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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The dynamic of the Energy Transition is engaged in many region of the World. This is a real challenge for electric systems and a paradigm shift for existing distribution networks. With the help of "advanced" smart technologies, the Distribution System Operators will have a central role to integrate massively renewable generation, electric vehicle and demand response programs. Many projects are on-going to develop and assess advanced smart grids solutions, with already some lessons learnt. In the end, the Smart Grid is a mean for Distribution System Operators to ensure the quality and the security of power supply. Several books have been written to provide a definition of Smart grids, explore the different technical evolution needed and explain / analyse what would be the benefits. All those books are conducted on theoretical basis by academics and strategy consultants. This new book will propose a complementary and singular approach based on a practical experience from DSO's.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Figures
List of Acronyms
Welcome to “Advanced Smart Grids”
1 DIstribution System Operators in a Changing Environment
1.1. Energy policies promoting the energy transition
1.2. A new era of technological revolution
2 The Existing Distribution Networks: Design and Operation
2.1. Above all, smart grids remain grids!
2.2. The DSO, a player at the heart of the power system
2.3. A necessary mastery of technical and regulatory constraints
2.4. Generalities of network design
2.5. The factors that differentiate network architecture
2.6. Network safety and planning
2.7. Progressive modernization of a distribution network – the French example
3 Main Drivers and Functions of Advanced Smart Grids
3.1. Drivers of the evolution of distribution grids
3.2. Main functions of the advanced smart grid
4 Metering: A Core Activity of the Dsos
4.1. Smart meters are key tools for the deployment of smart grids
4.2. A continuous improvement and innovation approach
4.3. AMI metering systems
4.4. Focus on Linky smart metering system
4.5. Focus on G3-PLC technology
4.6. The contribution of smart meters for the development of advanced smart grids
5 Focus on Flexibility Options
5.1. Flexibility, a complementary tool for DSOs
5.2. Participation of end users to flexibility services
5.3. Data management as key success factor
6 Pilot Projects and USe Cases
6.1. A global dynamic with regional specificities
6.2. North America
6.3. Asia
6.4. Europe
6.5. The European project Grid4EU, fosters and accelerates experience sharing
6.6. An approach based on use cases
6.7. Focus on some advanced projects of the ISGAN case book about Demand Side Management
7 Smart Grids are the Future for DSO
7.1. Advanced smart grids for DSOs worldwide
7.2. A necessary evolution of skills and jobs of the DSOs
7.3. The French electrical sector mobilizes: the “Smart Grids” plan
8 Key Findings
8.1. Smart grids or the real network revolution
8.2. More RES means more network
8.3. The DSO is a facilitator
8.4. Consumer or “consum’player”?
8.5. Smart meter at the service of smart grids
8.6. A smart bubble?
8.7. Invest to save?
8.8. Smart grids: a genuine industrial opportunity
Bibliography
Index
First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2014The rights of Marc Boillot to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953030
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-737-9
Foreword
In most countries, the concept of smart grids is becoming increasingly significant, mostly driven by societal concerns such as reliability, cyber and physical security of supply, transmission and delivery of energy, as well as climate change and aging assets. These concerns are expressed in terms of objectives such as those set by the European Union (EU) through the “climate and energy package” adopted in 2009 for 2020, which consists of reducing CO2 emissions by 20% compared to 1990, increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% and increasing energy efficiency by 20%. The two first objectives are binding targets adopted by all EU member states. Making the demand more responsive to the condition of the power system is also needed in order to accommodate the anticipated changes brought about by larger deployment levels of renewable generation technologies. Worldwide, other countries have set their own objectives depending on their needs and priorities. As a result, through strong regulation incentives, a remarkable development of renewable energy sources (RES) has been observed globally particularly in wind and solar energy. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are also on the rise in the global car industry.
