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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling
A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling
The increasingly arcane world of DNA profiling demands that those requiring to understand at least some of it must find a source of reliable and understandable information. Combining material from the successful Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science with newly commissioned and updated material, the Editors have used their own extensive experience in criminal casework across the world to compile an informative guide that will provide knowledge and thought-provoking articles of interest to anyone involved or interested in the use of DNA in the forensic context.
Following extensive introductory chapters covering forensic DNA profiling and forensic genetics, this comprehensive volume presents a substantial breadth of material covering:
- Fundamental material—including sources of DNA, validation, and accreditation
- Analysis and interpretation—including extraction, quantification, amplification, and interpretation of electropherograms (epgs)
- Evaluation—including mixtures, low template, and transfer
- Applications—databases, paternity and kinship, mitochondrial DNA, wildlife DNA, single-nucleotide polymorphism, phenotyping, and familial searching
- Court—report writing, discovery, cross examination, and current controversies
With contributions from leading experts across the whole gamut of forensic science, this volume is intended to be authoritative but not authoritarian, informative but comprehensible, and comprehensive but concise. It will prove to be a valuable addition, and a useful resource, for scientists, lawyers, teachers, criminologists, and judges.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Glossary
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Part A: Background
Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Genetics
The Ideal Forensic Material—Individualization
DNA—The Molecule
DNA in Populations
The Scientific Expert
Forensic DNA
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 2: DNA: An Overview
History of DNA Profiling
STR Analysis
DNA Extraction
DNA Quantification
DNA Profile Interpretation
Low Template DNA Profiling
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 3: DNA
Introduction
Fundamental Human Anatomy
Fundamental Genetics
Fundamental Molecular Biology
Summary
References
Related Articles
Chapter 4: Introduction to Forensic DNA Profiling — The Electropherogram (epg)
Notation and Descriptions of Profiles
Separation
The Kit
Relative Fluorescence Units, Peak Height, and Peak Area
Controls
References
Chapter 5: Biological Stains
Introduction
Locating Potential Biological Material
Other Body Fluids and Secretions
Trace Biological Material
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 6: Sources of DNA
Introduction
Blood
The Vaginal Tract
Semen
Trace DNA
Low Copy Number and Single Cells
Saliva
Fingernails
Fingerprints
Hair
Teeth and Bone
Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples
Fecal Material
Unusual Sources
Plant Material as Forensic Evidence
Summary
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 7: Identification and Individualization
Identity, Identification, and Individualization
DNA Evidence and Individualization
Uniqueness
Reporting Identification Evidence in Court
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 8: Transfer
Introduction
Transfer of Trace DNA
Factors Affecting the Detection of Transferred DNA
Evaluation of DNA Transfer in Forensic Casework
Potential Contamination Issues
Conclusion
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 9: Laboratory Accreditation
Introduction and Background
Accreditation
Accreditation Schemes
ISO17025
Accreditation in the Forensic Context
Defense Expert Accreditation
Conclusion
End Notes
References
Chapter 10: Validation
Introduction
Validation Defined
Types of Validations
Governing Bodies and Guidelines
Internal Validations Process
Sample Selection
Sample Size
Setting Thresholds
Performance Checks and Material Modifications
Challenges of Validation Process
Testimony and Training
References
Further Reading
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Part B: Analysis & Interpretation
Chapter 11: Extraction
Introduction
Differential Extraction
Solid-Phase Extraction Technologies
Solutions for Specific Sample Types
Contamination
Automated Extraction
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 12: Quantitation
Introduction
Background
Principles of Real-Time PCR
Quantitation of Low-Level DNA Analysis
References
Chapter 13: Amplification
References
Chapter 14: Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical
Identifying and Interpreting Mixtures
Mixed Samples; Analysis of Mixtures
Major/Minor Mixtures
Complex Mixtures
