A unitary theory of nuclear, electromagnetic and gravitational fields E-Book

Traian Baltateanu

• Herausgeber: WS
• Kategorie: Für Kinder und Jugendliche
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Seitenzahl: 189

Beschreibung

This book presents a unified fields theory in the sense intended by Einstein.

This theory physically explains: relativity, gravity, mass, inertia, the notion of antiparticle and antimatter, gravitational waves, the fine structure constant, the formation and stability of atomic nuclei.
The theory provides researchers with the tools to create the structural model for all the nuclei of atoms and their isotopes, to calculate the resonance energy and frequency of nuclear couplings and nuclear reaction potentials.
The dipolar properties of nuclear interactivity open the perspective of the induction of negative gravity and the reduction of inertia of nuclear polarized bodies.
This paper proposes a new model, for elementary particles, different from the quark-based model of Quantum Chromodynamics. A particle model generated by the propagation of a photon in a circular orbit under conditions of gravitational singularity is proposed. The electric and magnetic properties of the photon are found in the particle and in addition, they induce: a nuclear moment and a kinetic spin moment.

For example, the electron thus defined is generated by a photon of Compton wavelength, has a kinetic moment equal to that known for fermions, and has a magnetic moment equal to the Bohr-Procopius magnetic moment.

The paper aims to demonstrate the connection between the properties of elementary particles and the macroscopic properties of matter, just as the connection between heat and thermal agitation was demonstrated. For this a unique system of units of measurement is defined for all levels and types of interaction based only on energy, space and time.
Coulomb’s law and Maxwell’s equations are generalized for any type of interactivity and for any distance, including total particle overlap.
The nuclear interactivity, now called the hard nuclear force, is induced by the rotor of the photon’s electromagnetic field, is responsible for the weight properties of the particle, and unequivocally defines the laws of nuclear interaction.

Nuclear interactivity is dipolar and each elementary particle has nuclear moment, magnetic moment and kinetic moment. Due to the spin kinetic moment and the nuclear moment, the particles in the nuclear field have precessional motion, which is the cause of the induction of a field which at the macroscopic level is the gravitational field. Precession is also induced by moving the particle at a certain speed, causing the photon to propagate in a spiral instead of a circle.
Nuclear momentum precession has a relativistic effect on the photon’s spin period, size, and mass by adding precession energy to rest energy. All the formulas from the theory of Special relativity and from the Theory of Gravitation are thus found.

Leseprobe

Traian BALTATEANU

A UNITARY THEORY OF THE

NUCLEAR, ELECTROMAGNETIC

AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

RASNOV 2024

CONTENT

1.MATTER AND INTERACTIVITY

2.THEOREMS AND LAWS OF INTERACTIONS

2.1.Theorems

2.2.Laws of interactions

3.DIMENSIONAL UNIFICATION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC CALIBRATION

3.1Electromagnetic quantities expressed in the unified system of measurement units

3.2.Postulates of electromagnetic calibration

3.3.Consequences of postulates of electromagnetic calibration

3.4.Units of measurement for electromagnetic quantities

4.THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ELECTRIC CHARGE AND PLANCK'S CONSTANT

5.SOURCES OF INTERACTIVITY

5.1.The maxwell Lorentz type equations for the four subatomic interactivities, in unified units of measure

6.THE FUNDAMENTAL CORPUSCULAR ENTITY OF MATTER, THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLE

6.1.Laws of interactions in spinor

6.2.Monopolar interactivity of the particle

6.3.The dipolar interactions of the particle

6.4.The magnetic interactivity of the particle

6.5.The electromagnetic interactivity of the spinor

6.6.Nuclear particle interactivity

6.7.Centralizer of particle formulas and their values in the unified system of units, required for interactions and coupling

7.THE FUNDAMENTAL ENTITY OF MATTER. THE PHOTON

8.CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS, OF THE MATTER

9.PARTICLES INTERACTIONS. COUPLINGS

9.1.Heterogeneous couplings. the free neutron and THE HYDROGEN ATOM

9.2.The free neutron

9.3.Electron-proton interaction at long distance, the hydrogen atom

9.4.The connection between the fine structure constant

9.5.Homogeneous couplings, particle-antiparticle ANNIHILATION

10.NUCLEAR STRUCTURES

11.THE EFFECT OF THE KINETIC MOMENT

11.0.Particle kinetic moment and its effect

11.1.Static precession of particles

11.2.The ponderostatic interactivity

11.3.The law of gravity

11.4.Energies in static precession

11.5.Gravitational energy

12.DYNAMIC PRECESSION OF THE PARTICLE. INERTIA

12.1.Dynamical particle precession

12.2.The ponderal field of dynamic precession

12.3.Gravitational waves

12.4.The relativistic effect of gravity

13.APPLICATIONS OF THE UNITARY FIELD THEORY

13.1.Static precession in nuclear field

13.2.The effect of nuclear or magnetic polarization on the inertia and weight of bodies

