ‘that the Engineer has no authority to relieve either Party of any duties, obligations or responsibilities under the Contract except as stated in the Contract’. The principal exception is the right of the Engineer to instruct variations because they may include omission of any work (refer to Sub-Clause 13.1(d)), but this may be amended in the Particular Conditions of Contract.

For illustrative purposes, it may happen that some constructed part of the Work does not conform to the technical requirements of the Contract. The Engineer has no authority to vary the technical requirements to accommodate the nonconformity. Acceptance of the nonconformance even with price adjustment would require the concurrence of the Employer.

Finally, Sub-Clause 3.1(c) confirms that ‘any approval or similar (including absence of disapproval) by the Engineer does not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility he may have under the Contract’. Thus, if a part of the Works previously approved or accepted by the Engineer is later found to be defective or nonconforming, the Contractor is still obligated to make good the defect or nonconformance at his own expense.