Stutter
Low-Template Mixtures
Partial Profiles
Degraded Samples
References
Chapter 15: DNA Mixture Interpretation
Introduction
Conventional Mixture Deconvolution
Probabilistic Approaches
Semi-Continuous Probabilistic Genotyping Approaches
Fully Continuous Probabilistic Genotyping Approaches
Black Boxes and Due Process: Transparency in Expert Software Systems
References
Chapter 16: Degraded Samples
Introduction
Characteristics of Degraded DNA Samples
Objectively Identifying Potential Degradation/Inhibition
Mini-STRs
Y-STR Testing
Low Copy Number Testing
Addressing Inhibition
The Coroner's Inquest into the Death of Jaidyn Leskie
Conclusions
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 17: Ceiling Principle: DNA
Introduction
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 18: Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats
Introduction
Commonly Used Y-STR Markers
Interpretation of a Y-STR Match
Casework Applications
References
Chapter 19: Expert Systems in DNA Interpretation
Introduction
Challenges in DNA Interpretation
The Likelihood Ratio Framework
The Need for Expert Systems
Currently Available Expert Systems
Further Evaluation of the Evidence
Comparative Studies
Validation
Remaining Challenges
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 20: Paternity Testing
History of Markers Used for Paternity Testing
Legal Aspects of Paternity Testing
Practical Process
Data Analysis
Testing with or without a Sample of the Mother
Mutation Events
Gonosomal Marker and Paternity Testing
Statistical Evaluation
Kinship Cases
Paternity Tests in Case of Immigration
Quality Management in Paternity Testing Laboratories
References
Related Articles
Chapter 21: Observer Effects
Introduction
Underlying Psychological Phenomenon
Minimizing Observer Effects
Empirical Studies of Observer Effects in Forensic Science
Case Managers and Sequential Unmasking
References
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Part C: Applications
Chapter 22: Databases
Introduction
A Brief Summary of National DNA Database Programs
Operational Impact of Forensic DNA Databases
Investigative and Intelligence Use of Forensic DNA Databases
Familial Searching
Cold Case Review and Postconviction Testing
Socio-Legal Issues Associated with Forensic DNA Databases
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Related Articles
Chapter 23: Missing Persons and Paternity: DNA
Introduction
Measures of Inbreeding and Relatedness
Frequencies of Sets of Alleles
Parentage Testing
Missing Person Calculations
Discussion
Acknowledgment
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 24: Familial Searching
Familial Searching: Definition
Kinship Indices
Strategies for Autosomal Familial Searches
Further Statistical Issues
Ethical Aspects
End Notes
References
Chapter 25: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Introduction
Challenges in Forensic Genetics
SNP Typing Methods
SNPs as Investigative Leads
References
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 26: Mini-STRs
Emergence of Mini-STRs as a Forensic Tool
Challenges to Mini-STR Development
Conclusions
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 27: Phenotype
Introduction
Indirect Method of Phenotype Inference
Direct Method
Acknowledgments
End Notes
References
Chapter 28: Mitochondrial DNA: Profiling
Introduction
mtDNA Biology
Nonforensic Uses
Laboratory Practices
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 29: Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping
Introduction
Relations between Parasitic Genotype and Geographic Area
Detection of Parasitic Genotypes from Forensic Samples
Estimation of Geographic Origin
Potential New Approaches toward Geographical Identification Using Human Parasites
References
Further Reading
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 30: Microbial Forensics
Introduction
Detection and Identification Capabilities
Interpretation of Microbial Forensic Results
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 31: Wildlife Crime
Introduction
Species Identification
DNA Profiling
Limits of Detection
Emerging Techniques
Standards
Acknowledgments
References
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Part D: Court
Chapter 32: DNA Databases – The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy
Introduction and the Controversy
Posterior Odds
How Do Courts Deal with the Issue?
Some Final Remarks and Conclusion
Appendix
References
Related Articles
Chapter 33: DNA Databases and Evidentiary Issues
Introduction
Adventitious Matches
Estimation of DNA Match Statistics after a Database Search
Conclusion
End Notes
References
Related Articles
Chapter 34: Communicating Probabilistic Forensic Evidence in Court
Characterizations of a Match
How Do Jurors Think About and Use Match Statistics?
How Should a Forensic Scientist Communicate Match Statistics?
