Air Dispersion Modeling E-Book

Alex De Visscher

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 954

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

A single reference to all aspects of contemporary air dispersion modeling The practice of air dispersion modeling has changed dramatically in recent years, in large part due to new EPA regulations. Current with the EPA's 40 CFR Part 51, this book serves as a complete reference to both the science and contemporary practice of air dispersion modeling. Throughout the book, author Alex De Visscher guides readers through complex calculations, equation by equation, helping them understand precisely how air dispersion models work, including such popular models as the EPA's AERMOD and CALPUFF. Air Dispersion Modeling begins with a primer that enables readers to quickly grasp basic principles by developing their own air dispersion model. Next, the book offers everything readers need to work with air dispersion models and accurately interpret their results, including: * Full chapter dedicated to the meteorological basis of air dispersion * Examples throughout the book illustrating how theory translates into practice * Extensive discussions of Gaussian, Lagrangian, and Eulerian air dispersion modeling * Detailed descriptions of the AERMOD and CALPUFF model formulations This book also includes access to a website with Microsoft Excel and MATLAB files that contain examples of air dispersion model calculations. Readers can work with these examples to perform their own calculations. With its comprehensive and up-to-date coverage, Air Dispersion Modeling is recommended for environmental engineers and meteorologists who need to perform and evaluate environmental impact assessments. The book's many examples and step-by-step instructions also make it ideal as a textbook for students in the fields of environmental engineering, meteorology, chemical engineering, and environmental sciences.

Leseprobe

Contents

Copyright

PREFACE

LIST OF SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 TYPES OF AIR DISPERSION MODELS

1.3 STANDARD CONDITIONS FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

1.4 CONCENTRATION UNITS IN THE GAS PHASE

1.5 UNITS

1.6 CONSTANTS AND APPROXIMATELY CONSTANT VARIABLES

1.7 FREQUENTLY USED GREEK SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 2 AN AIR DISPERSION MODELING PRIMER

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF AIR DISPERSION

2.3 GAUSSIAN DISPERSION MODEL

2.4 PLUME RISE

2.5 NEED FOR REFINEMENTS TO THE BASIC GAUSSIAN PLUME DISPERSION MODEL

CHAPTER 3 AIR POLLUTANTS: AN OVERVIEW

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION

CHAPTER 4 REGULATION OF AIR QUALITY AND AIR QUALITY MODELING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 AIR QUALITY REGULATION

4.3 AIR DISPERSION MODELING GUIDELINES

CHAPTER 5 METEOROLOGY FOR AIR DISPERSION MODELERS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

5.3 ALTITUDE DEPENDENCE OF BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

5.4 HEIGHT DEPENDENCE OF TEMPERATURE—ADIABATIC CASE

5.5 STABILITY

5.6 HEAT BALANCE

5.7 WIND SPEED PROFILE

5.8 TEMPERATURE PROFILE REVISITED: NONNEUTRAL CONDITIONS

5.9 HEAT BALANCE REVISITED: STABLE CONDITIONS

5.10 MIXING LAYER HEIGHT

5.11 CONCEPT OF TURBULENCE

5.12 SPECIAL TOPICS IN METEOROLOGY

5.13 ADVANCED TOPICS IN METEOROLOGY

5.14 SUMMARY OF MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 6 GAUSSIAN DISPERSION MODELING: AN IN-DEPTH STUDY

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 GAUSSIAN PLUME MODELS

6.3 PARAMETERIZATIONS BASED ON STABILITY CLASSES

6.4 GAUSSIAN PLUME DISPERSION SHORT CUT

6.5 PLUME DISPERSION MODIFIERS

6.6 CONTINUOUS PARAMETERIZATION FOR GAUSSIAN DISPERSION MODELS

6.7 GAUSSIAN PLUME MODELS FOR NONPOINT SOURCES

6.8 VIRTUAL SOURCE CONCEPT

6.9 SPECIAL ISSUES

6.10 GAUSSIAN PUFF MODELING

6.11 ADVANCED TOPICS IN METEOROLOGY

6.12 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 7 PLUME–ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 PLUME RISE

7.3 PLUME DOWNWASH: PRIME (PLUME RISE MODEL ENHANCEMENTS)

7.4 BEHAVIOR OF DENSER-THAN-AIR PLUMES

7.5 DEPOSITION

7.6 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 8 GAUSSIAN MODEL APPROACHES IN URBAN OR INDUSTRIAL TERRAIN

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 WIND FLOW AROUND OBSTACLES

8.3 SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND DISPLACEMENT HEIGHT IN URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL TERRAIN

8.4 WIND SPEED PROFILES NEAR THE SURFACE: DEVIATIONS FROM SIMILARITY THEORY

8.5 TURBULENCE IN URBAN TERRAIN

8.6 DISPERSION CALCULATIONS IN URBAN TERRAIN NEAR THE SURFACE

8.7 AN EXAMPLE

8.8 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 9 STOCHASTIC MODELING APPROACHES

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF STOCHASTIC AIR DISPERSION MODELING

9.3 NUMERICAL ASPECTS OF STOCHASTIC MODELING

9.4 STOCHASTIC LAGRANGIAN CALCULATION EXAMPLES

9.5 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 10 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND METEOROLOGICAL MODELING

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 CFD MODEL FORMULATION: FUNDAMENTALS

10.3 REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER–STOKES (RANS) TECHNIQUES

10.4 LARGE EDDY SIMULATION (LES)

10.5 NUMERICAL METHODS IN CFD

10.6 METEOROLOGICAL MODELING

10.7 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 11 EULERIAN MODEL APPROACHES

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS OF EULERIAN DISPERSION MODELS

11.3 CLOSING THE MATERIAL BALANCE FOR TURBULENT MOTION

11.4 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

11.5 NUMERICAL ASPECTS OF EULERIAN DISPERSION MODELING

11.6 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 12 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AIR DISPERSION MODELING

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE MODELING

12.3 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

12.4 DATA HANDLING

12.5 MODEL VALIDATION

CHAPTER 13 ISC3 AND SCREEN3: A DETAILED DESCRIPTION

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 ISC3 MODEL DESCRIPTION

13.3 SCREEN3 MODEL DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 14 AERMOD AND AERMET: A DETAILED DESCRIPTION

14.1 INTRODUCTION AERMOD AND AERMET: A DETAILED DESCRIPTION

14.2 DESCRIPTION OF AERMET

14.3 DESCRIPTION OF AERMOD

CHAPTER 15 CALPUFF AND CALMET: A DETAILED DESCRIPTION

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 DESCRIPTION OF CALMET

15.3 DESCRIPTION OF CALPUFF

CHAPTER 16 CMAQ: A BRIEF DESCRIPTION

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 MAIN FEATURES OF CMAQ

16.3 ADVECTION AND DIFFUSION MODELING IN CMAQ

16.4 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MODELING IN CMAQ

APPENDIX A AUXILIARY CALCULATIONS AND DERIVATIONS

CHAPTER A5: METEOROLOGY FOR AIR DISPERSION MODELERS

CHAPTER A6: GAUSSIAN DISPERSION MODELING: AN IN-DEPTH STUDY

CHAPTER A7: PLUME–ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS

CHAPTER A8: GAUSSIAN MODEL APPROACHES IN URBAN OR INDUSTRIAL TERRAIN

CHAPTER A9: STOCHASTIC MODELING APPROACHES

CHAPTER A10: COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND METEOROLOGICAL MODELING

APPENDIX B AUXILIARY DATA AND METHODS

B3 INTEGRALS

B4 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION RULES

B5 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

B6 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

APPENDIX C THEORY OF NEAR SURFACE TURBULENCE APPLIED TO WIND SPEED PROFILES, DRY DEPOSITION, AIR–WATER EXCHANGE, AND CANOPY EFFECTS

C1 INTRODUCTION

C2 ANALYSIS OF THE LAW OF THE WALL FOR AERODYNAMICALLY SMOOTH SURFACES

C3 DRY DEPOSITION TO AERODYNAMICALLY SMOOTH SURFACES

C4 ROUGHNESS OF A SMOOTH WATER SURFACE

C5 AIR-SIDE MASS TRANSFER TO A SMOOTH WATER SURFACE

C6 WATER-SIDE MASS TRANSFER TO A SMOOTH WATER SURFACE

C7 WIND SPEEDS IN AN URBAN CANOPY

INDEX

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

De Visscher, Alex, 1970–    Air dispersion modeling : foundations and applications / Alex De Visscher, Canada Research Chair in Air Quality and Pollution Control Engineering, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary.        pages cm    Includes bibliographical references and index.

    ISBN 978-1-118-07859-4 (hardback)1. Air–Pollution–Simulation methods. 2. Atmospheric diffusion–Simulationmethods. I. Title.    TD883.1.D45 2013    628.5′3011–dc23

2013009404

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Julie

PREFACE

Air dispersion modeling has become one of the main tools in the academic study of air quality and in environmental engineering practice. It is a key element in most environmental impact assessments. Despite its importance, the field has not seen any new comprehensive textbooks in more than a decade. During the last decade, the air dispersion modeling regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have undergone some drastic changes. Gone is the stability-class-based approach of ISC3, which is the main subject of most air dispersion modeling textbooks. The new EPA standard in Gaussian dispersion modeling is the similarity-theory-based model AERMOD. With these changes, the level of expertise that is expected of air quality professionals today is dramatically different from the expectations just a decade ago.

Historically, air dispersion modeling has always been a field that was mainly populated by meteorologists, and most air dispersion models used today were developed by meteorologists. However, the users of these models are often engineers with no training in meteorology, who speak a scientific language very different from the language of meteorologists, and this has proven to be a barrier that often hampers the development of the field.

The purpose of this book is twofold. First, it is meant as a textbook for graduate students in environmental engineering and meteorology who wish to specialize in air dispersion modeling. Second, it is meant as a reference book for professionals in air quality. A complaint I have heard from many professional air dispersion modelers, even with a meteorology background, is that they feel they have an insufficient understanding of the models they are using. Enlightening those people was a major motivation for writing this book. Boundary layer meteorology is usually the ­stumbling block. There are some excellent textbooks in this area, but these are not entry-level courses. They are hard to understand without a substantial amount of background knowledge.

To serve all the audiences envisioned for this book, I have tried to strike a balance between mathematical rigor and intuitively clear explanations. This had some repercussions on the choice of notation. Because of the varied background of the audience, I chose to avoid vector notation and Einstein’s index notation. This choice makes many of the equations longer than strictly necessary, but easier to understand.

The structure of this book was also chosen to accommodate a varied audience. After the Introduction (Chapter 1), the reader is offered a “primer” (Chapter 2) ­containing a simple but functional air dispersion model. This gives the reader an early sense of achievement but also a sense of what is to follow in the rest of the book. Readers who are already familiar with Gaussian dispersion modeling may prefer to skip this chapter.

Air dispersion modelers should have some understanding as to what pollutants to look for, and why, and this background is given in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 touches upon the subject of regulation.

The meteorology that bridges the gap between the engineers and the meteoro­logists is given in Chapter 5. It is the backbone of the book, and I recommend any professional in the field not trained in meteorology to treat this chapter as required reading. The six chapters that follow discuss various aspects of air dispersion modeling, including Gaussian, (stochastic) Lagrangian, and Eulerian approaches. Most readers will not be interested to read all of them, but rather select those chapters that align best with their modeling needs. I tried to make each of these chapters stand on its own, but they all assume Chapter 5 to be read and digested. Throughout these ­chapters numerous examples are included to show how the theory is applied in practice.

Chapter 12 offers some practical information that did not find its way in any of the other chapters. Chapters 13–16 provide detailed descriptions of the models ISC3, AERMOD, and CALPUFF and a brief introduction to the model CMAQ. These chapters refer extensively to Chapters 5–11, so readers will be able to put these models in perspective.

For graduate courses in air dispersion modeling, I would recommend teaching Chapters 1–6, selected topics of Chapter 7, and a selection of the remaining chapters, based on time availability, research needs, and professional needs of the region. If the audience is not well-versed in meteorology, instructors are encouraged to spend at least one third of the course on Chapter 5.

Many of the calculations outlined in this book are included in files that can be found online. These are Excel and Matlab files, and they are referred to in the book as they are encountered and summarized at the end of each chapter. Readers are free to use these files as they please and are encouraged to experiment with them. However, acknowledgment of the source is required if the files are distributed in any way, including the incorporation into other software, or if results from these files are reported or published. The files can be found by visiting http://booksupport.wiley.com and entering the ISBN.

Writing this book has been an intense but enjoyable experience, and I have many people to thank for their support. I would like to thank the University of Calgary for granting me a sabbatical leave, which gave me the time to write this book. I am very indebted to Prof. Wolfgang Voigt and Prof. Martin Bertau, who made it possible for me to spend my sabbatical at their institution, the TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany. This book grew out of the lecture notes on air dispersion modeling I accumulated over the years, and I would like to thank all the students who took this elective course, as they were the testing ground for the presentation of the material. In particular, Zoe Pfeiffer offered many practical comments, Ishpinder Kailey tirelessly pointed out typos and errors in my handouts, Scott Fraser taught me many things about geospatial data handling, and Guiqin Li, one of the brightest graduate students I have ever dealt with, is now more of an advisor to me than the other way around. Many other professionals in “downtown” Calgary have offered me useful advice over the years, and I thank them all for their efforts. Of those I would like to thank Christian Reuten, whose monthly gatherings have offered me opportunities to solicit feedback on my book idea, Michael Zelensky, who shared some useful flare modeling ideas with me, and modeling veteran Mervyn Davies, who offered me custody over an immensely valuable air dispersion data set that unfortunately did not make it into this book due to time constraints, but that will undoubtedly be the subject of future research and model refinements. I’d like to thank my colleagues Danielle Marceau, Ann-Lise Norman, Jalal Abedi, and Sheldon Roth for collaborations and useful discussions on the topic of air dispersion modeling. Discussions with colleagues at other universities, like John D. Wilson and John Feddes (University of Alberta, Canada) and Matthew Johnson (Carleton University, Canada) have influenced the way I think about air dispersion modeling. I took my first steps as an air dispersion modeler in the mid-1990s under the supervision of Herman Van Langenhove (Ghent University, Belgium), and solidified my knowledge in a CALPUFF course by Joe Scire. I would not have been able to write this book without the lessons learned from these people. Last but not least, my beloved wife and amazing artist Julie Hunter Denoncourt, who believed in my book writing abilities from the very beginning, has always been there with support and advice, and put up with a very absent-minded husband at times. Many, many thanks for everything.

LIST OF SYMBOLS