13.3.The relativistic effect of polarization in the nuclear field

14.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

14.1Theoretical aspects

14.2.Practical aspects

14.3.Remarkable relationships revealed in this work

14.4.Comparisons between the interactivities defined in the paper

14.5.Maxwell's equations for pairs of covariant fields

14.6.Comparisons of the unitary theory of fields with other theories

14.6.1Comparisons with the Standard Model

14.6.2.Compatibility with the Theory of Relativity

ANNEXES

A.1.Dictionary of new physical terms and quantities

A.2.Sizes and units of measure

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Current physics is divided into distinct fields in terms of principles, laws, units of measurement and even the mathematical apparatus used [5].

The properties of matter at the macroscopic level must be a cumulative consequence of the properties of the microscopic components.

To understand the nature and properties of matter in its entirety, we need principles, laws and a system of units of measurement, unique to all areas of physics, from the nuclear to the cosmic level.

The value of the electric, magnetic and gravitational fields tends to infinity in the center of the sources, as it follows from current physics, which for subatomic structures is an obstacle in the study of interactions at intra-nuclear distances.

The electric field and the magnetic field have different, empirically defined units of measurement, and the currently defined gravitational field is an acceleration.

The currently defined gravitational field is an acceleration and the electric field is not an acceleration.

A unitary law for all types of interaction can be valid only if one accepts a single definition of the quantities: charge, field and potential, for all types of interaction.

The Bohr-Sommerfeld-Schrödinger-Dirac atomic model is based on the law of electrical interaction between the proton and the electron and has been verified by comparison with the photon emission spectra of the atoms, but due to the neglect of the nuclear interactivity between the proton and the electron, the fine structure of spectra.

The currently unanimously accepted Standard Model does not provide us with a law of the interactions between the components of the nucleus and was built around the observation of nuclear emissions.

To build a solid model for the structure of nuclei, it is not enough to know only the emissions, but a law of nuclear interactions is needed.

The Theory of Relativity starts from the hypothesis that photons do not interact with matter, from which the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light in the module, direction and sense resulted.

To explain the real effect of the interaction of light with matter, Einstein was forced to change reference systems to TRR or to change Euclidean geometry to TRG.

In this way Einstein assumes that it is not photons that interact with matter but space is influenced by the existence of matter, concluding that space and time are deformed in the presence of matter.The results of these theories, already verified experimentally, must also be demonstrated through physical interactions.

The present paper attempts to solve some of the problems listed above.For this we need to specify the principles on which we rely.

The fundamental principle, unanimously accepted in materialism, is the deterministic principle in material processes, according to which every material process has a cause and an effect, and the cause precedes and determines the effect.

Apart from this zero-principle of materiality, we must state the connection between matter and energy, define from a material point of view the interaction and its effects.

A definition of the role of time and space in the existence of matter is needed.For this reason, we must start this work by establishing some principles by which we are guided.

Chapter 1.

MATTER AND INTERACTIVITY

The working method addressed in this physics paper is the study of matter from the point of view of interactions.

By this, the present work falls into a chapter of physics: Physics of interactions.

The definition of the object of study, the materiality is done through principles.

PRINCIPLE 1, of materiality

An entity is material if and only if it has the ability to interact.

Interaction is a process by which energy is transferred.

PRINCIPLE 2, of cyclicity

The fundamental particle of matter is a reversible cyclic process, resulting from the synchronized propagation of an oscillation and a rotation.

When the oscillation is a nuclear-electromagnetic wave (photon) and the circulation is made on a circle with the length equal to the wavelength, (to fulfill the condition of synchronization of the circulation with the oscillation). The entity formed is an electron, a proton or their antiparticles.

An oscillation propagating on a cyclic-circular trajectory satisfies both the repeatability condition and the stability condition in space and time.