End Notes
References
Related Articles
Chapter 35: Report Writing for Courts
Introduction
Legal Requirements of an Expert Report
Acknowledgments
End Notes
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 36: Discovery of Expert Findings
Introduction
Discovery in Common and Civil Law Systems
Criminal and Civil Law Procedures
Discovery in Criminal Matters
Discovery in Civil Matters
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
End Notes
References
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 37: Ethical Rules of Expert Behavior
Introduction
Defining Ethics
Fact Settings Presenting Potential Ethical Problems
Sanctions against Experts for Unethical Conduct
Conclusion
End Notes
Chapter 38: Verbal Scales: A Legal Perspective
Helpfulness
The
Davie
principle
“Sufficiently Reliable to be Admitted”
The “range of opinion” rule
References
Chapter 39: Direct Examination of Experts
Nature, Purpose, and Scope
Expert Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
Eliciting the Testimony of the Expert on Direct Examination
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 40: Cross-Examination of Experts
Nature, Purpose, and Scope
Cross-Examination—Some Additional Concepts
Cross-Examining the Qualifications of the Witness
Cross-Examining with Contrary Opinions Expressed in the Expert's Professional Literature
Redirect and Re-Cross-Examination
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 41: DNA in the UK Courts
Introduction
Admissibility
Statistics and DNA Profiles
Statistics, Experience, and Expertise
Low Template DNA (LTDNA) Evidence
Transfer and Persistence of DNA
Recent Jurisprudence
Scotland—Different Jurisdiction, Different Standard?
Overall
End Notes
References
Related Articles
Related Articles in EFS Online
Chapter 42: Legal Issues with Forensic DNA in the USA
Building the Database Empire
Opting Out—Private Databases
Focusing on Sensitivity over Accuracy
An Example:
The NYOCME and US v Johnny Morgan
be
US v. Johnny Morgan
Shifting Standards
Legal Controversy and Implications
Closing Off DNA from Defense Scrutiny
Conclusion
End Notes
Chapter 43: Issues in Forensic DNA
Introduction
Issues
Experience
Conclusion
End Notes
References
Chapter 44: Future Technologies and Challenges
Crime Scene
Laboratory Analysis
Interpretation
Evaluation
“Blue Sky” Thinking
End Notes
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Part A: Background
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2: DNA: An Overview
Figure 1 Example of typical stutter pattern of alleles 24 and 26 at STR locus FGA
Chapter 3: DNA
Figure 1 Diagrammatic representation of mitosis, the process of cell replication for adult or somatic cells
Figure 2 Diagrammatic representation of meiosis, the process of cell replication for germline cells or gametes
Figure 3 An example of the effect of assortment in generating haploid diversity. If there are three pairs of blue chromosomes (I, II, and III) which are duplicated during prophase to give three pink duplicate chromosome pairs. There are four different ways in which these three pairs of pairs can align at the equator of the cell during metaphase (a–d). After the two rounds of meiotic division this produces eight different possible haploid sets (1–8). The number of theoretical possibilities in a diploid organism is equal to 2
n
, where
n
is the number of chromosomes in the haploid gamete
Figure 4 Representation of recombination showing its effect in shuffling the distribution of genetic material in the resultant gametes
Figure 5 A nucleotide unit (or monomer). The nitrogenous base is either a purine or a pyrmidine. Nucleotide units are linked through a phosphodiester bond via successive phosphate residues and the free oxygen on the 3′ carbon
Chapter 4: Introduction to Forensic DNA Profiling — The Electropherogram (epg)
Figure 1 SGM+ epg
Figure 2 Portion of epg, labeled
Figure 3 Raw data
Figure 4 Operating parameters for gel run
Figure 5 Example of linear regression
Figure 6 Illustration of exponential and moving average representations
Figure 7 Baseline noise
Figure 8 D21 locus at “standard” zoom
Figure 9 Zoom of D21 locus
Figure 10 Peak limit markers
Figure 11 Allelic ladder
Figure 12 Internal standard
