Advanced Transport Protocols E-Book

Ernesto Exposito

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 311

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

The current diversity of transport services, as well as the complexity resulting from the deployment of specific transport protocols or mechanisms over the different services provided by heterogeneous networks, demand a novel design of the transport layer. Moreover, current and future applications will only be able to take advantage of the most adapted and available transport services if they are able to interact (i.e. discover, compose, deploy and adapt) efficiently with this advanced transport layer. The work presented in this book proposes a model-driven methodology and a service-oriented approach aimed at designing the mechanisms, functions, protocols and services of the next generation transport layer. The first part of this book presents the state of the art of transport protocols and introduces a model-driven methodology and an ontology semantic model implementation aimed at designing next generation transport protocols. The second part presents the UML-based design of a component-based transport protocol. An extension to this protocol based on service-component and service-oriented architectures is also presented. The third part presents various model-driven adaptive strategies aimed at managing the behavioral and structural adaptation of next generation autonomic transport protocols. The fourth and final part presents the design of a transport layer based on component-oriented and service-oriented approaches and integrating the autonomic computing paradigm guided by the semantic dimension provided by ontologies.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1. Evolution of application and network layers

1.2. Summary of contributions

1.3. Book structure

Chapter 2 Transport Protocols State of the Art

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Transport layer reference models

2.3. Transport functions and mechanisms

2.4. IETF transport protocols

2.5. Summary

Chapter 3 Semantic Modeling of Transport Protocols and Services

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Model and semantic-driven architecture

3.3. Design of a QoS ontology framework

3.4. Design of a QoS transport ontology for the next generation transport layer

3.5. QoS transport ontology specification

3.6. Usage of the QoS transport ontology specification

3.7. Summary

Chapter 4 Model-Driven Design Methodology of Transport Mechanisms and Functions

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Software engineering process

4.3. Applying the UML-based software engineering methodology for transport services

4.4. Summary

Chapter 5 Model-Driven Specification and Validation of Error Control Transport Mechanisms and Functions

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Design of an error control function

5.3. Functional Validation of the error control function

5.4. A new design of the error control function

5.5. A model-driven simulation environment

5.6. Chapter summary

5.7. Appendix

Chapter 6 Model-Driven Specification and Validation of Congestion Control Transport Mechanisms and Functions

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Design of a congestion control function

6.3. Functional Validation of the congestion control function

6.4. Summary

6.5. Appendix

Chapter 7 Specification and Validation of QoS-Oriented Transport Mechanisms and Functions

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented transport functions

7.3. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented error control functions

7.4. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented congestion control functions

7.5. Design of the QoS-oriented error control functions

7.6. Design of the QoS-oriented congestion control function

7.7. Summary

Chapter 8 Architectural Frameworks for a QoS-Oriented Transport Protocol

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Communication architecture requirements

8.3. Architectural frameworks for communication protocols

8.4. Design of a composite and QoS-oriented transport protocol

8.5. Evaluation of the FPTP transport protocol

8.6. Summary

8.7. Appendix

Chapter 9 Service-Oriented and Component-Based Transport Protocol

9.1. Introduction

9.2. State of the art on modern software architectural frameworks

9.3. Design guidelines of a component-based and service-oriented architecture for the next generation transport layer

9.4. FPTP semantic description

9.5. Summary

9.6. Appendix

Chapter 10 Adaptive Transport Protocol

10.1. Introduction

10.2. The enhanced transport protocol

10.3. Summary

Chapter 11 Autonomic Transport Protocol

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Autonomic computing

11.3. Self-managing functions

11.4. Architecture

11.5. Design guidelines of an autonomic computing architecture for the next-generation transport layer

11.6. Summary

11.7. Appendix

Conclusions

Perspectives

Appendix FPTP Implementation and Evaluation

A1.1. Introduction

A1.2. Implementation

Bibliography

Index

First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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©ISTE Ltd 2013

The rights of Ernesto Exposito to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951239

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-84821-374-6

Preface

The large diversity of transport services and the complexity resulting from the deployment of a particular transport protocol or transport mechanism over the services provided by heterogeneous networks require a novel design of the transport layer. The next-generation transport layer should be able to cope with the diversity and complexity involved in this new family of transport protocols. Moreover, current and future applications will only be able to take advantage of the most adapted and available transport service if they efficiently interact with this advanced transport layer (e.g. discovery, composition, deployment and adaptation services).

This book illustrates how a model-driven methodology based on the use of ontology and Unified Modeling Language (UML) models and integrating component-based, service-oriented and autonomic computing approaches can be applied in designing the mechanisms, functions, protocols and services of the next-generation transport layer.

The methodology proposed in this book is based on a model-driven approach characterized by the application of the UML to specify the structure and behavior of transport protocols combined with semantic models based on ontologies in order to provide a rich and evolving architectural framework aimed at designing and developing this advanced transport layer.