A fundamental particle is temporally defined by the duration of its two synchronized cycles (oscillation and rotation). So, a fundamental particle is a wave propagating on a circle. Oscillation, which propagates linearly as a wave, is a cyclic process, but its energy is not localizable in a confined space to form structures. A linearly propagating wave is just an interaction vehicle, carrying the transferred energy.

PRINCIPLE 3, of the uniqueness of the system of measurementunits

A physical quantity that characterizes a property of matter has a unique unit of measure for any type of interactivity. For the measurement of all physical quantities, a system of units of measurement that measures energy, space, and time is necessary and sufficient.

PRINCIPLE 4, of the generalization of Maxwell's equations.

This system of equations that quantitatively defines the interaction between different sources of interactivity plays a defining role for the way of approaching the knowledge of matter in this work. Moreover, this system of equations is defined as universally valid for all pairs of fields that satisfy the complementarity condition. The charge current can be a linear movement of monopolar charges or it can be a rotation of a semi-polar charge, if the dipole moment has a precession motion.

In the particular case where the mode of the inductor field is constant in time, its rotor induces a constant current in time, and the Maxwell-Lorentz law of induction takes the form of the Biot-Savart-Laplace law.

PRINCIPLE 5, of interaction velocities

The interaction occurs at a distance, with a finite speed, specific to each type of interactivity.

Each interaction speed has a maximum value in absolute vacuum (absence of any field) which is a universal constant.

This principle represents the reformulation and generalization of the second principle of Einsteinian relativity. The speed of electromagnetic waves is the speed of electromagnetic interaction and has a maximum value in vacuum. This speed is at the same time speed of interaction of electromagnetic interactivity but also speed of propagation of e-m waves. Propagation is the displacement in space of a cyclic process (which is a material entity-the Principle of Cyclicity).

The speed of electromagnetic waves is a speed of movement of a material entity.

The speed of electrical interaction is greater than the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves by 120π times, but the speed of interaction is not a speed of movement of a material entity. Therefore, the second principle of relativity is not violated, but it is only a special case referring only to electromagnetic waves.

In this work, we do not study the movement of material elements, but focus on the structure of material elements, as a "quasi-stationary" state. For this reason, we will not use the Hamilton Lagrange formalism, which studies the evolution in time and space of material elements.

In the first part of this paper, we will analyze, the subatomic interactions.

At the subatomic level there are 4 different interactivities:

electrical interactivity

magnetic interactivity

electromagnetic interactivity

nuclear interactivity

Electric and magnetic interactions are complementary (covariant) interactions, known and completely described by current physics, which is why we will not insist on their description.

Electromagnetic interactivity is a cumulative interactivity between electrical interactivity and magnetic interactivity when they are variable in time and space.

The electromagnetic field is the geometric vector average of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave.

(The vector geometric mean of two vectors is a vector whose modulus is equal to the geometric mean of modules of the vectors, and has the direction and sense of the vector product of the two vectors.)

The nuclear interactivity is a nuclear-corpuscular type of interactivity, induced by the circulation of a photon on a closed contour, which we will call the photonic orbit in this paper.

The nuclear field is a field induced by the circulation of the electromagnetic field of an electromagnetic wave.

Electromagnetic and nuclear interactions are complementary (covariant) to each other, i.e., they respect a Maxwell-Lorentz type system of equations.

Chapter 2

THEOREMS AND LAWS OF INTERACTIONS

2.1 Theorems

The charge theorem

An interactivity source is a distribution of charges on a source-specific surface .

The charges are the source of a field.

The field theorem

The potential field of a source is directly proportional to the interaction speed and the source charge, and inversely proportional to the sum of two surfaces: the surface containing the site of interaction and the surface containing the charge distribution of the source of interactivity.

__(211)

__(212)

As a result, the value of the field in the center of the source is finite, i.e. particle overlap is possible.

In nature there are two possibilities for the surface of the source:

1_The surface is closed when the source is monopolar

2_The surface of the source is open, when the source is dipolar

1_The surface is a closed (spheric), the field is divergent or convergent and the source is monopolar. This is the case of the elementary electric charge, where the surface is spherical with the value:

The source potential difference is between the centrum of the sphere and the surface of the sphere. The electric field in this case obeys the generalized law of interactions and becomes:

.

For electrical interactivity we have the electric field:

__ (2.1.3)

2 _The surface is open (hemispheric), there is no internal source and so the source is an externally induced source (principle 2) and the interactivity is dipolar, consisting of two oppositely charged hemispheres:

The source is created by separating the opposite charges, on two hemispheres.