Figure 13 Stutter illustration
Chapter 5: Biological Stains
Figure 1 The catalytic conversion mechanism of presumptive color reagents for the presumptive detection of blood, using tetramethylbenzidine as an typical substrate
Figure 2 Immunochromatographic membrane testing of blood using monoclonal antibodies specific to human hemoglobin
Figure 3 The enzymatic breakdown of α-naphthol phosphate by acid phosphatase is the basis for the presumptive color test for seminal fluid
Figure 4 A single sperm cell with its tail among vaginal cells stained with the Christmas Tree reagents
Figure 5 Morphological changes of sperm cells as they degrade
Figure 6 Mapping of underwear for acid phosphatase (a) and amylase (b). Purple (dark)-stained areas (a) demonstrate acid phosphatase distribution. (b) White (light) areas demonstrate the distribution of amylase
Figure 7 Creatinine color change at 5 and 10 min
Figure 8 Urobilinogen test for the presumptive detection of fecal material. Tubes (from left) blank, positive fecal sample, and control
Chapter 10: Validation
Figure 1 Process map of validation considerations
Figure 2 Governing bodies influencing validations in the USA
Figure 3 Testing sample categories
Chapter 12: Quantitation
Figure 1 Cycle thresholds plotted against the logarithm of the concentration of DNA produce a standard curve
Figure 2 Quantity vs. the
R
2
value. As the
R
2
value changes there is no corresponding change in the measurement of the quantity of DNA in the corresponding run. Therefore,
R
2
is not a good measure of accuracy [10]
Figure 3 Quantity vs. slope. From this plot variations in the values of the slope do not correlate to changes in the corresponding quantity of DNA [10]
Figure 4
Y
-intercept vs. quantity. Unlike the other two factors, there is a direct correlation between the quantity of DNA and the curves corresponding to the
Y
-intercept [10]
Chapter 14: Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical
Figure 1 Profile with unequal peak heights: 15 15 and a 16 16, or a 15 16 and a 15 15?
Figure 2 A three-allele locus
Figure 3 Two-person mixture at a single locus (the unlabeled peak is considered stutter)
Figure 4 Peak height imbalance
Figure 5 Major/minor locus
Figure 6 D2 locus
Figure 7 THO1 locus
Figure 8 vWA locus where defendant is 17 17
Figure 9 Allelic peaks at the same level as stutter
Figure 10 Illustration of one channel of a profile from “degraded” DNA [7]
Figure 11 Illustration of mixture with one contributor degraded
Chapter 15: DNA Mixture Interpretation
Figure 1 Partial electropherograms of two single-source samples and their corresponding 1:2 mixture. Allelic designations for each peak appear immediately below it with corresponding peak height information (in relative fluorescence units, RFUs) immediately below that. Locus names are in the boxes above.
Chapter 16: Degraded Samples
Figure 1 An electropherogram exhibiting signs of degradation or inhibition. Degradation and inhibition are marked by observing progressively falling peak heights as the size of the DNA product increases (left to right)
Figure 2 Electropherograms associated with a high-quality genomic DNA template (a) and with the condom sample from the rape investigation (b) that qualifies as being inconsistent with the sampling of positive controls
Chapter 18: Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats
Figure 1 Y-STR profile using the Applied Biosystems AmpF
l
STR
®
Yfiler™ Amplification Kit. 17 Y-STR loci are coamplified in a single reaction, separated by capillary electrophoresis, and displayed as an electropherogram. The
x
axis represents fragment size (base pairs) and the
y
axis represents signal intensity (relative fluorescence intensity (RFU)). Each locus is labeled with a fluorescent dye: top channel—6-FAM (blue); second channel—VIC (green); third channel—NED (black); fourth channel—PET (red); bottom channel—LIZ (orange)—internal size standard
Chapter 20: Paternity Testing
Figure 1 Male DNA profile - multiplex PCR including 16 variable STR marker and Amelogenin (gender typing marker “XY”)
Figure 2 Examples of DNA profiles from a mother, a child and two alleged fathers.
Figure 3 Schematic presentation of a family tree in a deficiency case.
