Acid Gas Injection and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration E-Book

John J. Carroll

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley-Scrivener
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 286

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Provides a complete treatment on two of the hottest topics in the energy sector – acid gas injection and carbon dioxide sequestration

This book provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of two techniques that are rapidly increasing in importance and usage in the natural gas and petroleum industry — acid gas injection and carbon dioxide sequestration. The author, a well-known and respected authority on both processes, presents the theory of the technology, then discusses practical applications the engineer working in the field can implement.

Both hot-button issues in the industry, these processes will help companies in the energy industry "go green," by creating a safer, cleaner environment. These techniques also create a more efficient and profitable process in the plant, cutting waste and making operations more streamlined.

This outstanding new reference includes:

• Uses of acid gas injection, the method of choice for disposing of small quantities of acid gas

• Coverage of technologies for working towards a zero-emission process in natural gas production

• A practical discussion of carbon dioxide sequestration, an emerging new topic, often described as one of the possible solutions for reversing global warming

• Problems and solutions for students at the graduate level and industry course participants

Leseprobe

Scrivener Publishing3 Winter Street, Suite 3Salem, MA 01970

Scrivener Publishing Collections Editors

James E. R. Couper     Richard ErdlacRafiq IslamPradip KhaladkarVitthal KulkarniNorman LiebermanPeter MartinW. Kent MuhlbauerAndrew Y. C. NeeS. A. Sherif James G. Speight

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2010 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Cover design by Russell Richardson.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-0-470-62593-4

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is dedicated to Wu Ying, my loving wife.She is the love of my life and a constant source of inspiration.

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Acid Gas

1.1.1 Hydrogen Sulfide

1.1.2 Carbon Dioxide

1.2 Anthropogenic CO2

1.3 Flue Gas

1.3.1 Sulfur Oxides

1.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides

1.4 Standard Volumes

1.4.1 Gas Volumes

1.4.2 Liquid Volumes

1.5 Sulfur Equivalent

1.6 Sweetening Natural Gas

1.6.1 Combustion Process Gas

1.6.1.1 Post-Combustion

1.6.1.2 Pre-Combustion

1.7 Acid Gas Injection

1.8 Who Uses Acid Gas Injection?

1.8.1 Western Canada

1.8.2 United States

1.8.3 Other Locations

1.8.4 CO2 Flooding

1.9 In Summary

References

Appendix 1A Oxides of Nitrogen

Appendix 1B Oxides of Sulfur

Chapter 2 Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide

2.1 Properties of Carbon Dioxide

2.2 Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide

2.3 Estimation Techniques for Physical Properties

2.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties

2.3.1.1 Ideal Gas

2.3.1.2 Real Gas

2.3.2 Saturated Liquid and Vapor Densities

2.3.2.1 Liquids

2.3.2.2 Corresponding States

2.3.3 Thermodynamic Properties

2.3.4 Transport Properties

2.3.4.1 Low Pressure Gas

2.3.4.2 Gases Under Pressure

2.3.4.3 Liquids

2.3.5 Viscosity Charts

2.4 Properties of Acid Gas Mixtures

2.4.1 Thermodynamic Properties

2.4.1.1 Corresponding States

2.4.2 Transport Properties

2.4.3 Word of Caution

2.5 Effect of Hydrocarbons

2.5.1 Density

2.5.2 Viscosity

2.6 In Summary

References

Appendix 2A Transport Properties of Pure Hydrogen Sulfide

2A.1 Viscosity

2A.1.1 Liquid

2.A.1.2 Vapor

2A.2 Thermal Conductivity

References

Appendix 2B Viscosity of Acid Gas Mixtures

2B.1.1 Correcting for High Pressure

2B.1.2 Carbon Dioxide

2B.1.3 Generalization

2B.1.4 Mixtures

2B.1.5 Final Comments

References

Appendix 2C Equations of State

2C.1.1 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State

2C.1.2 Peng-Robinson Equation of State

2C.1.3 The Patel-Teja Equation of State

Chapter 3 Non-Aqueous Phase Equilibrium

3.1 Overview

3.2 Pressure-Temperature Diagrams

3.2.1 Pure Components

3.2.2 Mixtures

3.2.3 Binary Critical Points

3.2.4 Effect of Hydrocarbons

3.2.4.1 Methane

3.2.4.2 Ethane and Propane

3.2.4.3 Butane and Heavier

3.2.4.4 In Summary

3.3 Calculation of Phase Equilibrium

3.3.1 Equations of State

3.3.2 K-Factor Charts

3.4 In Summary

References

Appendix 3A Some Additional Phase Equilibrium Calculations

3A.1.1 Hydrogen Sulfide + Hydrocarbons 86

3A.1.2 Carbon Dioxide + Hydrocarbons

3A.1.3 Multicomponent Mixtures

References

Appendix 3B Accuracy of Equations of State for VLE in Acid Gas Mixtures

References

Chapter 4 Fluid Phase Equilibria Involving Water

4.1 Water Content of Hydrocarbon Gas

4.2 Water Content of Acid Gas

4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide

4.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide

4.2.3 Practical Representation

4.2.3.1 In Summary

4.3 Estimation Techniques

4.3.1 Simple Methods

4.3.1.1 Ideal Model

4.3.1.2 McKetta-Wehe Chart

4.3.1.3 Maddox Correction

4.3.1.4 Wichert Correction

4.3.1.5 Alami et al.

4.3.2 Advanced Methods