The service-oriented architecture approach is applied in designing and developing this new generation of transport services following a component-based approach for developing the various mechanisms required to implement basic and advanced transport functions.

The autonomic computing paradigm has been followed in order to propose an incremental design of the adaptation capabilities of the transport layer, starting from standard transport functions to advanced self-adaptive functionalities based on the context monitoring and efficient decision models.

This book is structured into four main sections that are intended to iteratively and incrementally introduce the main requirements for this new generation of transport layer while following the adequate model-driven methodology and applying a modern service-oriented and autonomic computing architecture.

Chapter 1 presents a global introduction, including the objectives of the book and its structure. Chapters 2 and 3 present the state of the art of transport protocols and introduce an ontology-based model-driven methodology aimed at specifying the semantic of requirements and services for a new generation of transport protocols.

Chapters 4–6 present a UML-based model-driven methodology aimed at designing and validating standard error control and congestion control transport functions. Chapter 7 presents several enhancements to the basic mechanisms presented in the previous chapters and which are intended to design and validate Quality of Service (QoS)-oriented transport functions.

Chapter 8 introduces an architectural framework for a QoS-oriented transport protocol. Chapter 9 proposes several design principles for a service-oriented and component-based transport protocol.

Chapter 10 presents several model-driven strategies aimed at managing behavioral and structural adaptation of transport protocols. Chapter 11 presents several design principles for an autonomic transport protocol.

Finally, the conclusions and perspectives are proposed for designing and developing a transport layer based on the component-based and service-oriented approaches and integrating an adaptive and autonomic computing framework guided by decision models based on ontologies.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1. Evolution of application and network layers

The accelerated development of the Internet and the multitude of networked mobile devices (e.g. smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablets, netbooks and laptops) have facilitated the development of a vast family of distributed multimedia applications such as Video on Demand (VoD), video-conferencing, Internet Porotocol Television (IPTV) and Voice over IP (VoIP).

Requirements and preferences of these applications have become very complex when compared to traditional downloading, Web-browsing or e-mailing first generation of distributed applications, for which a reliable and ordered transport service (such as the sevice offered by the traditional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)) operating over a wired Best-Effort network service was quite well adapted.

However, this new generation of distributed multimedia applications presents more complex requirements of Quality of Service (QoS), mainly expressed in terms of time (e.g. end-to-end delay, multimedia synchronization and jitter), bandwidth (e.g. high and variable bandwidth) and reliability (e.g. tolerance for partial reliability and partial order) requirements.

In past years, several initiatives have been carried out to enhance the basic Best-Effort network service in order to provide new QoS-oriented service models (e.g. DiffServ and IntServ). Moreover, new technologies providing high-speed, wireless and mobile network services have deeply modified the QoS characterization of the network layer thus leading to a more complex service model in terms of bandwidth, losses, delay or jitter.

Furthermore, networked applications running on mobile devices are exposed to an even more complex service model due to the dynamicity of perceived QoS when moving from high-speed and high-bandwidth networks (e.g. ADSL networks at home) to variable bandwidth and high delay networks (e.g. when operating over WiFi or 3G mobile wireless networks).

This important evolution of application and network layers has deeply impacted the traditional transport layer. Indeed, traditional transport protocols (i.e. TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)) were well dimensioned to the original Best-Effort network model. However, specializations of transport mechanisms have been required to cope with new network technologies (e.g. TCP extensions for satellite or WiFi networks).

Likewise, new protocols such as Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and Multipath Transport Protocol (MPTCP) have been proposed to enhance the service offered by traditional protocols in order to provide new specialized transport functions (e.g. more adapted network congestion avoidance strategies, multihoming support for mobility or multipath support for devices integrating multiple network interfaces).

Figure 1.1.Problem context

Figure 1.1 summarizes the application, transport and network layer evolution and illustrates the complexity involved in providing the adequate adaptation service at the transport layer.

Even if the transport layer evolution represents a classical example of software change, not much effort has been invested in applying advanced software engineering practices aimed at preparing the basis for the new extensions and specializations that will certainly be required in the future.

Based on this experience, it is realistic to anticipate that an adequate model-driven engineering methodology would facilitate the design of a flexible architecture providing the required extensibility and reusability capabilities in order to incorporate future protocol extensions and specializations, also adapted to the diversity of applications, network services and user devices.

Moreover, new software architecture paradigms enabling service characterization and dynamic service discovery, selection, composition and deployment should be formally integrated into such modern transport layer architecture.

Furthermore, an adequate framework enabling the design of self-adapting transport services in dynamic and heterogeneous network environments, in order to satisfy a large diversity of application requirements, should also be incorporated within such architecture in order to develop an extensible next-generation transport layer.

This book presents a set of iterative and incremental solutions aimed at defining new protocols and applying a specialized software engineering methodology able to integrate this evolution of requirements and network services in order to implement well-adapted transport services. This methodology based on Unified Modeling Language (UML)-based and ontology-based models and integrating service-oriented, component-based and autonomic computing approaches is intended to design the next-generation transport layer.

1.2. Summary of contributions

This book is the result of several years of research in the area of transport protocols and proposes a well-experimented methodology and a set of fundamental approaches and paradigms.

The methodology proposed is based on a model-driven architecture (MDA) design, initiated by abstract standard models of the transport layer and guided by the trends and evolutions of transport protocols specifications and implementations. The resulting model is implemented by an ontology incorporating the semantic related to the services, protocols, functions and mechanisms of the transport layer. Likewise, an incremental and iterative design approach based on the use of the UML language will be used to analyze, design and validate standard and specialized transport mechanisms and functions.

Component-based and service-oriented architecture approaches represent a first paradigm guiding the transport layer design. Based on the semantic model of the transport layer, a service-oriented architecture able to dynamically offer the most adequate transport service based on the application requirement expressions and on the available transport protocols and network services can be designed. Likewise, a component-based transport layer architecture enabling the dynamic composition of reusable transport mechanisms based on the semantic associated with the expected final service can be dynamically composed and used.

The second paradigm represented by the autonomic computing approach is related to the fundamental adaptation function that needs to be guaranteed by the transport layer. While the first paradigm focuses on the adequate selection and composition of transport protocols and mechanisms, the autonomic computing approach is aimed at providing a framework to design and develop the adequate adaptation functionalities to be provided by the transport protocols during the data transfer phase in order to cope with the dynamicity of the service offered by the network layer.

An autonomic computing paradigm can be achieved by considering two maturity levels: adaptation and self-adaptation. The first level consists of providing mechanisms that can be parameterized or reconfigured in order to satisfy new requirements or to cope with changes in the context. The second level consists of integrating an autonomic entity able to analyze the service being provided and to decide the required corrective adaptation actions (i.e. self-adaptation) in order to respond to changes on requirements or the context.

Based on the proposed methodology and integrating the introduced approaches and paradigms, this book proposes a well-proven engineering process to design and develop evolving and smart software architectures. These are the basis of the proposed guidelines aimed at designing and developing an ontology-driven, component-based, service-oriented and autonomic computing architectural framework intended to be integrated within the next-generation transport layer.

Lessons learned from the applied methodology and from research work on component-based and adaptive transport protocols as well as several perspective studies to be carried out in order to design and develop self-managing (i.e. discovery, selection, composition, deployment and adaptation) autonomic properties of the next generation of transport protocols are also presented.

1.3. Book structure

Figure 1.2 represents the book structure and summarizes the iterative and incremental design and development of transport protocols as well as the methodology, frameworks and paradigms proposed.

Figure 1.2.Book structure

This book is structured as follows: Chapters 2 and 3 (transport layer modeling) present the state of the art on transport services and protocols and propose a first contribution represented by an ontology-based transport protocol model integrating the semantic related to services, protocols, functions and mechanisms. Likewise, a UML-based transport protocol model as well as an MDA approach are proposed for the incremental and iterative design of the next-generation autonomic transport layer (ATL) in Chapters 4, 5 and 6.

Service-oriented and component-based design: Chapter 8 presents the service-oriented and component-based transport protocol. Chapter 9 includes a state of the art on service-oriented and service-component architectures and describes how these approaches can guide the design of the next-generation transport layer architecture.

Adaptive and autonomic properties: Chapter 10 presents the adaptive transport protocol. This protocol integrates adaptive strategies aimed at implementing behavioral and structural adaptation actions based on the network environment conditions and guided by the application requirements. Chapter 11 presents the design principles guiding the design of an autonomic transport protocol.

Finally, based on the lessons learned from the introduced model-driven, service-oriented and component-based approaches and the benefits offered by the autonomic computing paradigm, the design principles and guidelines aimed at driving the design and the development of the next-generation transport layer are presented.

Chapter 2

Transport Protocols State of the Art

2.1. Introduction

With the accelerated development of the Internet and the diversity of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, netbooks and laptops), a new large family of applications and services is available today. Multi-platform instances of the same application are available at home, at work, in our mobile devices or more recently within the Cloud. These applications present heterogeneous needs in terms of quality of service (QoS) mainly related to time, bandwidth and reliability requirements. Moreover, networked applications are constantly changing from high-speed and high-bandwidth networks (e.g. asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) networks at home) to variable bandwidth and high-delay networks (e.g. when operating over WiFi or 3G mobile wireless networks).

For traditional applications offering file transfer, web navigation or e-mail functionalities, a fully ordered and fully reliable transport service such as the one offered by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over a best-effort network is well suited. However, time-constraint applications such as multimedia and interactive applications might prefer a partially reliable and partially ordered service able to offer a more suited lower end-to-end delay.