Chapter 22: Databases
Figure 1 Summary of functionality of a standard DNA database system
Chapter 25: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Figure 1 Examples of how point mutations in the last nucleotide of codons can alter the protein sequence
Figure 2 The cyclic SBE reaction. Double-stranded PCR products are denatured at high temperature, the SBE primers anneal to the PCR products at low temperature, and single base extension of the SBE primer is made at the optimal temperature of the Taq DNA polymerase. The SBE primer anneals to the single-stranded PCR product immediately upstream of the SNP position, and a fluorescently labeled dideoxyribonucleotide complimentary to the nucleotide in the SNP position is added to the SBE primer. The dideoxyribonucleotides are labeled with four different fluorophores. The SBE products can be analyzed by CE where the length of the SBE primer identifies the SNP locus and the color of the fluorescent label identifies the SNP allele
Figure 3 Next-generation sequencing. (a) Nucleotides are added sequentially to the sequencing reaction and incorporated into the DNA strand by the DNA polymerase. In the example, dATP is added to the reaction and the DNA is extended with two dATPs. This releases two pyrophosphates (PP
i
) and two protons (H
+
) that may be detected by the 454 sequencer and the Ion Torrent platform, respectively. (b) All nucleotides are added to the sequencing reaction. The nucleotides are labeled with four different fluorophores and blocked to prevent further extension. In the example, the DNA strand is extended with one fluorescent dATP. The fluorophore is detected by the Illumina platform and the block is subsequently removed prior to a new round of extension
Figure 4 Phylogeographic studies allow a detailed picture of the mtDNA (a) and Y chromosome (b) haplogroups and their geographical distribution. The letters used to designate the mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups were defined independently of each other and, therefore, there is no geographical or genetic relationship between, e.g., the mtDNA haplogroup A and the Y chromosome haplogroup A
Figure 5 Transmission patterns of the sex chromosomes (X and Y) and the mtDNA (relative sizes are for illustration only and are not to scale). Unlike autosomes, lineage markers are transmitted directly without any recombination. The Y chromosome is only transmitted from fathers to sons, while the mtDNA is transmitted from mothers, to both sons and daughters. Regarding the X chromosome, there is difference in the number of chromosomes present in each sex: females have two copies while males have only one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, men inherit the X chromosome from their mothers (an X chromosome that has suffered recombination before being transmitted), whereas women inherit one X chromosome from each parent. The paternal X chromosome is transmitted to the daughters without suffering recombination in the majority of its extension
Figure 6 Examples of eye colors
Chapter 26: Mini-STRs
Figure 1
Figure 2
Chapter 27: Phenotype
Figure 1 Global apportionment of Y haplogroup diversity. Pie charts illustrate the proportion of haplogroups as identified in the legend at the bottom. Populations are identified with a two-letter code/defined by the legend to the right
Figure 2 Geographical distribution of skin melanin levels. Higher values correspond to darker colors [Reproduced with permission from Cengage Learning © 2000]
Figure 3 Individual genomic ancestry estimates portrayed with a tetrahedron plot. (a) The most likely estimate (MLE) for an individual is shown with a spot (red) which corresponds to specific percentages shown in the upper right-hand box. The percentages are obtained in four-dimensional space with an algorithm, but can be displayed on a two-dimensional piece of paper using this plot diagram; projecting the MLE spot perpendicularly on the each of the three axes within any of the four subtriangles (arrows) gives the corresponding percentage. The closer the spot is to the triangle vertices (labeled European, sub-Saharan African, East Asian, or Native American), the higher the percentage admixture corresponding to that type of ancestry. (b) Plot of numerous MLEs for individuals of color-coded self-described ancestry (legend upper right) obtained using the 176 AIM panel described in the text. Though continental Africans show predominantly African admixture, this African-American sample shows considerable European admixture and the Puerto Rican sample shows even more
Figure 4 Individual genomic ancestry admixture estimates among Europeans with respect to a five-population European model. The 1346 European AIM panel described in the text was used to generate the data. For each individual, the proportional ancestry derived from these five parental European populations is represented with a bar, using colors coding for each ancestry type and the scaling on the left. Markers and genotype data were derived from the work published by Bauchet
et al.
[11] [Reproduced from Ref. [11]. © Elsevier, 2007]
Figure 5 Regression of eumelanin value (
M
) from skin measurement on African individual genomic ancestry estimates in a population of (a) African Americans, European Americans, and Afro-Caribbean samples, obtained using a 30-AIM panel [12] and (b) Puerto Ricans, obtained using the 176-AIM panel described in the text [3, 10]. Each spot represents the point estimate of African admixture for an individual. Higher
M
values correspond to darker skin colors (higher concentration of eumelanin per unit skin area)
Figure 6 Regression of iris eumelanin scores from digital photographs on European individual genomic ancestry estimates in a population predominantly of self-described “Caucasians”. Each spot represents a point estimate of European admixture for an individual. Higher color scores correspond to lighter colors (less eumelanin)
Figure 7 Example of an admixture database entry. Entries in this particular database (www.dnawitness.net) included a digital photograph taken under standardized conditions, country of origin, that of their mother, father, and their maternal grandmother (MGM) and paternal grandmother (PGM) as well as maternal grandfather (MGF) and paternal grandfather (PGF). Similarly, the self-reported “ethnic identity” is provided by each subject. The laboratory that administers this database took the photograph and determined the admixture profile with respect to a global four-population model using the 176-AIM panel discussed in the text. The database had 4700 entries as of August 2007
Figure 8 Examples of iris color inference enabled with the 33 marker/iris color database described in the text. Iris color is inferred using the average color exhibited by samples in the database with matching diplotypes and an interval is provided around this point estimate using the range of colors exhibited or a default range, whichever is larger. This inferred range is then used to query the database and all of the irides falling within the range are presented. This typically produces tens or hundreds of irides of similar overall color from a distance (determined by eumelanin content) though of different pattern, depending on the color and database size. Shown here are returns for 27 test subjects. Six representatives of the inferred iris color score range are provided for each of the 27 test irides below the line and the actual color of the test iris is shown above the line
Chapter 29: Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping
Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of JCV genome; 610 bp hypervariable region (IG region) of JCV genome was phylogenetically analyzed. Open circle, African isolates; closed circle, European isolates; and closed triangle, Asian isolates
Figure 2 Phylogenetic analysis of HHV-1 genome; 666 bp hypervariable region of HHV-1 genome was phylogenetically analyzed. Open circle, African isolates; closed circle, European isolates; and closed triangle, Asian isolates
Chapter 30: Microbial Forensics
Figure 1 General schematic approach to a disease outbreak involving public health and/or law enforcement
Chapter 43: Issues in Forensic DNA
Figure 1 Illustration of the mixture problem—six “suspect profiles” from only two actual contributors
Figure 2 CPI illustration
List of Tables
Chapter 2: DNA: An Overview
Table 1 Characteristics of SGM Plus STR loci
a
Table 2 STR loci included in newly developed commercial STR profiling kits
Table 3 List of materials commonly collected for DNA analysis during forensic investigations with reference to extraction methods
Chapter 14: Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical
Table 1 Hypothetical scenario from intimate swab
Table 2 Calculation of “foreign” alleles from swab
Table 3 Comparison of foreign alleles with suspect
Table 4 Possible contributors to two-person profile
Chapter 18: Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats
Table 1 Commercial Y-STR Multiplex Amplification Kits
Chapter 19: Expert Systems in DNA Interpretation
Table 1 Summary of the currently available interpretation systems
Table 2 Summary of the published studies comparing the performance of different expert systems
Chapter 20: Paternity Testing
Table 1 Results of a paternity test involving a mother, a child, and two alleged fathers
Table 2 Results of a half-sibling test using X-chromosomal markers
Table 3 Genotypes of the child, the mother, and the alleged father and the resulting paternity index formulas
Table 4 Genotypes of the child and the alleged father and the resulting paternity index formulas
Chapter 23: Missing Persons and Paternity: DNA
Table 1 Identity by descent measures for noninbred relatives
Table 2 Genotype-pair probabilities for noninbred relatives (different subscripts denote different alleles)
Table 3 Paternity index calculations when
H
d
is that alleged father is related to the father
Table 4 Paternity index values for a population with evolutionary relatedness
Table 5 An example of a missing person calculation
Table 6 An example of a missing person calculation
Chapter 29: Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping
Table 1 Distribution of JCV genotypes in the Old World
Table 2 Distribution of BKV genotypes in the Old World
Chapter 33: DNA Databases and Evidentiary Issues
Table 1 Summary of the size and effectiveness of major DNA database programs
Table 2 Crude demonstration of expected number of adventitious matches in databases of varying sizes
A GUIDE TO FORENSIC DNA PROFILING
Editors
Allan Jamieson
Scott Bader
The Forensic Institute, Glasgow, UK
This edition first published 2016
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,
PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
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Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