The vast majority of these sources are connected to the electrical grid at either transmission or distribution levels. Electrical networks are undergoing tremendous changes in order to accommodate this evolution that is in most cases very dynamic. However, for some countries, such as France, 95% of these sources are located at the distribution level, traditionally operated as a radial mode (unidirectional power flows) as little or no energy sources existed there in the past. In fact, unlike transmission grids which are already “smart” (seen as the backbone of the entire electrical system with embedded monitoring, control and protection technologies), distribution networks have thus far received much less attention in terms of smart technologies. However, with the ongoing aforementioned changes, distribution networks are in the front line with the development of RES, PHEV as well as end-users, who are expected to play a more active role in this new energy paradigm. They are becoming prosumers (producers/ consumers).
Facing these changes requires the development and integration of enabling technologies and energy services that are based on new energy technologies while taking advantage of more information and communication technologies. The entire energy chain is at stake here: smart meters, demand response, storage, smart substations, self-healing, advanced observability and control functions, advanced communication and big data processing capabilities across the network, and the portfolio of value-added functions that it may bring about, and so on.
Distribution companies and distribution system operators (DSOs) in particular are facing unprecedented challenges in their networks. In addition, they have to respond to them in an increasing number of ways, prompting concerns of the quality of supply among network users, fast development of new uses for energy supplies and effective management of aging electric utility assets, occurring very often in an unstable regulation landscape.
This book is precisely targeting the changes that are rapidly occurring at the distribution level and the role of DSOs in the development of the smart grid concept. It gives a remarkable insight into the industry perspective on several aspects such as necessary technology, operational and planning stakes, examples of value chain of some smart grid pilot projects worldwide with original view points on learned lessons and key findings of smart grids. This book undoubtedly contains very useful knowledge on smart grid evolution in the realm of distribution networks – a great resource for all readers interested in this exciting subject.
We hope this book will receive a warm welcome from the community of researchers and engineers from industry as well as academia, all of whom are contributing in small and not-so-small ways to the (r)evolution of the smart distribution networks of the future.
Miroslav BEGOVICPresidentInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)Power and Energy Society (PES)October 2014
Preface
Smart grids are systems that are obtained by superposing information and telecommunication networks on electric power networks.
Their purpose is to integrate intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) (such as solar photovoltaics and wind) and new applications for electric power (such as electric vehicles) in the best safety conditions, while minimizing investments into reinforcing traditional power networks.
For this reason, distribution system operators (DSOs) develop intelligent networks by integrating various technologies, such as sensors, smart meters, reinforced chains of information transmission and exchange, real-time analysis, decision-support softwares, automation and remote-controlled functions, etc.
For 15 years, DSOs made important investments in medium-voltage networks, which led to improving the service quality and greatly lowering the average outage time for customers. These investments also made possible the growth of the share of renewable energy sources, in particular of those known as intermittent.
The challenge over the next few years is to modernize low-voltage networks, as has been previously done with medium-voltage networks.
Marc BOILLOTOctober 2014
Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge all the contributors who made possible the accomplishment of this project.
Nouredine Hadjsaid and Jean-Claude Sabonnadière for their stimulation and support; without them, this book would not have seen the light of day.
Alain Doulet for his knowledge of the history of distribution networks, his competences on the smart grids and his ability to anticipate the future.
All colleagues from ERDF, in particular those from the different teams Smart Grids, Linky, Strategy and International projects, from the technical division and the IT division and finally the Regions which are involved with smart grids projects.
All people who, in Europe, in the United States and in Asia, contributed to provide a worldwide scale to smart grids projects.
All colleagues and friends from the G3-PLC Alliance who worked with success toward the standardization and the promotion of the G3-PLC to the DSOs and all potential users worldwide.
List of Figures
List of Acronyms
6LowPAN
Network Layer Protocol of the OSI model
ACER
Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
AD
active demand
ADEME
Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie
(French agency for the environment and control of energy)
ADSL
asymmetric digital subscriber line
ADVANCED
Active Demand Value and Consumers Experiences Discovery
AENS
average energy not supplied
AMI
advanced metering infrastructure
AMM
automated meter management
AMR
automated meter reading
ARIB
frequency band (155–403 kHz) for PLC communication in Japan
ARRA
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
ASK
amplitude-shift keying
ASUI
average service unavailability index
ATEE
Association Technique Energie Environnement
(French technical association for energy and the environment)
BAU
business as usual
BEMS
Building Energy Management System
CAES
compressed air energy storage
CAPEX
capital expenditure
CEATEC
Combined Exhibition of Advanced Technologies trade show in Japan
CEM
Clean Energy Ministerial
CEMS
Community Energy Management System
CENELEC-A
frequency band A (35–91 kHz) for PLC communication in Europe
CEO
Chief Executive Officer
CIGRE
Conférence Internationale des Grands Réseaux d’Electricité
(Internatoinal Conference on Large Electricity Networks)
CHP
combined heat and power
CO
2
carbon dioxide
CSI
commercially sensitive information
DBPSK
differential binary PSK
DCs
data concentrators
DCPR
distribution price control review
DCPS
digital controlled primary substations
DER
distributed energy ressources
DG
distributed power generation
DGCIS
Direction Générale de la Compétitivité, de l’Industrie et des Services;
this Direction has been transformed in September 2014, into
DGE Direction Générale des Entreprises
(French business executive)
DMS
distribution management system
DOE/EIA
Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration
DSM
demand-side mnagement
DSO
distribution system operators
DQPSK
differential quadrature DPSK
EC
European Commission
EET
extreme energy transition
EJP
Effacement “Jours de Pointe
” (load management)
EDF
Electricité de France
(French electricity company)
EDSO
European Distribution System Operators
ENTSO-E
European Network of Transmission System Operator Electricity
ENTSO-G
European Network of Transmission System Operator Gas
ENWL
Electricity North West Limited
EPRI
Electricy Power Research Institute
ERDF
Electricité Réseau Distribution France
(French electricity distribution network)
EU
European Union
EU FP7
EU’s Seventh Framework Programme for Research
EV
electric vehicle
EWE
Energieversorgung Weser-Ems AG
FCC
frequency band (150–487.5 kHz) for PLC communication in the USA and other countries
FEMS
Factory Energy Management System
FSK
frequency-shift keying
GHG
greenhouse gas
GIS
geographical information system
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
Global System for mobile Communication
GW
Giga Watt
HEMS
Home Energy Management System
HV
high voltage
ICT
information and communication technologies
IEA
International Energy Agency
IEOD
information exchange and operating devices
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFFT
inverse fast Fourier transformation
IS
information systems
ISGAN
International Smart Grid Action Network
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
JRC
Joint Research Center
KEPCO
Korea Electric Power Corporation
KPI
key performance indicator
KSGI
Korea Smart Grid Institute
LAN
local area network
LRE
Linky radio emitter
LQS
low quality of supply-customers
LV
low voltage
MAC
media access control layer of the OSI model
MEMS
MicroElectroMagnetic Systems
METI
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MV
medium voltage
NEDO
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
NOC
Network Operation Center
NPV
net present value
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OH
off-peak hours
OFDM
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
O&M
operation and maintenance
OPEX
operational expenditure
PDN
public distribution network
PH
peak hours
PHEV
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
PHY
physical layer of the OSI model
PLC
power line carrier
PSK
phase-shift keying
PV
photovoltaic
R&D
research and development
RCD
remote control device
REDOX
reduction and oxidation reactions electro-chemical batteries
REMS
retail energy management system
RES
renewable energy sources
RF
radio frequency
ROUTE B
route for communications downstream the meter
RSP
renewable portfolio standards
RTU
remote terminal unit
RTE
Réseau de Transport d’Electricité
(Electricity transport network)
RWE
Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk AG
SAIDI
system average interruption duration index
SAIFI
system average interruption frequency index
SCADA
supervisory control and data acquisition
SCE
Southern California Edison
SFSK
spread frequency shift keying
SG
steady growth
SGCC
State Grid Corporation of China
SME
small and medium enterprises
SMIs
small and medium industries
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
SNR
signal-to-noise ratio
STN
switched telephone network
TIC
tele-information client
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
TSO
transmission system operators
USP
unique software package
VPP
virtual power plant
WAN
wide area network
Welcome to “Advanced Smart Grids”
This book on advanced smart grids is divided into eight chapters.
Chapter 1: Distribution System Operators in a Changing Environment. This introductory chapter presents the process of the energy transition that is under way in many regions of the world to face the increase in demand and accompany the development of renewable energy sources (RES). The distribution system operators (DSOs) play a key role in the electric system. They develop intelligence at the heart of the distribution network and act as market facilitators. They make use of existing and new energy technologies, as well as information and telecommunication technologies that support these energy technologies.
Chapter 2: The Existing Distribution Networks: Design and Operation. We emphasize the principles that guide the development of electricity distribution networks. Various technical approaches were implemented worldwide for the amount of choice and the value of voltage levels, as well as for the medium-voltage (MV) neutral point treatment and for the required level of quality. France, for example, reviewed a lot of its technological choices between 1960 and 2010: changing 15/20 kV voltage, changing neutral point treatment, shifting toward underground (MV) and low-voltage (LV) networks, then orientating its actions toward improving quality and desensitizing climate hazards.
Chapter 3: Main Divers and Functions of Advanced Smart Grids. This chapter presents the smart grids. The massive input of RES promotes the development of network observability, in real time, and reinforces its control. The goal is to optimize the costs, while allowing the network to increase its RES carrying capacity. To reach this objective, it is appropriate to take advantage of solutions for dynamic management of constraints. The secondary substation is an essential element as it has the potential to become a privileged point of observability, as well as communication node between information technologies (IT) and downstream uses. Managing the network of tomorrow will involve a better understanding of the state of the network in real time and with forecasts. Primarily, smart grids are used for the operation and development of the network, the dynamic management of constraints and distinctions between flexibility levers.
Chapter 4: Metering: a Core Activity of the Distribution System Operators. In this chapter, our main focus is on the smart meter: advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). DSOs are in an optimal position to deploy and manage the metering infrastructure that forms part of the network. Smart metering systems have become a standard that provides solutions to changes in regulation, improves customer satisfaction, makes the energy transition possible and improves distribution performance. Power line carrier (PLC) technology is presented in its most advanced version: the G3-PLC. The data from the meters, supplemented with network events, are capable of detecting cases of low quality supply to customers, following supply quality in any given geographical area, monitoring power quality, etc. Smart meters thereby contribute to the development of smart grids.
Chapter 5: Focus on Flexibility Options. This chapter focuses on the flexibility options and how demand is managed. DSOs act as market facilitators. They will be able to buy “flexibility” solutions from market players, alternatively or complementary to network reinforcement. Among the options, we find, notably, management of the location of RES, local peak management, active management of generation, reactive power management, etc. For illustrative purposes, we present the smart meter as a facilitator of flexibility: with this new tool, energy suppliers will be able to provide innovative pricing offers to limit the local peak power and optimize energy consumption. The smart meter, as a bridge between the network and the customer, makes data available to the market players (suppliers, aggregators, customers, etc.) in order to allow them to adapt their activity.
Chapter 6: Pilot Projects and Use Cases. In this chapter, we present some of the numerous smart grid demonstration projects conducted around the world to address major technological themes. The use cases methodology was created to equip these smart grids projects (description of business processes, IT functions, feedback of experience, etc.). The case of the European project Grid4EU is presented with six demonstrators, as well as four other cases from the ISGAN Case Book on Demand-Side Management.
Chapter 7: Smart Grids Are the Future for DSOs. This chapter aims to identify the conditions that will allow DSOs to develop smart grids. Smart grids will require new capacities: big data, forecasting of local generation and demand, management of telecom and IT infrastructures, and shared interfaces with the operators of electric systems, among others. The development of smart grids provides a unique opportunity for DSOs: a high-tech image alongside technological innovations, DSOs as key players in the evolution of the network, and responsibility for the societal and environmental expectations of customers and market players.
Chapter 8: Key Findings. We gather here the primary conclusions of this book: smart grids are first and foremost the current and future power networks, superposed on a communication network and a processing and monitoring system. The role of the DSOs becomes central in the distribution of responsibilities at the core of the electric system: the DSO ensures the stability of the voltage level at the local scale. Forecast management becomes a genuine job for wind and solar generation, which leads to anticipated constraints. The DSO implements flexibility in order to remove these constraints. The DSO is not a load-shedding player: it makes possible the emergence of new flexibility devices. The generalized deployment of smart meters provides several advantages for market players and for customers. If they wish, the customer can become a player in their own right, and influence their own energy consumptions. Smart metering also aims to allow the DSO to monitor the LV network and control it better. Smart grids represent a real industrial opportunity and reinforce spectacularly the attractiveness of the DSOs.
1
Distribution System Operators in a Changing Environment
1.1. Energy policies promoting the energy transition
During the last three decades, strong economic growth and expanding populations have lead to a significant increase in global energy demand. For the next three decades, many forecasts unanimously predict that this increase will continue at this pace. Also, because of the economic growth of China and India, the rate is accelerated in non-OECD (organization for economic co-operation and development) economies.
To support the energy demand, global net electricity generation has increased quickly from 1990 to 2010 and will supply an increasing share of the total demand from 2010 to 2040 as shown in Figure 1.1.
Electricity consumption by end-users is expected to grow faster than the use of other energy sources due to the increase in the standard of living and a higher demand for home appliances and electronic devices. This is also true with the expansion of professional sector’s needs such as hospitals, office buildings, commercial services, shopping malls, etc.
Combinations of primary energy sources to produce electricity will be evolving in a significant way over the next three decades:
Figure 1.2.World electricity generation by fuel 2010–2040 (trillion kWh) and world electricity generation from renewable energy sources 2010 and 20403. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/boillot/smartgrids.zip
In particular, according to US Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA)
Reference Case projections, the renewable share of these combinations will increase from 21 to 25% – the world fastest growing source of electric power. Worldwide hydropower will account for 52% of the total increment and wind generation for 28%, with large differences between regions and countries:
Facing the challenge of a growing demand of energy, many regions of the world are engaged in a dymanic phase of energy transition. The production of electricity from renewable sources and, particularly, intermittent sources, is increasing in many regions. By 2012, more than 280 GW of wind farms and 100 GW solar photovoltaic (PV) are installed worldwide. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts on a shorter term basis that the evolution will continue with the installation of +230 GW of wind power and +210 GW of solar PV by 2017.
Many governmental organizations encourage the development of sustainable transportation facilities (train, buses, tramway, etc.), and car manufacturers are now offering a wide range of plug-in hybrids and other electric vehicles (in December 2012, around 180,000 plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) were already on the road4).
Figure 1.3.Project of the evolution of EV throughout the world (plug-in and hybrid plug-in). Source: IEA – Global EV Outlook 2013. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/boillot/smartgrids.zip
Last but not least, consumers are changing their attitude toward energy savings. The massive roll-out of electric smart meters will permit the development of energy conservation services. More than 80 million smart meters were already deployed worldwide by December 2013 including 46 million in the USA5. This number is expected to reach 100 million meters by the end of 2014 according to IHS Inc6, and 1 billion meters by the end of 2020 according to Pike Research7.
The changes in generation means and consumption trends will impact energy systems worldwide:
