Advanced Technologies and Wireless Networks Beyond 4G E-Book

Nathan Blaunstein

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 348

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

A guide to the physical and mathematical-statistical approaches to personal and mobile wireless communication networks Wireless Networks Technologies offers an authoritative account of several current and modern wireless networks and the corresponding novel technologies and techniques. The text explores the main aspects of the "physical layer" of the technology. The authors--noted experts on the topic--examine the well-known networks (from 2-G to 3-G) in a historical perspective. They also illuminate the "physical layer" of networks while presenting polarization diversity analysis and positioning of any subscriber located in areas of service both for land-to-land and land-to-atmosphere communication links. The book includes clear descriptions of planning techniques for different integrated femto/pico/micro/macrocell deployments. The authors also examine new technologies of time and frequency dispersy and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) modern network design in space and time domains. In addition, the text contains a discussion of a MIMO network based on multi-beam adaptive antennas. This important book: * Provides an examination of current and modern wireless networks * Describes various techniques of signal data capacity and spectral efficiency based on the universal stochastic approach * Explains how usage of MIMO systems with adaptive multi-beam antennas increase the grade of service and quality of service of modern networks beyond 4-G * Provides comparative analysis of depolarization effects and the corresponding path loss factor for rural, mixed residential, suburban, and urban land areas Written for students and instructors as well as designers and engineers of wireless communications systems, Wireless Networks Technologies offers a combination of physical and mathematical-statistical approaches to predict operational parameters of land-to-land and land-to-atmosphere personal and mobile wireless communication networks.

Leseprobe

Advanced Technologies and Wireless Networks Beyond 4G

Nathan BlaunsteinBen Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, IS, 74105

Dr. Yehuda Ben‐Shimol Ben Gurion University of the Negev Shay Agnon 4/27, Beer Sheva, IS, 84758

This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The right of Nathan Blaunstein and Dr. Yehuda Ben‐Shimol to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Blaunstein, Nathan, author. | Ben-Shimol, Yehuda, author.

Title: Advanced technologies and wireless networks beyond 4G / Nathan Blaunstein, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, IS, Dr. Yehuda Ben-Shimol, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, IS.

Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020024256 (print) | LCCN 2020024257 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119692447 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119692409 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119692454 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Wireless communication systems.

Classification: LCC TK5103.2 .B555 2021 (print) | LCC TK5103.2 (ebook) | DDC 621.384--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024256

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024257

Cover design by Wiley

Cover image: © zf L/Getty Images

Acknowledgements

It is with the kind permission of Yehuda Ben‐Shimol, my coauthor, that I write the acknowledgments for this book.

This book would never see the light of day without the encouragement and support of our colleagues. First of all, we thank Prof. Christos Christodoulou, our coauthor of two of our previous books, also published by Wiley & Sons in 2007 and 2017. These books stimulated both of us to finalize our vision on how to predict operational parameters of any terrestrial wireless network, from 2G to 5G. This is a subject that was outside the matter of the two previous books that dealt with radio propagation and adaptive antennas for various terrestrial, atmospheric, and ionospheric environments. We are grateful to him and to those numerous colleagues who encouraged us and influenced our thoughts and ideas.

We owe special thanks to the former MSc and PhD students, Fred Tsimet, Natalie Yarkoni, Dmitry Katz, and Evgeny Tsalolikhin. Their helpful contributions were in modeling and computing in the areas of data stream capacity prediction in novel wireless networks, more specifically, interuser interference (IUI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) in various urban environments with dense buildings' layout and the huge subscribers' density, and for estimation of users' capacity in complicated hierarchy of femto/pico/micro/macrocell arrangement.

We appreciate the hard work of Amudhapriya Sivamurthy, editorial staff of Wiley & Sons publisher group and their reviewers who transformed our drawings and graphs into elegant and attractive figures and who did their best to present the final text with clarity and precision.

Finally, we are greatly indebted to our families for providing the kind atmosphere in which this book “saw the light.”

Preface

Nowadays, hundreds of millions of people around the world are involved in cellular and noncellular wireless communications. It is purely a matter of convenience: receive and make audio and video calls at your leisure, send and receive SMS, MMS, etc., surf the WEB and send e‐mails, or reach formats of online messages, anytime and almost everywhere. The mobile phone has become a fashionable and everyday object. In the present “information age,” various subscribers find the necessity to access data while on the move or need to be connected 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to the outside world. Moreover, subscribers located at helicopters and aircrafts also want to be serviced any time and in any place from ground‐based radio networks with a good quality of service (QoS) and grade of service (GoS).

During the past century, the cellular network has gone through three generations (from 1G to 3G). The first generation (1G) of cellular networks was analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time‐division multiple access), FDMA (frequency‐division multiple access), and CDMA (code‐division multiple access) technologies were used in the second generation (2G), to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure.

The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the internet by providing high‐speed packet‐switching data transmission in addition to circuit‐switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002, and are now widely deployed all over the world (full information on the matter can be seen in the books [1–12] and in bibliography therein).

By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth‐intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking for data‐optimized technologies, with the promise of speed, capacity, and data rates improvements, with emphasis on GoS and C/I (carrier to interference ratio), especially in urban or suburban environments, with different density and rates of calls and/or data flow which can change at any time [13, 14].

Moreover, the demand for mobile data access is intense and will continue to increase exponentially in the foreseeable future. The only clear way to increase the capacity by the orders of magnitude required over the recent and the next decade is by adding more network infrastructure. These trends require fundamentally new network approaches to deploying such infrastructure in a cost‐effective manner [13, 14].

A key recent trend in this regard is the use of femtocells overlaid throughout the traditional tower‐based network. These small, inexpensive, and short‐range access points can be deployed either by the end user or by the service provider and typically occupy licensed spectrum and have an IP backhaul [15–18].

There are several issues in the macrocell networks, especially in urban or suburban areas with medium or high density of cellular users. When mobile users are within a range close to the macro antenna, the C/I is about , which means good capacity and good data rates of the channel. However, when mobile users are approaching toward the edges of a cell, especially inside buildings, the C/I gets reduced (about ), which means that users are more susceptible to interference and obtain very low data rate [19]. To solve this problem, communication operators went to consult new technologies, such as femtocell, to improve the capacity and data rates of the channel [20–22, 11, 12, 23–29].

This is why the fourth‐generation (4G) cellular networks are based on the advanced technologies and the so‐called adaptive/smart antennas, combined with multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) configurations. These, combined with cellular planning strategy, from macrocell to femtocell networks, are needed to satisfy the increasing demand for the implementation of modern terrestrial wireless systems [1–5, 13].

Therefore, this book, as a continuation and extension of the two books published in 2007 and 2014, respectively (see [11, 12]), deals now with new wireless networks, from fourth generation (4G) to fifth generation (5G), in their historical perspective, and accounting for the corresponding so‐called physical layer of each of them, such as multicarrier MIMO techniques, orthogonal frequency‐division multiplex (OFDM), orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access (OFDMA), LTE‐MIMO, and other advanced technologies.

This book has been arranged to account for several current and modern wireless networks and the corresponding novel technologies and techniques based on the main aspects of “physical layer” — radio propagation phenomena in various terrestrial wireless communication links. The practical aspects of the presented approach can be easily transferred to atmospheric (aircraft) and satellite communication links. These aspects have been described in detail in [11, 12]. In [12], the main aspects of cellular and noncellular multiple‐access networks based on standard technologies, such as frequency‐division multiple access (FDMA), time‐division multiple access (TDMA), and space‐division multiple access (SDMA), which were mostly created for 3G network operational characteristics prediction, such as GoS, QoS, data stream capacity, and spectral efficiency passing such types of wireless networks, are briefly described.

As mentioned above, during the recent decades new advanced technologies were presented, such as MIMO, based on the usage of multibeam adaptive antennas, OFDM and OFDMA multiple‐access techniques, and multicarrier service based on the integration of femto/pico/micro/macrocell concepts of cellular layout deployments. Therefore, this book is intended to appeal to any scientist, practical engineer, or designer, who is concerned with the operation and service of various radio networks, current and modern, including personal, mobile, aircraft, and satellite communication.

The book is composed of four parts, consisting 10 chapters. Part I includes two chapters. Chapter 1 briefly describes the well‐known networks–from 2G to 3G – in a historical perspective. In Chapter 2, the corresponding 2G to 3G technologies and networks are presented in brief, describing their advantages and disadvantages.

Part II consists of three chapters. Chapter 3 illuminates the so‐called physical layer of the network, based on those propagation models in terrestrial communication links which have been found as more attractive to the real land communication through their comparison with the recent experiments carried out in the built‐up terrain. Chapter 4 presents the polarization diversity analysis for networks beyond 4G and gives comparative analysis of depolarization effects and the corresponding path loss factor. Various land areas are considered: rural, mixed residential, suburban, and urban, based on the results obtained from the corresponding stochastic multiparametric approach as a combination of physical “layer” based on the propagation phenomena of radio waves in such kinds of the terrain and the statistical description of the terrain features. Chapter 5 discusses, via the same stochastic multiparametric approach, the positioning of any subscriber located in the areas of service, both for land‐to‐land and land‐to‐atmosphere communication links. Positioning is becoming actual with the development of networks of fourth and fifth generations.

Part III consists of one chapter. Chapter 6 illuminates the techniques of how to plan different integrated femto/pico/micro/macrocell deployments for increasing of the GoS of the multiuser 4G and 5G networks. Part IV consists of three chapters. In Chapter 7, the reader will meet with new technologies of time and frequency dispersion for the currently used 4G networks and the upcoming 5G new networks. In Chapter 8, MIMO modern network design in space and time domains is presented along with different techniques of signal data capacity and spectral efficiency based on the universal stochastic approach. Then, in Chapter 9, a MIMO network based on multibeam adaptive antennas integrated with modern LTE releases is discussed showing that the usage of MIMO system with adaptive multibeam antennas can significantly increase the capacity of signal data transmitting via LTE networks and users' layout in the areas of service, that is, increase grade of service and quality of service of modern networks beyond 4G. Part V consists of only one chapter–Chapter 10 – which deals with mega‐cell satellite networks for land‐to‐satellite and satellite‐to‐land wireless communications. Here, the most adaptive and experimentally proved models are presented as a physical–statistical basis of any current and future satellite–land network. Then are presented the currently used networks of 3G to 4G and a brief information on new advanced networks. The main goal of this section is to present approaches on how to mitigate fading phenomena caused by the influence of terrain overlay profile (and first of all built‐up overlay profile) on fading phenomena that, as shown in previous chapters, is a most dangerous source corrupting information and decreasing G0S and QoS in future satellite–land networks beyond 4G.

Let us now enter deeper into the subject, including the definition of the “physical layer” of each network on the basis of more attractive propagation models above the built‐up terrain, “reaction” of each communication network on radio propagation, and the corresponding fading effects, as a main source of multiplicative noises, occurring in wireless communication networks that affect the signal data streams passing such kind of channels, leading to the significant loss of information – digital, analogue, video, audio, and so forth.

Nathan Blaunstein

Beer‐Sheva, January 2020

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Acronyms

1G

first generation

2D

second generation

3D

third generation

4G

fourth generation

5G

fifth generation

AFD

average fade duration

AOA

angle of arrival

BER

bit error rate

BS

base station

CAPEX

capital expense

CCDF

complementary cumulative distribution function

CDF

cumulative distribution function

CDMA

code‐division multiple access

C/I

carrier‐to‐interference ratio

CSG

closed subscriber group

DFT

direct Fourier transform

DS

Doppler shift

DSA

dedicated spectral assignment

EOA

elevation of arrival

FAP

femtocell access point

FDD

frequency‐division duplexing

FDMA

frequency‐division multiple access

FMC

femto‐macro/microcellular (interference)

GEO

geostationary orbit (satellite)

GoS

grade of service

HAP

home access point

HSPA

high‐speed packet access

IA

interference aware

IFT

inverse Fourier transform

ISE

individual subscriber element

ISI

intersymbol interference

IUI

interuser interference

LEO

low orbit (satellite)