__(2.1.4)

Where is the radius of the circular loop of inductive current (electron current for the magnetic field and photon current for the nuclear field). is at the same time the radius of the hemisphere on which the half-pole charge is distributed.

Each of the two hemispherical surfaces forms a pole of the dipole, on which the charge is uniformly distributed. Through one of the hemispherical surfaces, the field lines enter, and through the other hemispherical surface, the field lines exit.

The total balance per dipole (over the entire sphere), of field inputs and outputs is zero (zero total divergence). Inside these spheres there are both poles.

If we take each pole separately, it can be found that there is a balance of its field inputs and outputs, the zero, which determines the existence of a half-pole charge.

In this case, the charge is no longer determined by the field of its own charge, as in the case of the monopolar source, but by the circulation of a charge of another type, on the contour of the inductor current loop, located outside.

The charge value is no longer the one-dimensional integral over the whole space, of the field of the own charge, but is the contour integral of a complementary (covariant) field.

Another very important consequence of the field theorem is that all the physical quantities that characterize a particle have finite values also in the center of the particle.

2.2 Laws of interactions

For homogeneous interactions (among the same type of interactions), the interaction force between two sources of interactivity respects:

Generalized Law of Interactions:

__(2.2.1)

For inhomogeneous interactions (between sources of interactivity Q different from the type of charge ) the interaction force respects:

Generalized Lorenz force law:

__(2.2.2)

Where: is the force with which a field acts on a charge of different interactivity , is the field of the source of interactivity, is the speed of movement of the charges on which the complementary (covariant) field acts, is the charge of a source of interactivity, the subscript i shows the type of interactivity on which the field manifests, the subscript j shows the type of interactivity that creates the field.

The moment of the orientational force of a dipole in an external field of the same nature is equal to the vector product between the dipole moment and the field.

The law of interaction between a moment and a field of the same kind

__ (2.2.3)

These laws govern the interactions between all types of interactivities and will be used in Chapter 6 to calculate the interactions between electrons and protons.

Chapter 3

DIMENSIONAL UNIFICATION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC CALIBRATION

In this work, we aim to understand how, following a process, the values of the quantities that characterize a material system change.

Any process is an exchange of energy. The laws of physics that describe the processes must be related to the energy exchanged.

The cause of a process is an energy imbalance between the components of a system. The effect of the process is to change the properties of these components, in the direction of energy balance.

There are several types of interactivities. Processes can be energy exchanges between interactivity sources of the same type or between different interactivity sources.

PRINCIPLE 6, of dimensional unification

The laws that describe the processes can be correctly expressed, only if a physical quantity is measured in the same unit of measure, for any of the known interactions.

In order to be able to describe interactions in a unified way, we propose to express all the known units of measure according to the units of measure for: energy, space and time.

We will call the new system of units the unified system of measurement units and it will contain.

3.1 Electromagnetic quantities expressed in the unified system of measurement units

In the following, we will use for physical quantities the notation with the arrow above the symbol as the vector, and the symbol without the arrow as the modulus of that vector.

We will use the notation , for the unit of measure in the unified system of units, of the physical quantity with that symbol.

The ratio between the electric permittivity of the vacuum and the magnetic permeability of the vacuum is a constant known as: the wave impedance of the vacuum [20, p.490]:

__(3.1.1)

The units of measure for the dielectric and magnetic constant were chosen following some experiments, so they are of an empirical nature. Their value depends on the choice of units of measure in which we want to express the measurements.

The physical quantities in electrical interactivity and in magnetic interactivity are different in this case. To properly understand electromagnetic processes, we need to use the same system of units of measurement so that we can compare cause and effect in any process. In order to be able to express electric and magnetic quantities in the same system of measurement units, we need other postulates.

3.2 Postulates of electromagnetic calibration

POSTULATE 1

As a consequence of principle III and IV, electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability are measured in the same unit of measurement, namely: second per meter.

POSTULATE 2

Electrical permittivity is equal to the inverse of the electrical interaction rate.

__ (3.2.1)

As a result, the electrical interaction speed has the value:

__ (3.2.2)

Where: is the speed of electrical interaction, c is the speed of electromagnetic waves, and Z is the electromagnetic impedance defined in physics as the ratio of magnetic to electric fields in an electromagnetic wave.

POSTULATE 3

The magnetic permeability of vacuum is equal to the inverse of the magnetic interaction speed.

__(3.2.3)

Magnetic interaction speed:

__(3.2.4)

The propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is the geometric mean between the velocities of electric and magnetic interaction:

__(3.2.5)

As a result of postulates 4 and 5, electric and magnetic quantities will be able to be measured in the same units of measure.

3.3 Consequences of postulates of electromagnetic calibration

The square of the vacuum electromagnetic impedance is the ratio of the magnetic and electric interaction velocities.

The interaction speed is not a displacement speed and we can accept for it a value higher than the maximum speed defined in the Theory of Relativity.

The electromagnetic impedance of the vacuum is known and was written above in (3.1.1).

This value is only valid in a vacuum because in the presence of an electric field or in a magnetic field, the electric and magnetic interaction speeds are much lower.

However, it is known that the refractive index of vacuum is:

In a transparent medium where there are electric and magnetic fields, both the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability and therefore the refractive index differ from those in vacuum:

The electromagnetic impedance in transparent media can therefore have values up to 1/n, which:

for diamond is approximately

for glass _______________-

Between diamond and glass there is also a difference in density from 3.5 to 2.5 but also a difference in homogeneity and isotropy. The electric field inside the diamond must be much higher than in the glass.

The electromagnetic impedance Z can therefore vary between the values of 120π and zero inversely proportional to the intensity of the electric field, which in turn varies inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the field source.

If we replace the two penetrability’s, electric and magnetic, in formula (3.3.1), we find:

Also, from the condition of equality of electric and magnetic energy densities in electromagnetic waves:

Since Z is the ratio of the electric and magnetic fields, in order to express both the electric and magnetic fields in the same units, we must condition Z to be dimensionless.

Z is dimensionless only if the relation between the units of measure in the international SI system of units holds:

Hence the necessity for the unit of measure of the electric current in the unified system of units of measure to be:

__ (3.3.2)

3.4 Units of measurement for electromagnetic quantities in the unified system

We transform the electromagnetic units of measurement from the MKSA system (meter kilogram second, ampere) into the units of measurement in the "unified" system mJs (meter, joule, second), starting with redefining the relationships between electromagnetic quantities. We will continue to assume that, at the subatomic level, processes take place in absolute vacuum to simplify the writing. However, the notion of vacuum will be redefined in this paper and then we will reconsider the above statement.

From the calibration condition we deduced the unit of measurement of the electric current.

Electrical interactivity

The unit of measurement of electric current: Ampere.

__(3.4.1)

The unit of measurement of electric charge: the Coulomb

__ (3.4.2)

The unit of measure for electric charge is irrational in the unified system because charge is a source of interaction and interaction involves a pair of charges. A single charge cannot be measured without a second one (it is a unit of measurement of a potential interaction).

The energy taken as a physical quantity in the study of interactions is a quantity proportional to the square of the electric charge.

The elementary electric charge "e" has the value:

__(3.4.3)

We will still be able to use the name Coulomb for the unit of measurement in the unified system: "su"

Induction is a surface charge density.

Electric potential at distance r from charge

__(3.4.7)

The unit of measurement of electric potential, the volt in the unified system:

__(3.4.8)

It should be noted that electric potential and electric current have the same unit of measure, which means that, in Ohm's Law, cause and effect are measured with the same unit of measure, the proportionality factor being the dimensionless electrical resistance or impedance.

Electric energy density

__ (3.4.9)

Magnetic interactivity

Magnetic quantities expressed in the unified system of units must have units of measure identical to the corresponding quantities for electrical interactivity.

__(3.4.10)

The magnetic field is a potential energy current.

The unit of measurement for the magnetic field: Henry

__(3.4.11)

Note: The magnetic field, measured in Henries, now has the same unit as the electric field.

Magnetic induction using the relationship:

__(3.4.12)

Magnetic induction is a superficial (half-pole) charge density

Weber in unified system of units

__ (3.4.13)

Noteworthy:

Magnetic induction has the same unit of measure as electrical induction.

S is the energy flow per unit time per unit area.

It should be noted that the Poynting vector has the unit of measure equal to the square of the unit of measure of electric and magnetic fields, respectively. This suggests that the Poynting vector is the square of a field which can only be an "electromagnetic" field, as a pair of propagating fields.

Electrical resistance is a dimensionless material constant like impedance. The unit of measurement for electrical resistance is dimensionless:

__(3.4.16)

Note: