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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Over the past two decades, the rapid development of nanochemistry and nanotechnology has allowed the synthesis of various materials and oxides in the form of nanopowders making it possible to produce new energetic compositions and nanomaterials.
This book has a bottom-up structure, from nanomaterials synthesis to the application fields. Starting from aluminum nanoparticles synthesis for fuel application, it proposes a detailed state-of-the art of the different methods of preparation of aluminum-based reactive nanomaterials. It describes the techniques developed for their characterization and, when available, a description of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for their ignition and combustion. This book also presents the possibilities and limitations of different energetic nanomaterials and related structures as well as the analysis of their chemical and thermal properties. The whole is rounded off with a look at the performances of reactive materials in terms of heat of reaction and reactivity mainly characterized as the self-sustained combustion velocity. The book ends up with a description of current reactive nanomaterials applications underlying the promising integration of aluminum-based reactive nanomaterial into micro electromechanical systems.
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Seitenzahl: 224
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Introduction
Acknowledgements
1: Nanosized Aluminum as Metal Fuel
1.1. Al nanoparticles manufacturing
1.2. Example of Al nanoparticles passivation technique
1.3. Characterization of Al nanoparticles properties
1.4. Oxidation of aluminum: basic chemistry and models
1.5. Why incorporate Al nanoparticles into propellant and rocket technology?
2: Applications: Al Nanoparticles in Gelled Propellants and Solid Fuels
2.1. Gelled propellants
2.2. Solid propellants
2.3. Solid fuel.
3: Applications of Al Nanoparticles: Nanothermites
3.1. Method of preparation
3.2. Key parameters
3.3. Pressure generation tests
3.4. Combustion tests
3.5. Ignition tests
3.6. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity tests
4: Other Reactive Nanomaterials and Nanothermite Systems
4.1. Sol–gel materials
4.2. Reactive multilayered foils
4.3. Dense reactive materials
4.4. Core–shell structures
4.5. Reactive porous silicon
4.6. Other energetic systems
5: Combustion and Pressure Generation Mechanisms
5.1. General views of Al particle combustion: micro versus nano, diffusion-based kinetics
5.2. Stress in the oxide layer and shrinking core model
5.3. Aluminum oxidation through diffusion-reaction mechanisms
5.4. Melt-dispersion mechanism
5.5. Gas and pressure generation in nanothermites
6: Applications
6.1. Reactive bonding
6.2. Microignition chips
6.3. Microactuation/propulsion
6.4. Material processing and others
Conclusions
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Introduction
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Al-Based Energetic Nanomaterials
Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications
Volume 2
Carole Rossi
Nanotechnologies for Energy Recovery Set
coordinated by
Pascal Maigné
First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2015The rights of Carole Rossi to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015936237
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-717-1
Introduction
Over the past two decades, the rapid development of nanochemistry and nanotechnology has allowed the synthesis of various materials and oxides in the form of nanopowders, making it possible to produce new energetic compositions and nanomaterials. Thermite mixtures, intermetallic reactants and metal fuels nanomaterials, often termed as nanoenergetic material, have been widely studied for pyrotechnic applications at large, as a component of traditional gas generating material or more recently as new energetic compounds. The main line driving most of the works in nanoenergetic materials was to enhance the surface area and maximize the intimacy between metal-based reactive components to increase the reaction rate and decrease the ignition delay, while improving safety [BAD 08, DLO 06, DRE 09, ROS 07]. Recently, new insights into the atomic scale description of interfacial regions have provided alternative ways to control the nanomaterial thermal properties [HEM 13, KWO 13]. Advantages of these new metal-based energetic materials, including the addition of further ingredients into the overall propellant and explosive formulations, make it possible to reach not only high energy density, reduced impact sensitivity and high combustion temperature, but also introduce the possibility of producing a wide range of gases upon reaction. These new categories of nanoenergetic materials , also called reactive nanomaterials, should lead to major breakthroughs in pyrotechnics, explosive and propulsion-related materials as well as in small-size integrated pyrotechnic devices. Along this line, recent advances in the integration of nanoenergetic materials into microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) inaugurate the development of “nanoenergetics-on-a-chip” devices, opening up several potential applications in miniaturized pyrotechnical systems as propulsion systems [APP 09, CHU 12, ROS 02], micro ignition and rapid initiation [CHU 10a, ZHA 13, WAN 12, ZHA 08, MOR 10, ZHO 11, ZHU 11, MOR 11, STA 11d, QIU 12, YAN 14, MOR 13, TAT 13, ZHU 13, LEE 09, BAE 10, HOS 07].
Several other identified applications have also emerged, boosted by the generation of new primers, explosive and propellant additives [STA 10, REE 12, WAN 13], and new materials processing [LEE 09, BAE 10, HOS 07]. On the side, novel “exotic” applications for thermite mixture came up, such as MEMS energy sources [ROS 07], pressure-mediated molecular delivery [ROD 09, KOR 12], material synthesis [RAB 07, KIM 06, MCD 10], biological agent inactivation [SUL 13, GRI 12, CLA 10], hydrogen production [FAN 07, DUP 11] and nanochargers for energy storage [PAN 09b].
This book has a bottom-up structure, from nanomaterials synthesis to the application fields. Starting from aluminum nanoparticles synthesis for fuel application, it proposes a detailed state of the art of the different methods of preparation of aluminum-based reactive nanomaterials. It describes the techniques developed for their characterization and, when available from publications, a description of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for their ignition and combustion. This book also presents the possibilities and limitations of different nanoenergetic materials and related structures, as well as the analysis of their chemical and thermal properties. The whole is rounded off with a look at the performances of reactive materials in terms of heat of reaction and reactivity mainly characterized as the self-sustained combustion velocity. The book ends with a description of current nanoenergetic materials applications underlying the promising integration of aluminum-based reactive nanomaterial into microelectromechanical systems.
We also tried to bring our expertise and experience concerning the application of technologies for the realization of new advanced aluminum-based nanoenergetic materials. After two decades of research, excellent review papers that comprehensively discuss nanoenergetic materials, especially concerning aluminum-based reactive materials, with numerous citations therein are referenced for the benefit of this book. We encourage the readers to consult them [DRE 09, ROS 07, ROG 10, ROG 08, ROS 14, ROS 08, ADA 15].
Acknowledgements
First, I thank my colleague Dr. Alain Estève, CNRS researcher, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research and for his comments that greatly improved the book. I also thank all my phD students and post-docs who conducted all the technical stuff. The list is long and I prefer to stress the attention to Dr. Gustavo Ardila-Rodriguez, Dr. Marine Pétrantoni, Dr. Guillaume Taton, Dr. Jean Marie Ducéré, Théo Calais, Ludovic Glavier and Vincent Baijot. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Daniel Estève, Prof. Mehdi Djafari-Rouhani and Véronique Conédéra for helping me in my research. Last but not least: I apologize to all of those who have been with me since 1997 and whose names I have failed to mention.
1Nanosized Aluminum as Metal Fuel
The replacement of micrometer-size metal fuel such as aluminum (Al) or boron (B) powders in solid propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics with their nanometer-size counterpart (Nanosized A1) has become a common trend in the design of new types of propellants and solid fuel in recent decades. The utilization of nanosized particles is shown to: (1) shorten the initiation; (2) shorten burn times to increase the completeness of the combustion and therefore, to improve specific impulse; (3) enhance heat-transfer rates from higher specific surface area and; (4) enable new fuel/propellants mixture with desirable physical and energetic properties. Moreover, the nanoscale control of their synthesis together with their tuned properties authorizes new perspectives for their use, for instance, as solid fuels in automotive engines [KLE 05].
Different techniques have been developed for synthesizing nanopowders of different natures, sizes and shapes, but the emphasis is put on nanopowders of aluminum which are mostly used in practice to dope propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics. It offers a reasonably high-energetic density source and is also largely available in the Earth’s crust for the benefit of mass production capability [STA 10, REE 12, WAN 13, DUB 07]. The oxidation of aluminum to alumina (Al2O3) releases –31.1 kJ/g [LID 91]. By comparison, CL-20 (C6N12H6O12) has an enthalpy of combustion of 8 kJ/g [SIM 97]. Boron is also a good choice as an additive since the oxidation of B into B2O3 releases –58.9 kJ/g; however, the presence of the low melting oxide on the particle surface and the formation of hydrogen boron oxygen (HBO) intermediate species (HBO, HBO2) slow the combustion and in consequence, the rate of energy release.
Table 1.1.Maximum enthalpies of combustion for selected monomolecular energetic material in comparison to a few metal fuels
1.1. Al nanoparticles manufacturing
The rapid acceleration of research in the area of nanoenergetic materials is mainly connected to the progress made in the manufacturing of Al nanopowders that made it possible to increase and multiply the number of research experiments in laboratories, more than a decade ago. In the following, we discuss the different methods for producing Al metallic nanoparticles that can be classified into three distinct categories: (1) those based on vapor-phase condensation; (2) those based on liquid phase chemistry and to a lesser extent; (3) those based on mechanical methods.
1.1.1. Vapor-phase condensation methods
1.1.1.1. Electrical explosion and vaporization wire
Most of the studies describing Al nanoparticles or including them into composite energetic materials use Al nanopowders synthesized by electrical explosion wire (EEW) process under diverse atmospheres. The method,