LCR

level‐crossing rate

LOS

line of sight

LSC

land–satellite communication

LTE

long‐term evolution

MDM

minimum‐distance measure

MDM‐Hellinger

minimum‐distance measure by use of Hellinger technique

MDM‐KLD

minimum‐distance measure by use of special‐likelihood distance technique

MEO

medium orbit (satellite)

MIMO

multiple‐input‐multiple‐output

MISO

multiple‐input‐single‐output

ML

maximum likelihood (function)

MS

mobile subscriber

MU

mobile user

NLOS

non‐line‐of‐sight

OFDM

orthonormal frequency‐division multiplexing

OFDMA

orthonormal frequency‐division multiplexing access

OSG

open subscriber group

PDF

probability density function

QoS

quality of service

RMS

root mean square

SC

single carrier

SF

system function

SIMO

single‐input‐multiple‐output

SISO

single‐input‐single‐output

SNR

signal‐to‐noise ratio

S/N

signal‐to‐noise ratio

SS

spatial spectrum

SSA

shared spectral assignment

SU

single unit (user)

TD

time delay

TDD

time‐division duplexing

TDMA

time‐division multiple access

TOA

time of arrival

UE

user element

WCDMA

wideband code‐division multiple access

Part IObjective

1Overview of Wireless Networks – From 2G to 4G

Scanning the existing literature published during the recent two decades and related to the description of the wireless multiple access technologies, we notice that there are a lot of excellent works (see, for example, Refs. [1–22]), in which the multichannel, multiuser, and multicarrier accesses were described in detail for cellular and noncellular networks before and beyond third (3G) generation. However, all these works mostly described the corresponding techniques and technologies via a prism of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and less via a prism of multiplicative noise that depend on fading phenomena, fast and slow, usually occurring in the wireless networks: terrestrial, atmospheric, and ionospheric [21, 22]. In other words, most of the excellent books had ignored the multiplicative noise caused by fading phenomena, which, as was shown in [21, 22], plays the main role in degradation of operational characteristics of any wireless network, such as grade of service (GoS), dealing with service of a lot of subscribers located in areas of service with a dense layout of users and quality of service (QoS), dealing with information data parameters sent and received by individual subscriber, such as the capacity, spectral efficiency, and bit error rate (BER) of data stream passing any wireless and wired communication link.

Thus, in [1–20], the authors dealt mostly with classical AWGN channels or channels with the interuser interference (IUI). As was shown there, the “response” of such channels is not time‐ or frequency varied, that is, such propagation channels were not time or/and frequency dispersive. In [21, 22] the authors described the main features of the multiplicative noise caused by slow and fast fading that occur in terrestrial, atmospheric, and ionospheric wireless communication links and networks. As was shown in [21, 22], the aspects of fading are very important for predicting the multiplicative noise in various radio channels, terrestrial, atmospheric, and ionospheric, for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of land–land, land–aircraft, and land–satellite communication networks. The proposed approaches were then extended for description of multimedia and optical communications based on stochastic, and other statistical, models [23–27] and on usage of special nonstandard matrices [28, 29].

Thus, in land communication channels, due to multiple scattering, diffraction, and scattering or diffuse reflection, the channel becomes frequency selective. If one of the antennas of the subscriber, or of the base station, is moving, the channel becomes both a time‐ and frequency‐dispersive channel. As a result, the radio signals traveling along different paths of varying lengths cause significant deviations in signal strength (in volts) or power (in watts) at the receiver. This interference picture is not changed with time and can be repeated in each phase of a radio communication link between the base station (BS) and the stationary subscriber. As for a dynamic channel, when either the subscriber antenna is in motion or the objects surrounding the stationary antennas move, the spatial variations of the resultant signal at the receiver can be seen as temporal variations, as the receiver moves through the multipath field (i.e. through the interference picture of the field strength). In such a dynamic multipath channel, a signal fading at the mobile receiver occurs in the time domain. This temporal fading relates to a shift in frequency radiated by the stationary transmitter. In fact, the time variations or dynamic changes of the propagation path lengths are related to the Doppler shift, denoted by , which is caused by the relative movements of the stationary BS and/or the moving subscriber (MS). As was defined in [21, 22], the total bandwidth due to Doppler shift is . In the time‐varied or dynamic channel, for any real time