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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Imaging complex regions or difficult terrains like the sub-volcanic sediments or thrust fold belt areas is crucial to understanding the earth's subsurface. Active Seismic Tomography: Theory and Applications describes current technologies for the study of seismic velocities and the elucidation of fine details of the subsurface. Key use cases include hydrocarbon reservoir characterization, identification of faults and channels, and stratigraphic and structural traps.Volume highlights include: * Theory and development of seismic tomography * Numerous examples of the interpretation and analysis of active source seismic data * Relevance of tomography data for computational geophysicists This volume is a valuable resource for academics and professionals interested in using or developing integrated imaging approaches of the Earth's subsurface.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Active Seismic Tomography
Theory and Applications
Kalachand Sain Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehradun Uttarakhand India
Damodara Nara CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute Hyderabad India
Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Hardback ISBN:9781119594864; epub ISBN:9781119594895; ePDF ISBN:9781119594833; oBook ISBN:9781119594925
Cover Image: © Raja Shoaib Turk/Shutterstock
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India
Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
About the Authors
Glossary
Section I Theory
1 Pioneering History
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications
1.3 Terminology
2 Seismic Wave Equation
2.1 Elastodynamic Wave Equations
2.2 Acoustic Wave Equation
2.3 Boundary Conditions
2.4 Attenuation
2.5 Sources
3 Forward Problem of Tomography
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Finite-Difference Method
3.3 Finite-Element Method
4 Inverse Problem: Tomography
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Inverse Problem
5 Subsurface Parameterization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Building Initial Model
5.3 Intercept-time method
5.4 Model Parameterization
5.5 Workflow to Build Initial Model
5.5.1 Example
6 Seismic Travel Time Tomography
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Traveltime Tomography
6.3 History of Algorithms
6.4 Objective Function
6.5 Model Assessment
7 Seismic Full Waveform Tomography
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Full Waveform Tomography (FWT)
7.3 Frequency-Domain FWT Algorithm
7.4 Frequency Selection Criteria
Section II Applications
8 Tomography of Synthetic Seismic Data
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Forward Modeling
8.3 Visco-Acoustic Full Waveform Tomography
8.3.1 Starting Model
8.3.2 Data Pre-Processing
8.3.3 Full Waveform Tomography
8.3.3.1 Frequency Selection Criteria
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.5 Conclusions
9 Travel Time Tomography of Seismic Data
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geological Setting
9.2.1 Magnetic Data
9.3 Data Acquisition
9.4 Traveltime Tomography
9.4.1 Starting Velocity Models
9.4.2 Inversion
9.4.3 Model Assessment
9.4.4 Results and Discussion
9.5.5 Conclusions
10 Full Waveform Tomography of Seismic Data
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Gravity Data
10.2 Marine Seismic Survey
10.3 Full Waveform Tomography
10.3.1 Initial Models
10.3.2 Data Pre-processing
10.3.3 Application of Full Waveform Tomography
10.3.4 Computational Resources
10.4 Discussion
10.5 Conclusions
11 Advanced Seismic Processing Using Tomographic Results
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Filter
11.3 Denoise
11.4 Demultiple
11.5 Post Migration Demultiple
12 Future Scope
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Limitations of the Study
12.3 Future Research Scope
12.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 09
Table 9.1 Acquisition parameters...
Table 9.2 Traveltime tomography...
CHAPTER 10
Table 10.1 Data acquisition...
Table 10.2 Full waveform...
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure 1.1 Illustration of...
Figure 1.2 The wide range...
Figure 1.3 The sample derived...
CHAPTER 02
Figure 2.1 Stress components...
Figure 2.2 Illustration of the...
Figure 2.3 Sample illustration...
Figure 2.4 The progressive loss...
Figure 2.5 Sample images...
CHAPTER 03
Figure 3.1 Illustrative example...
Figure 3.2 Simple illustration...
Figure 3.3 Representation...
CHAPTER 04
Figure 4.1 Generalized iterative...
Figure 4.2 Differentiation of local...
Figure 4.3 An example of gradient...
CHAPTER 05
Figure 5.1 Representative models...
Figure 5.2 Representative...
Figure 5.3 The 1D models...
Figure 5.4 The initial models...
Figure 5.5 Convergence history...
CHAPTER 06
Figure 6.1 The representative...
Figure 6.2 Representative 3D traveltime...
Figure 6.3 Spatial resolution...
CHAPTER 07
Figure 7.1 Flow chart of full...
Figure 7.2 The simple configuration...
Figure 7.3 Illustration of...
CHAPTER 08
Figure 8.1 Flowchart of acoustic...
Figure 8.2 True (a) P-wave velocity...
Figure 8.3 A representative...
Figure 8.4 (a) Starting model...
Figure 8.5 (a) Ray tracing...
Figure 8.6 Smoothed version...
Figure 8.7 A representative...
Figure 8.8 Flow chart for...
Figure 8.9 Final FWT models...
Figure 8.10 1D-models...
CHAPTER 09
Figure 9.1 A generalized...
Figure 9.2 Litholog available...
Figure 9.3 Total magnetic anomaly...
Figure 9.4 Locations of the SBN...
Figure 9.5 Representative OBS/SBN...
Figure 9.6 Different OBS’s bins...
Figure 9.7 Starting models along...
Figure 9.8 Final traveltime...
Figure 9.9 Data residuals...
Figure 9.10 Comparison between...
Figure 9.11 Raypaths through...
Figure 9.12 Ray hit count along...
Figure 9.13 The reduction of the...
Figure 9.14 Left: Extracted...
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1 Bouguer gravity...
Figure 10.2 Four representative...
Figure 10.3 Four representative...
Figure 10.4 Velocity models derived...
Figure 10.5 Examples of bandpass...
Figure 10.6 Pre-processed OBS...
Figure 10.9 Velocity models...
Figure 10.7 Representative...
Figure 10.8 Velocity models...
Figure 10.10 Number of iterations...
Figure 10.12 Perturbation models...
Figure 10.11 Perturbation models...
Figure 10.13 Comparison of 1D...
Figure 10.14 1D velocity depth...
Figure 10.15 Zoomed portion of...
CHAPTER 11
Figure 11.1 Representative seismic...
Figure 11.2 Representative denoised...
Figure 11.3 Representative denoisedseismic...
Figure 11.4 Top: Representative...
Figure 11.5 Illustration of...
Figure 11.6 Illustration of...
Figure 11.7 Illustration of...
Figure 11.8 Representative...
Guide
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Glossary
Begin Reading
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Preface
The seismic method is one of the most promising geophysical methods that can help to explore the Earth’s interior. Numerous technology developments have been introduced in seismic methods over the decades to either understand or to use the full recorded seismic data from the field. Seismic tomography is a seismic imaging technique used to delineate the subsurface linked with structures and numerical values of different physical parameters such as the seismic velocity, density, etc.
Seismic tomography has grown from a very simple to a complex scenario, i.e., at first, we started to use traveltime data alone for seismic imaging in seismic tomography. Over the decades, seismic tomography has evolved to exploit comprehensive components such as traveltime, amplitudes, frequencies, etc. of the seismogram. This all happened because of tremendous advancements in computer technologies; however, successful applications of full waveform tomography are still very limited, and more understanding of challenges like cycle-skipping, selection of suitable norms, frequency bands, and implementation to 3D domains is needed.
This book aims to introduce active seismic tomography starting from traveltime tomography to full waveform tomography. It also covers both synthetic and real field data applications. It is divided into two sections. Section I is dedicated to theory. Chapter 1 introduces the pioneering history of seismic tomography along with developments occuring in the last two decades. Chapter 2 describes the derivation of wave equations and their different forms. Chapter 3 covers the forward problem of tomography and describes the methods for solving the seismic wave equation. Chapter 4 presents the inverse problem of tomography and describes its methods. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the subsurface parameterization to cover the variety of subsurface parameterizations in obtaining the best possible responses. This will include different types of parameterization, such as grids, cells, blocks, etc., and will discuss the pros and cons of each category for the proper selection that will lead to expected geological outcomes from the data without any bias. Chapter 6 presents seismic traveltime tomography to discuss the theory of travel time tomography developed over the last two decades. This will summarize the advanced traveltime tomographic concepts scattered in research publications. The last chapter of section I, chapter 7, covers seismic full waveform tomography to summarize advanced concepts scattered in research articles.
Section II focuses on applying seismic tomography techniques for both traveltime and full waveform tomography. Chapter 8 is dedicated to applying seismic tomography to synthetic seismic data in understanding the role of several parameters involved in tomography for the best possible results. Chapter 9 covers the application of traveltime tomography to seismic data from the Kerala-Konkan offshore basin, western Indian margin. Chapter 10 is dedicated to the sophisticated full waveform tomography of seismic data to emphasize the importance of the technique over the traveltime tomographic approximation in obtaining high-resolution velocity models. Chapter 11 covers advanced seismic processing using tomographic results that showcase enhanced subsurface imaging using a tomographic velocity model. We have discussed the advanced seismic processing techniques like migration that needs proper velocity models to improve the image. We also summarize the future scope of the technique in chapter 12. This chapter covers the pros and cons of seismic tomography, hurdles, and a probable way to tackle the field data, future areas of research, etc. This chapter covers directions for future research in the emerging field of seismic tomography that may provide guidance to academicians and professionals for advancing research.
Since seismic tomography is one of the most prominent velocity-building techniques, we hope that this book will fill the gap among researchers, academicians, and explorationists in understanding the intricacies involved in seismic tomography for its successful applications to field data. We also believe that it will guide to young scientists in pursuing their careers in the frontier area of research.
We take this opportunity to convey our gratitude to our teachers and professors who nourished us from the beginning. The Director, CSIR-NGRI is acknowledged for according permission to publish this book. Mr. R.K. Srivastava, Director (Exploration), Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Ltd. is thanked profusely for his constant support of pursuing advanced research. We thank ONGC personnel Sri G.C. Katiyar, Mrs. Lata S. Pandurangi, Sri P.H. Mane and Mr. N. Chandrasekhar for their fruitful discussions from time to time and for providing seismic data. Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel et al. 2013) software was used for plotting some of the figures. Damodara Nara thanks to DST for providing the INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship.
Last but not the least, we gratefully acknowledge our families for their support, patience, and care, which enabled us to write this book. K.S. affectionately thanks his wife Tumpa and son Ritwik for their inspiration and love in this journey. D.N. expresses sincere thanks to Dr. Kalachand Sain for his endless support and timely encouragement, which allowed for his participation in many national/international conferences, course works, and R & D translational research works, which have enhanced his scientific temperament. This is a contribution to FTT research of CSIR-NGRI and GAP-822-28(ND).
Kalachand Sain
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, India
Damodara Nara
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, India
About the Authors
Kalachand Sain is the Director of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology in Dehradun, India. Previously, he was the Chief Scientist at the CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) in Hyderabad, India. He has an MSc (Tech) in Applied Geophysics from the IIT-Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad and a PhD in Active Source Seismology from CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad, India. He spent time as a post-doctoral fellow at Cambridge University (UK) and Rice University (USA), and was a visiting scientist at the United States Geological Survey. His research interests include exploration of gas hydrates, imaging sub-volcanic sediments, understanding the evolution of sedimentary basins and earthquake processes, and providing geotectonic implications, including the Himalayan orogeny, and glaciological and landslides hazards. He has also built expertise in traveltime tomography, AVO modelling, full-waveform tomography, advanced processing, seismic attenuation and meta attributes, artificial intelligence, rock physics modelling, and interpretation of 2-D/3-D seismic data. He is a Fellow of all three Indian science academies and is the recipient of numerous medals and awards including the National Mineral Award, National Award of Excellence in Geosciences, J.C. Bose National Fellowship, Decennial Award & Anni Talwani Memorial Prize of Indian Geophysical Union, and Distinguished IIT-ISM Alumnus Award.
Dr. Damodara Nara is a scientist at CSIR-NGRI in Hyderabad, India. He received a MSc in Mathematics with Outstanding grade from Sri Venkatewara University, Tirupati and PhD in Science (Geophysics) from the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Hyderabad. He has published several publications in SCI journals and in many national/international conferences. His research interests include seismic data processing, and seismic traveltime and full waveform tomography, and development of numerical algorithms for seismic data modelling and inversion. He earned the best poster award and the best young researcher award during the annual conventions of the Indian Geophysical Union and was awarded one of the prestigious Inspire faculty fellowships from the Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India.
Glossary
Title
Definition
Acceleration
The rate of change of the velocity of an object defined as acceleration.
Acoustic
The branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in solids, gases, and liquids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound.
Amplitude
The maximum distance/displacement moved by a particle/point from its equilibrium position on a vibrating body or wave measured.
Anisotropic
The mechanical properties of the material are not the same in different directions at an arbitrary point during its rotation of axes at a point.
Attenuation
The loss/reduction of energy of something over the propagation of it in the medium.
Convolution
Convolution is a mathematical integral operation on two functions (f and g) that produces a third function (h) to expresses how the shape of one is modified or overlapped or shifted by the other.
Critical angle
The critical angle is the angle of incidence, for which the angle of refraction is 90°; i.e., It is an incident angle above which the total internal reflection occurs when light enters a denser medium from a comparatively rarer medium.
Data
The known direct measurements made by the observer from the real world with a specific objective.
Discretization
By which the computational domain is divided into so-called sub-domains or elements and their intersection points are defined as nodes.
Displacement
