Algae Mediated Bioremediation E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH GmbH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Provides an extensive overview of algal bioremediation with a wide variety of industries and application that can significantly benefit from this technology

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgment

Volume 1

Part I: Phycoremediation Strategies

1 Microalgal Process Technologies for Removal of High Load of Pollutants from Wastewater

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Microalgal Cultivation Techniques

1.3 Microalgal Wastewater Remediation

1.4 Microalgal‐Based Hybrid Systems For Wastewater Treatment

1.5 Microalgae Consortium

1.6 Future Perspectives

1.7 Conclusion

References

2 Synergistic Bacteria–Algae Efficiency in Remediation of Heavy Metals in Wastewater

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Heavy Metals

2.3 Role of Bacteria and Algae in the Remediation of Heavy Metals

2.4 Diverse Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Remediation

2.5 Applications

2.6 Future Prospects

2.7 Conclusion

Conflict of Interests

Acknowledgment

References

3 Immobilization of Microalgae for Bioremediation of Wastewater

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Microalgae

3.3 Immobilization Techniques for Microalgal Cells

3.4 Applications of Immobilized Microalgae in Pollutants Removal

3.5 Large‐Scale Production of Microalgal System

3.6 Future Perspectives

3.7 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

4 Immobilized Microalgae‐Based Processes: Is It a Viable Pathway for Wastewater Treatment?

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Why Use Immobilized Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment?

4.3 Immobilization Techniques

4.4 Microalgae Immobilization Systems for Wastewater Treatment

4.5 Downstream Applications of Microalgae Immobilized Systems

4.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook

Acknowledgment

References

5 Bioreactors and Operation Modes for Microalgae‐Based Wastewater Treatment

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bioreactor Types and Operating Conditions

5.3 Operation Modes in Microalgae Cultivation

5.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

6 Removal of Heavy Metals from the Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems by Microalgae

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Heavy Metals and their Breakneck Consequences in the Aquatic Ecosystem

6.3 Microalgae – The Promising Resource for the Remediation of Heavy Metals

6.4 Competitiveness of Microalgae over other Techniques in the Exclusion of HMs

6.5 Remediation Mechanisms of Numerous HMs via Microalgae

6.6 Recent Advanced Strategies for Microalgae‐Based Heavy Metals Removal

6.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

7 Seaweeds as Accumulators of Heavy Metals: Current Status on Heavy Metal Sequestration

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Seaweeds and Marine Ecosystem

7.3 Heavy Metals and their Effects on the Marine Ecosystem and Environments

7.4 Heavy Metal Accumulation and Food Chain

7.5 Removal of Heavy Metals

7.6 Role of Seaweeds in Bioremediation/ Phycoremediation

7.7 Futuristic Plans for Sequestration of Heavy Metals by Cultivation of Seaweeds

7.8 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

8 Bioremediation of Wastewater Employing Microalgae

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Microalgae and Their Wonders

8.3 Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae

8.4 Photobioreactors (PBRs) Used in the Bioremediation of Wastewater

8.5 End Use of Cultivated Microalgae in Wastewater

8.6 Challenges

8.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

9 The Combined Use of Alginate and Chitosan in the Removal of Dye and Heavy Metal Ions

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Combined Use of Alginate and Chitosan in the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Heavy Metal Ions

9.3 The Combined Use of Alginate and Chitosan in the Treatment of Wastewater‐Containing Dye

9.4 Applications of Alginate and Chitosan as Immobilizing Agents in Wastewater Treatment Technologies

9.5 Conclusions

References

Part II: Anaerobic Digestion for Removal of Pollutants and Sewage Treatment

10 Treatment of Swine Wastewater Using Microalgae

10.1 Introduction

10.2 MbWT as Primary Treatment for SW

10.3 MbWT as a Complementary Treatment for SW

10.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

11 Potential of Algal Culture to Treat Anaerobic Digestate of Piggery Waste for Bioremediation and Biomass Production

11.1 Introduction

11.2 From Raw Wastewater to Anaerobic Digestate

11.3 Potential use of Produced Biomass

11.4 Limits to Algal Growth in ADPE

11.5 Process Design

11.6 Economics of Culturing Algae Using Piggery Digestate

11.7 Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

References

12 Algae and Biogas Plants: Digestate Remediation and Nutrient Recycling with Algal Systems

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Microalgae Integration in Biogas Plants

12.3 Microalgal Cultivation on Anaerobic Digestate – Challenges and Solutions

12.4 Microalgae‐based Biogas Upgrading

12.5 Valorization

12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

References

Part III: Treatment of Agricultural Wastes

13 Phycoremediation of Aquaculture Wastewater by Algae

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Global Production and Significance of the Aquaculture Industry

13.3 Aquaculture Wastewater is a Critical Hazard

13.4 Phycoremediation by Algae: A Green Technology for the Treatment of Aquaculture Wastewater

13.5 Algal‐Based Phycoremediation Process for Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment

13.6 Major Challenges and Constraints of Algae‐Based Phycoremediation of Aquaculture

13.7 Current Progress and Future Perspectives in Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment by Algae

13.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

14 Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment Through Microalgae for Biomass Production and its Use in Agriculture, Feed, and Energy Applications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Microalgae‐Based Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment

14.3 Design and Operation of Microalgae‐Based Wastewater Treatment Process

14.4 Nutrient Removal Efficiency and Biomass Production from Wastewater

14.5 Emerging Biomass Harvesting Technologies

14.6 Potential Application of Microalgae Biomass

14.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Part IV: Treatment of Food Industry‐Wastewaters

15 Phycoremediation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Selected Algal Forms Leading to Biomass Production and High Value Products

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Microalgae Growth Conditions in POME

15.3 Microalgae as a Potential Treatment Tool for POME

15.4 Value‐Added Products from Microalgae Grown in POME

15.5 Future Prospective

15.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

16 Phycoremediation of Food Processing Wastewater by Microalgae

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Food Processing Wastewater Treatment

16.3 Potential Value‐Added Bioproducts

16.4 Existing Challenges

16.5 Prospective of Microalgae Based FPW Treatment

16.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Volume 2

Part V: Detoxication and Pollution Abatement of Industrial Waste Streams

17 Removal of Micropollutants in Industrial Wastewater Using Microalgae

17.1 Introduction

17.2 The Types of Micropollutant Removal Mechanisms

17.3 Wastewater Treatment Based on Microalgae: The Artificial Intelligence

(

AI

) Techniques

17.4 Literature Survey: AI‐Models Developed for Microalgae‐Based Biological Wastewater Treatments

17.5 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

18 Algae‐Based Bioremediation of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater: An Overview

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Characteristics and Source of Effluents from Paper and Pulp Wastewater

18.3 Effluents and Organic Compounds in Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater

18.4 Methods Used in the Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents

18.5 Remediation of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater by Algae

18.6 Carton Box Industrial Waste Treatment Using Algal Consortium

18.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

19 Bioremediation of Water Polluted with Dyes from Textile Industries Using Microalgae and Cultivation of Microalgae for Multiple Biorefineries

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Textile Effluent Risks

19.3 Typical Traits of Textile Dye Wastewater

(

TDW

)

19.4 Classification of Dyes

19.5 Treatment of Textile Wastewater

19.6 Textile Wastewater

(

TWW

) Bioremediation by Microalgae

19.7 Microalgal Harvesting

19.8 Microalgae Cultivation in Wastewater

19.9 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

20 Phycoremediation of Tannery Effluents – An Approach to Circular Economy

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Overview of Tannery Wastewater

20.3 Environmental Impacts of Tannery Wastewater

20.4 Other Technologies Used for the Tannery Wastewater Treatment

20.5 Algae in Tannery Wastewater Remediation

20.6 Integrating CO

2

Sequestration and Tannery Effluent Treatment

20.7 Algal Contribution to the Economy

20.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Notes

21 Petrochemical Wastewater Remediation by Microalgae

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Characterization of Petrochemical Wastewater

21.3 Conventional Methods used in Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment

21.4 Microalgae based Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater

21.5 Conclusion

21.6 Future Prospects

References

22 Recent Advances in the Application of Microalgae‐Based Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Waste

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Sources of Pharmaceutical Waste and their Impact on Humans and the Environment

22.3 The Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

22.4 Conclusions

References

23 Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants Pharmaceutical Waste Using Microalgae

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Bioremediation Mechanisms with Microalgae

23.3 Bioremediation of Analgesics

23.4 Bioremediation of Antibiotic, Antifungal, and Antiparasitic Compounds

23.5 Bioremediation of Hormones

23.6 Bioremediation of Antidepressant Compounds

23.7 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

Part VI: Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Strategies

24 Carbon‐Dioxide Capture Strategies from Industrial Flue Gas by Algae

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Characteristics of the Flue Gas

24.3 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Applications and Limitations

24.4 Algae: A Step Toward Green and Clean Energy Generation

24.5 CO

2

Capture and Storage Using Algae: A Biorefinery Concept

24.6 Practical Outlook

24.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

25 Seaweeds Aid in Carbon Sequestration to Combat Global Warming: A Glimpse

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Carbon Sequestration

25.3 Need for CO

2

Sequestration

25.4 Biological Alternatives for CO

2

Sequestration

25.5 CO

2

Sequestration and Biocapture by Macroalgae

25.6 Global Carbon Cycle, Carbon Credit, and the Current Global Focus on Algae

25.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Abbreviations

References

Part VII: Valorization of Algal Biomass

26 Utilization of Algal Biomass for Producing Biochar, Biofertilizers, and Valuable Metabolites

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Algal Biomass for Various Applications

26.3 Metabolites from Algae

26.4 Algal Biomass as the Source of Producing Biochar

26.5 Factors Influencing Algal Biochar Production

26.6 Algal Biochar and Its Applications

26.7 Conclusions

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References

27 Microalgae and Its Potential to Generate Carbon Credits

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Insights into Microalgae‐mediated Biological Mitigation

27.3 Overview of Carbon Credit Mechanisms and Trends

27.4 The True Potential of Selling the Results of Microalgae‐mediated Biological Mitigation

27.5 Conclusion and Perspectives

References

28 Phycoremediated Algal Biomass as Biofertilizers for Sustainable Crop Production: An Overview

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Phytoremediation of Wastewater by Microalgae

28.3 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Wastewater

28.4 Application of Microalgae‐based Biofertilizer

28.5 Potential Applications and Challenges

28.6 Conclusion

References

29 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Role in Sustainable Agriculture: From Wastewater Treatment to Biofertilizer Production

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Algae‐based Wastewater Remediation

29.3 Microalgae‐Based Products for a Sustainable Agriculture

29.4 Technologies for the Production and Application of Algal Biofertilizers

29.5 The Global Market of Microalgae‐based Biofertilizers

29.6 Challenges and Perspectives

29.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

30 Algal‐Elicitor as a Bio‐Stimulant: Post‐Remediation Applications

30.1 Introduction

30.2 The Potential of Algae in Wastewater Treatment

30.3 Bio‐Stimulant Activity of Algal Biomass

30.4 Bio‐Stimulant Mechanism of Action

30.5 Application of Algal Bio‐Stimulant

30.6 Other Agricultural Applications

30.7 Commercial Market Value for Algae‐Based Bio‐Stimulant

30.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Notes

Part VIII: Global Perspectives of Algae‐Based Bioremediation

31 Algal‐Mediated Bioremediation of Wastewater Streams with a Special Focus on the Successes Achieved in Vietnam

31.1 Current Status of Environmental Pollution in the World

31.2 The Use of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment

31.3 The Use of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment

31.4 Nanomaterials in Environmental Treatment

31.5 Biofilms and Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment

31.6 Treatment of Different Kind of Wastewater Streams by Algae

31.7 Algal Bioremediation in Vietnam

31.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Note

32 Algae‐Mediated Bioremediation in Malaysia

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Agro‐Industrial Waste Production in Malaysia

32.3 Bioremediation Using Algae

32.4 Utilization of Waste‐Grown Algal Biomass

32.5 Challenges of and Solutions for Algal Wastewater Treatment

32.6 Concluding Remarks

References

33 Algae‐Mediated Bioremediation in Thailand: An Overview

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Algae‐Based Bioremediation

33.3 Algae in Bioremediation System

33.4 Efficiency of Algae in Wastewater Bioremediation

33.5 Efficiency of the Green Seaweed in Bioremediation

33.6 Efficiency of the Red Seaweed in Bioremediation

33.7 Conclusion

References

34 Wastewater Treatment in Pakistan Using Algae and Microbes: Recent Developments

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Microalgae for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

34.3 Microalgae for Treating Wastewater

34.4 Recent Development in Pakistan

34.5 Commercialization of Biodiesel in Pakistan

34.6 Future Perspective

34.7 Conclusion

References

35 Algal Bioremediation in Asian Developing Countries and Its Potential Applications

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Global Status of Wastewater

35.3 Conventional Approaches Of WWT in Emerging Asian Countries

35.4 Why Alternate Options Should be Explored

35.5 Challenges and Benefits of Using Wastewater to Produce Microalgae

35.6 Algal Bioremediation in Asian Emerging Countries

35.7 Potential Applications

35.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Summary of advantages and disadvantages of open and closed systems...

Table 1.2 Summary of some wastewater remediation by microalgae.

Table 1.3 Summary of some microalgae hybrid applications reported in literat...

Table 1.4 Summary of some practical applications of microalgae/microbial con...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Heavy metals and their toxic effects.

Table 2.2 Usage of Algae and Bacteria for the removal of heavy metals.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Microalgal species involved in pollutant removal along with their ...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Applications of immobilized microalgae on different wastewater.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Advantages and limitations of each operation modes.

Table 5.2 Wastewater treatment efficiencies in different bioreactor configur...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Effects of HMs on the embryonic and larval development, growth per...

Table 6.2 List of HMs and their health effects.

Table 6.3 Potential microalgal strains for the removal of heavy metals.

Table 6.4 Heavy metals removal efficiency of some microalgal species from di...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Bioremediation of heavy metals using microalgae.

Table 8.2 Removal of dyes using microalgae.

Table 8.3 Companies using microalgae for wastewater treatment.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Experimental observation after sodium alginate and chitosan soluti...

Table 9.2 Effect of sodium alginate and chitosan concentrations on heavy met...

Table 9.3 Effect of the ratio between sodium alginate and chitosan on the tr...

Table 9.4 Treatment efficiency for different types of heavy metal ions.

Table 9.5 The adsorbency and transmission data for acid chrome blue K soluti...

Table 9.6 Effect of chitosan and alginate concentration on dye removal.

Table 9.7 Effect of the ratio between chitosan and alginate on dye removal....

Table 9.8 Effect of temperature on dye removal.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Pollutants' concentration in raw SW.

Table 10.2 MbWT pollutant removal efficiency of RSW.

Table 10.3 COD removal in the anaerobic digestion of SW.

Table 10.4 Pollutant removal in MbWT of ADSW.

Table 10.5 COD, TP, TN, and turbidity removal of SW.

Table 10.6 UV microbial load removal applied to SW.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Raw manure and piggery wastewater profiles from several published...

Table 11.2 Piggery anaerobic digestion effluent and manure profiles from var...

Table 11.3 Schematic reactions for nitrogen up‐take and the effects on pH an...

Table 11.4 Studies using piggery anaerobic digestion effluents for microalga...

Table 11.5 Several micronutrient values from piggery anaerobic digestion eff...

Table 11.6 Desirable characteristics of algae for mass culture (From Borowit...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Studies reporting the use of digestate in outdoor pilot‐scale hig...

Table 12.2 Composition of harvested biomass grown on digestate in Ljubljana,...

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Nutrients available in aquaculture wastewater from several select...

Table 13.2 Nutrients removal potential of algae cultivated in aquaculture wa...

Table 13.3 Heavy metal removal efficiency of algal species.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Nutrient profile of aquaculture wastewater.

Table 14.2 Aquaculture wastewater treatment by growing microalgae in differe...

Table 14.3 Comparison of microalgae biomass harvesting technologies in aquac...

Table 14.4 Effects of microalga‐based fertilizers on agricultural crops.

Table 14.5 Major metabolites of aquaculture wastewater‐derived microalgae.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Physicochemical constituents of POME.

Table 15.2 Phycoremediation of POME by microalgae.

Table 15.3 Value‐added products of microalgae grown in POME.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 The characteristics of food processing wastewater.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Types of removal mechanisms and rates of pharmaceutical compounds...

Table 17.2 Types of removal mechanisms and rates of pesticide.

Table 17.3 Types of removal mechanisms and rates of microplastics.

Table 17.4 Applications of AI methods and computational techniques for waste...

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Recent reported articles on pulp and paper wastewater treatment....

Table 18.2 Pollutants in pulp and paper making process.

Table 18.3 Source of pulp and paper Industry wastewater.

Table 18.4 Reported characteristics of effluents in the pulp and paper waste...

Table 18.5 Effluents from pulp and paper industry.

Table 18.6 Removal efficiency of COD, turbidity, lignin, phenol, TSS, BOD, D...

Table 18.7 Algal species involved in the treatment of pulp and paper mill wa...

Table 18.8 Physicochemical characteristics of carbon box industry wastewater...

Table 18.9 Phytotoxicity of black gram (

Phaseolus mungo

L.): A study of wast...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Chemical composition of textile wastewater.

Table 19.2 Textile dye or textile wastewater treatment by microalgae.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 A summary of case studies of microalgae‐based treatment of petroc...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Microalgal removal of pharmaceutical waste and mechanisms involve...

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Efficiency of removal of emerging “analgesic” contaminants by mic...

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 The main algae‐based biopolymers.

Table 26.2 Nonfood applications of algal biopolymers and their properties.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Microalgae used for phytoremediation of wastewater and effect of ...

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Top global biofertilizer‐producing companies.

Table 29.2 Efficiency of agriculture‐related wastewater treatment by microal...

Table 29.3 Application of microalgae as biofertilizers.

Table 29.4 Application of microalgae as bio‐stimulants.

Table 29.5 Application of microalgae–cyanobacteria as biopesticides.

Table 29.6 Microalgae‐based biofertilizer companies.

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 Various types of elicitors and their role in plant defense mechan...

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Some studies on the application of microalgae in heavy metals pol...

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Nutrient removal efficiencies in algae‐based treatment systems fo...

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Different conditions of the biofloc system in cultivation of diff...

Table 33.2 Comparison water quality in Nile tilapia culture pond between con...

Table 33.3 Density of some seaweeds used for treatment of wastewater from aq...

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 Coupling microalgae with wastewater treatment for lipid productio...

Table 34.2 Coupling microalgae with wastewater treatment for biofuel product...

Chapter 35

Table 35.1 Total and industrial wastewater data of Asian counties in 2015 (U...

Table 35.2 Household wastewater data of Asian countries in 2020 (UN‐Habitat ...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Algal biomass for wastewater treatment.

Figure 1.2 Hybrid wastewater treatment with algal biomass and conventional t...

Figure 1.3 Hybrid wastewater treatment with algal biomass and conventional t...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Various sources of heavy metals (Akpor et al. 2014; Dixit et al. ...

Figure 2.2 Usage of Algae and its benefit in wastewater treatment (Mustapha ...

Figure 2.3 Factors affecting microalgal system (Hammed et al. 2016; Nadzir e...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Methods for immobilization. (a) Adsorption onto a matrix. (b) Ent...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Interactions between microalgae and other microorganisms in immob...

Figure 4.2 Long‐term storage of

Tetradesmus obliquus

beads immobilized in a ...

Figure 4.3 Schematic representation of

Tetradesmus obliquus

immobilization p...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Main configurations of photobioreactors for microalgal cultivatio...

Figure 5.2 Kinetic and volumetric profiles of the operating modes. X – bioma...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Transformation of heavy metals from multifarious sources to highe...

Figure 6.2 Three important categories of heavy metals.

Figure 6.3 Conventional techniques for removing heavy metals.

Figure 6.4 Advantages of microalgae for removing HMs over other techniques....

Figure 6.5 HMs remediation mechanisms by utilizing microalgae.

Figure 6.6 Factors influencing HMs biosorption mechanisms.

Figure 6.7 Removal of HMs via biosorption process: (a) physical adsorption, ...

Figure 6.8 Removal of HMs by the approach of microalgae–fungi consortia.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Overview of the various facets of wastewater treatment using micr...

Figure 8.2 Open and closed PBR systems for microalgal coupled cultivation wi...

Figure 8.3 Microalgal turf scrubber system.

Figure 8.4 Potential microalgal cultivation systems for wastewater treatment...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 An illustration of the rapid formation of gel when sodium alginat...

Figure 9.2 Effect of time on the removal rate of Cu(II) ions.

Figure 9.3 Effect of temperature on the removal rate of Cu(II) ions.

Figure 9.4 An illustration of the combined use of sodium alginate and chitos...

Figure 9.5 An illustration of a composite bio‐adsorbent of seaweed particles...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Microalgal–bacterial symbiotic relationship.

Figure 10.2 Circular economy approach for swine wastewater treatment using a...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Potential pig pathogen transport pathways. Green represents the ...

Figure 11.2 Stages in the life cycle of a product.

Figure 11.3 A schematic for a hypothetical pig production system incorporati...

Figure 11.4 Four iterative steps take place to refine and develop the model....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Possible schemes for the integration of microalgae cultivation i...

Figure 12.2 Fundamentals of algal–bacterial symbiosis during photosynthetic ...

Figure 12.3 Photosynthetic biogas upgrading coupled with digestate treatment...

Figure 12.4 Demoscale photosynthetic biogas upgrading plants: (a) HRAP withi...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Relation between world population and human fish consumption....

Figure 13.2 World aquaculture production by different region in 2020.

Figure 13.3 Major countries involve in global aquaculture production.

Figure 13.4 Differences between traditional aquaculture and microalgae‐assis...

Figure 13.5 Algal‐based phycoremediation processes in aquaculture wastewater...

Figure 13.6 Multiple advantages of growing algae in aquaculture wastewater f...

Figure 13.7 The most commonly used microalgae in aquaculture wastewater trea...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 A simplified process diagram of microalgae‐based aquaculture.

Figure 14.2 Different types of microalgae cultivation systems: (a) raceway p...

Figure 14.3 Factors affecting microalgal growth/nutrient removal and their b...

Figure 14.4 A schematic diagram of converting microalgae biomass into biofue...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Pretreatment process of POME (Mohammad et al. 2021).

Figure 15.2 Integrated process starting from the pretreatment, to algal cult...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Schematic representation of microalgae‐based wastewater treatmen...

Figure 16.2 The possible pathways of microalgae based biofuel production thr...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 The types of micropollutant removal mechanisms.

Figure 17.2 An ANN model for wastewater treatment using microalgae.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Steps involved in pulp and paper manufacturing process.

Figure 18.2 Used physical, chemical and biological process for the treatment...

Figure 18.3 Heavy metal removal percentage from carton box effluent using al...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Different biological processes for the bioremediation of textile...

Figure 19.2 The conceptualization of the microalgal‐advanced oxidation proce...

Figure 19.3 Microalgal harvesting (a) different types of harvesting methods ...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Phycoremediation of tannery wastewater.

Figure 20.2 The impact of tannery effluent on the environment.

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Flow diagram of microalgae‐based petroleum wastewater treatment...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 The sources of release of pharmaceutical waste into the environm...

Figure 22.2 Mechanism involved in bioremediation of pharmaceutical waste usi...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Main mechanisms of bioremediation of pollutants.

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Carbon dioxide uptake and metabolism in algae.

Figure 24.2 Uptake and metabolism of nitrogen species in algae.

Figure 24.3 Uptake and metabolism of sulfur species in algae.

Figure 24.4 Proposed algal biorefinery scheme for simultaneous CO

2

sequestra...

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Carbon sequestered by seaweeds.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Global and European algae market trends from 2016 to 2023.

Figure 26.2 Annual commercial production of microalgae species worldwide (Kh...

Figure 26.3 Bioenergy resources derived from algae..

Figure 26.4 Algae‐derived pigments (Alam et al., 2020).

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 The carbon market from the perspective of Cap and Trade.

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Effect of phycoremediated algal biofertilizer on the crop plants...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Healthier aspects of algae‐based fertilizers application on soil...

Figure 29.2 Schematic diagram of the Algal Turf Raceway system for sustainab...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Algae‐mediated bioremediation and production of value‐added prod...

Figure 30.2 Bio‐stimulant activity of algal biomass increasing plant growth ...

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Steps involved in biofilm formation (Mahamuni‐Badiger et al. 202...

Figure 31.2 Biofilm‐mediated bioremediation is a powerful tool for the remov...

Figure 31.3 Removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater using mag...

Figure 31.4 The advantages and effective roles of algae in phycoremediation ...

Figure 31.5 Algae‐based bioremediation for organic pollutant removal.

Figure 31.6 Wastewater treatment and microalgae linked application for value...

Figure 31.7 Mechanism of microalgae treating wastewater.

Figure 31.8 Schematic illustration of phytoremediation of pesticides by micr...

Figure 31.9 Production of cyanobacteria

Spirulina platensis

in the Vietnam A...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Collection of palm oil mill effluent (POME) for experiments (a),...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Diagram of bioremediation with green water system of microalgae....

Figure 33.2 Diagram of bioremediation with biofloc system for shrimp and

Til

...

Figure 33.3 Diagram of bioremediation in clear water system with seaweed.

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Integrated approach of wastewater treatment by employing microal...

Figure 34.2 Schematic representation of carbon dioxide sequestration through...

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 Effluent treatment plant of paints manufacturing and chemicals p...

Figure 35.2 Consideration factors of wastewater use for microalgae cultivati...

Figure 35.3 Microalgae production process flowchart with (a) freshwater and ...

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgment

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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Algae Mediated Bioremediation

Industrial Prospectives

Edited by Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ambati Ranga Rao, and Se‐Kwon Kim

Volume 1

Algae Mediated Bioremediation

Industrial Prospectives

Edited by Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ambati Ranga Rao, and Se‐Kwon Kim

Volume 2

Editors

Prof. Gokare A. RavishankarDayananda Sagar InstitutionsBengaluruIndia

Dr Ambati Ranga RaoVignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University)Andhra PradeshGuntur, 522213India

Prof. Se‐Kwon KimHanyang University ERICA55 Hanyangdae‐roSangnok‐gu, Ansan‐siGyeonggi‐do, 11558South Korea

Cover Image: © Chokniti‐Studio/Shutterstock

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About the Editors

Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ph.D., is an adjunct honorary Vice President of Research & Development (R&D) in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (partly remote position) at Dayananda Sagar Institutions [Dayananda Sagar University; Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU)], Bengaluru, India. He is also an international consultant in the domains of biomass production, agro‐technologies, food science and technologies in the United States.

Earlier, he had a distinguished research career of over 30 years at the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore and in the institutions of the Government of India. At CFTRI, he served as Director‐Grade Scientist and Head of the Plant Cell Biotechnology Department for 18 years till his voluntary retirement in 2012. Later, he served as Chairman of the board of studies in biotechnology at the Visvesvaraya Technological University and Academic Council Member of Dayananda Sagar University. He has also been a member of the boards of eight universities. He served as Visiting Professor/Scientist to universities in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Russia. He is also a research advisory committee member of ICAR‐Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru and a member of the expert committee on All India Coordinated Project on Seaweeds, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. He was the founding director of E2E Biotech Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru and is now the honorary advisor.

He is an internationally recognized expert in the areas of food science and technology, plant biotechnology, algal biotechnology, food biotechnology and postharvest technologies, plant physiology, plant secondary metabolites, functional foods, herbal products, genetic engineering, microbial technologies, plant–microbe interactions, biomass production, and biofuels. He is listed in the top 2% of the world's scientists reported by Stanford University, United States.

Dr. Ravishankar holds a master's and a Ph.D. degree from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He mentored over 40 Ph.D. students, 62 master's students, 7 postdocs, and 8 international guest scientists. He has authored over 265 peer‐reviewed research papers, 30 review articles, 70 Book chapters, and 55 patents in India and abroad and edited 7 books. His research publications have received over 25,000 citations with an h‐index of 73. He has presented over 220 lectures at various scientific meetings in India and abroad, including visits to about 30 countries.

Dr. Ravishankar has received international honors as a Fellow of the International Academy of Food Science and Technology (Canada), Institute of Food Technologists (United States), Institute of Food Science and Technology (United Kingdom), and as a Certified Food Scientist, United States.

He was honored as a fellow of several organizations in India, namely, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Association of Microbiologists of India, Society of Agricultural Biochemists, Society of Applied Biotechnologists, Indian Botanical Society, Biotechnology Research Society of India, and the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists of India. He is also an elected member of the Plant Tissue Culture Association of India. He is an Executive Council Member of the Indian Academy of Microbiological Sciences.

Dr. Ravishankar received several coveted awards as follows: Young Scientist Award (Botany) by the then Prime Minister of India in 1992; National Technology Day Award of the Government of India in 2003; Laljee Goodhoo Smarak Nidhi Award for food biotechnology R&D of Industrial Relevance; the Prestigious, Professor V. Subramanyan Food Industrial Achievement Award; Professor S.S. Katiyar Endowment Lecture Award in New Biology by Indian Science Congress; Professor Vyas Memorial Award of Association of Microbiologists of India; Professor V.N. Raja Rao Endowment Lecture Award in Applied Botany, University of Madras; Lifetime Achievement Award by the Society of Applied Biotechnologists, Dr. Diwaker Patel Memorial Award by Anand Agricultural University, Anand; Prof. C.S. Paulose Memorial Oration Award by Society for Biotechnologists of India; Prof. Gadgil Memorial Lecture Award from Plant Tissue Culture Association of India; and Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association of Microbiologists of India.

He has held honorary positions as President of the Society of Biological Chemists, Mysore Chapter; President of the Association of Microbiologists of India, Mysore, and Bangalore Chapters; and Vice President (HQ) of the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists of India. He is a lifetime member of the Nutrition Society of India and several biotechnology societies including the Plant Tissue Culture Association of India, Society for Biotechnologists of India, Biotechnology Research Society of India, International Coffee Genome Network, American Society of Plant Biologists, Global Harmonization Initiative (Austria), and many more.

He has also served as an advisor and resource person in international conferences, seminars, workshops, and short courses and has convened national and international seminars in biology, biotechnology, and food science and technology. He is an associate editor and reviewer of a large number of reputed research journals. Dr. Ravishankar has served on advisory committees of the Government of India, namely, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), among many others for the selection of national/international research projects, recruitment of scientists, and HRD‐related activities. He also participated as a member of the working group on biotechnology at Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), United States.

Ambati Ranga Rao, Ph.D., is Senior Scientist and Associate Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research (Deemed to be University), Andhra Pradesh, India. He is also serving as Director for the Center of Excellence. He is involved in teaching cum research for graduate and undergraduate students. Recently, he is listed in the Top 2% of the World`s Scientists reported by Stanford University, United States.

Dr. Ranga Rao holds a bachelor's and master's degree from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Mysore. He started his research career in 2004 as a research assistant at the Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)‐Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India, under the supervision of Dr. G. A. Ravishankar and Dr. R. Sarada. He was awarded Senior Research Fellow of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi in the year 2007. His Ph.D. work at CFTRI focused on the production of astaxanthin from cultured green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis, and its biological activities.

He worked extensively on process optimization of algal biomass production, the mass culture of various algal species in raceway ponds and photobioreactors, and downstream processing of algal metabolites, and evaluation of their possible nutraceutical applications in in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, Dr. Ranga Rao was involved in a project on “Studies on filed cultivation and harvesting of seaweeds‐Porphyra, Enteromorpha, Eucheuma and their use in processed foods.”

Dr. Ranga Rao worked as Lead Scientist in Algal Technologies, Carot Labs Pvt. Ltd, India; Postdoctoral Research Associate in Laboratory of Algal Research and Biotechnology, Arizona State University, United States, under the supervision of Prof. Milton Sommerfeld and Prof. Qiang Hu; Visiting Assistant Professor in Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University and Hong Kong Baptist University, United International College, China, under the supervision of Prof. Bo Lei; and Visiting Senior Research Fellow (Associate Professor Grade) in Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Malaysia, under the guidance of Prof. Phang Siew‐Moi.

He is the author of 55 peer‐reviewed publications, 76 International/national conferences/symposia/invited talks/Faculty Development Programme (FDPs)/workshops/Quality Improvement Programme (QIP)‐short‐term courses, refresher courses, and 30 chapters in books. His research citations exceed 4550 with h‐index (23) and i10‐index (37) in Google Scholar. He has delivered lectures as Invited Speaker at international/national conferences/symposia in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Russia, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Oman.

He has edited five books (CRC Press, Academic Press, Springer Nature) as editor and co‐editor, namely, Sustainable Global Resources of Seaweeds: Industrial Perspectives‐Volume‐I; Bioresources, cultivation, trade, and multifarious applications; Sustainable Global Resources of Seaweeds: Industrial Perspectives‐Volume II: Food, pharmaceutical and health applications. Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals: Volume‐I Food, Health, and Nutraceutical Applications; Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals: Volume II Phycoremediation, Biofuels, and Global Biomass Production; and Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin: from Industrial Production to Food, Health, and Pharmaceutical Application.

He was honored with the award of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) as Young Affiliate (2014–2018) by the Regional Office of South East Asia and the Pacific Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China. His credentials were recognized to induct him as Young Affiliate of the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Canada, at the World Food Science Congress 2014. He is a recipient of the Carl Storm International Diversity Fellowship Award (2010) by Gordon Research Conferences, United States. He was selected for the Junior Scientist of the Year Award (2015) by National Environmental Science Academy, New Delhi, India.

He is a lifetime member of the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists of India, the Association of Microbiologists of India, the Society of Applied Biotechnology of India; the National Environmental Science Academy of India; Asia PGPR Society of Sustainable Agriculture of India, the Global Harmonization Initiative, and Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences.

He is an associate fellow of the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences (2019), Government of Andhra Pradesh, India, and also a fellow of the Society of Applied Biotechnology (2013), India. He has received research grants and travel grant fellowships as both international and national awards, under Young Scientist schemes. He is also serving as an editorial board member, guest editor for special issues, and reviewer for reputed international and national journals.

Se‐Kwon Kim, Ph.D., is presently working as a Distinguished Professor at Hanyang University. He worked as a Distinguished Professor at the Department of Marine Bio Convergence Science and Technology and as Director of the Marine Bioprocess Research Center (MBPRC) at Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.

He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Pukyong National University and conducted his postdoctoral studies at the Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign, Illinois, United States. Later, he became a visiting scientist at the Memorial University of Newfoundland and the University of British Colombia in Canada.

Dr. Kim served as President of the “Korean Society of Chitin and Chitosan” in 1986–1990, and the “Korean Society of Marine Biotechnology” in 2006–2007. To the credit for his research, he won the Best Paper Award from the American Oil Chemists' Society in 2002. Dr. Kim was also the chairman for the “7th Asia‐Pacific Chitin and Chitosan Symposium,” which was held in South Korea in 2006. He was the chief editor of the “Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science” during 2008–2009. In addition, he is a board member of the International Society of Marine Biotechnology Associations (IMBA) and the International Society of Nutraceuticals and Functional Food (ISNFF).

His major research interests are the investigation and development of bioactive substances from marine resources. His immense experience in marine bio‐processing and mass‐production technologies for the marine bio‐industry is the key asset in holding majorly funded Marine Bio projects in Korea. Furthermore, he expanded his research fields up to the development of bioactive materials from marine organisms for their applications in oriental medicine, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. To this date, he has authored around 750 research papers, 70 books, and 120 patents.

Foreword

Clean water and effective treatment of wastewater are critically important factors for environmental sustainability and human well‐being. This importance is recognized by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 “Clean water and sanitation.” Increasing population pressures and environmental damage to lake, river, estuarine, and ocean ecosystems due to the discharge of inadequately treated or untreated wastewater are significant problems globally resulting in economic losses and risks to human health. Existing wastewater treatment methods are generally very energy‐intensive, making them expensive as well as generating large amounts of greenhouse gases. They are also inadequate for treating wastewater high in heavy metals or xenobiotics such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plasticizers. Thus, alternative, efficient, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment methods must be developed to supplement existing methodologies.

Algae, especially microalgae, can play an important part in achieving the UNSDG goal of effective treatment of wastewater. The application of microalgae in wastewater treatment has a long history, with studies starting in the 1950s and expanding rapidly since the 1970s, with the main focus on urban and agricultural wastewater. This work has already led to many full‐scale algae‐based wastewater treatment plants for treating urban wastewater in several countries, as illustrated in this volume.

This volume highlights the importance of both microalgae and macroalgae for bioremediation, with specific examples of industrial effluent treatments. It also encompasses studies on (a) the roles of algae in wastewater treatment and bioremediation via photosynthesis in high rate algal oxidation ponds (HRAPs), where the algae operate synergistically with bacteria to break down organic molecules reducing BOD and COD, (b) the uptake of N and P by the algal cells, reducing the concentration of these nutrients in the wastewater and preventing eutrophication of the receiving water bodies, (c) biding and uptake of heavy metals by the algal cells, (d) uptake of complex recalcitrant organic molecules such as dyes, estrogens, pharmaceuticals and pesticides, and the metabolism/detoxification of these molecules by the algae. This diversity of roles is provided by an equal diversity of algal species, with different species required for treating different wastewater sources. Various chapters in this volume also discuss the significant barriers to large‐scale applications and methods to innovate the processes for industrial applications.

Although some of the biomass, such as that used to treat food processing or animal wastes, may be suitable as an agricultural fertilizer or, in some cases, even as an animal feed additive, in many cases, alternative disposal methods need to be found. Often, the algal biomass will be contaminated with heavy metals or toxic chemicals, greatly restricting possible applications, or the biomass may present a health hazard due to associated bacteria, fungi, or viruses originating from the wastewater source.

It also needs to be recognized that the scale of wastewater production, especially urban wastewater in large cities, presents an enormous challenge for the operation of an algae‐based wastewater process. Algal wastewater treatment is often more suited to small‐scale regional applications.

Given the great need to reduce the environmentally detrimental impact of wastewater and the need to cost‐effectively treat it so that critical water resources can be reused, this book provides a timely and extensive overview of this topic. It contains papers spanning a wide range of types of wastewater, on the range of strategies that can be applied, as well as on the potential uses and valorization of the algal biomass produced. Case studies of the application of algal wastewater bioremediation in various countries in Asia are also presented.

Algae‐mediated bioremediation of waste streams has come a long way since the early studies and has moved from the laboratory to actual applications. The research presented in this book highlights new approaches and developments in meeting the ongoing challenges of effectively and economically remediating wastewater. I congratulate the editors and contributors for this timely publication, which provides an important current reference for industry, policymakers, environmental experts, and researchers as a source of comprehensive information for immediate applications and future use.

Michael A. Borowitzka

Algae R&D Center, Murdoch University,

Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia

3rd October, 2023

Preface

The world is currently grappling with an alarming increase in population growth, which is placing immense pressure on the health of the planet. This surge in anthropogenic activities has led to unprecedented global warming and climate change as the environment deteriorates due to irresponsible human interference in the ecosystem. It is crucial to address this issue urgently by transitioning to an eco‐friendly path of human progress, employing multiple approaches to meet global demands sustainably.

One promising avenue to achieve this is by harnessing photosynthetic forms to fulfill the goods and services required for the human population. Embracing the potential of photosynthesis can significantly contribute to a more sustainable future. Additionally, finding innovative ways to manage industrial waste without harming the ecosystem is of utmost importance. This urgent necessity calls for responsible waste management practices that minimize environmental impact and ensure long‐term sustainability.

To combat the challenges posed by overpopulation and anthropogenic activities, we must collectively prioritize eco‐friendly initiatives and implement sustainable practices at both regional and global levels. By doing so, we can work toward safeguarding the health of our planet and securing a better future for generations to come.

The algal forms are some of the oldest inhabitants of Earth, and they play a crucial role in supporting the ecosystem by acting as primary producers of food through their ability to harness solar energy. Notably, they showcase remarkable adaptability, thriving in a wide range of environments, from marine to freshwater ecosystems, from cold polar regions to hot deserts, and from plains to mountainous terrains. Moreover, they can also grow autotrophically, heterotrophically, and mixotrophically. This adaptability allows them to endure and flourish in inhospitable conditions.

Algae exhibit diverse forms, including unicellular and multicellular organisms as well as highly differentiated macroalgal seaweeds. Their significance extends beyond their role as food producers, as they also offer solutions to global warming. Through their capability to sequester carbon dioxide from the environment, they contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change.

Furthermore, algae possess unique biosynthetic machinery that enables them to uptake pollutants from their surroundings. They can either utilize these pollutants for their growth or metabolize them into nontoxic or less toxic forms. This aspect has caught the attention of researchers who are exploring algae's potential as agents of bioremediation for pollution abatement.

This publication aims to focus on the various ways algae can be utilized in bioremediation efforts to reduce pollution burdens. By highlighting their adaptability, carbon sequestration abilities, and their potential to transform pollutants into benign forms, we hope to shed light on the valuable role algae can play in environmental conservation.

The task of comprehensive coverage of the topic was made easy by the participation of 135 authors from 20 countries including Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Colombia, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, United States, and Vietnam. Their contributions have been presented in 35 chapters that are classified under the following broad headings: (I) Phycoremediation strategies; (II) Anaerobic digestion for removal of pollutants and sewage treatment; (III) Treatment of agricultural wastes; (IV) Treatment of food industry‐wastewaters; (V) Detoxication and pollution abatement of industrial waste streams; (VI) Carbon dioxide sequestration strategies; (VII) Valorization of algal biomass; and (VIII) Global perspectives of algae‐based bioremediation.

The above areas highlight the following aspects: the management of heavy loads of pollutants in wastewaters; removal of heavy metals from the industrial wastewaters; bioreactors and immobilization strategies for remediation processes; treatment of piggery wastes; treatment of aquaculture wastes; treatment of food industry wastes including palm oil industry effluents; detoxification of industrial wastes, including micropollutants, paper and pulp industrial wastewaters, dyes and textile industry effluents, tannery wastes, petrochemical industry effluents, and pharmaceutical industry wastewaters; carbon dioxide sequestration through microalgae and seaweeds, including a focus on carbon credits; and valorization of biomass for the production of valuable metabolites, bioenergy, biochar, biofertilizers, and plant‐bio stimulants.

This publication goes beyond exploring the significance of algae in pollution abatement and bioremediation; it also delves into the experiences of various countries in adopting algae‐mediated strategies. Our contributors have meticulously presented the efforts of their respective countries, offering insights from Asian nations such as India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Additionally, the international scope of this volume is enriched by the valuable contributions of scientists from 20 countries, who have shared their findings on algae‐mediated bioremediation.

As a result, this volume stands as a comprehensive and invaluable resource for individuals interested in science and technological interventions for pollution abatement. It caters to a diverse readership, including environmental scientists, biologists, biochemical engineers, specialists in biomass production/utilization, industrial professionals, environmentalists, policymakers, and all science enthusiasts alike.

The information and perspectives gathered here will undoubtedly serve as a treasure trove of knowledge, empowering readers to understand the potential of algae‐based solutions in addressing pollution challenges. With its wide‐ranging coverage and international collaboration, this publication marks a significant step toward advancing sustainable practices for a cleaner and healthier environment through algae‐mediated processes for pollution abatement.

Gokare A. RavishankarBengaluru, 9th August, 2023

Ambati Ranga RaoAndhra Pradesh, 9th August, 2023

Se‐Kwon KimSouth Korea, 9th August, 2023

Acknowledgment

The editors express their profound gratitude to all the contributors who have generously shared their insightful expertise and comprehensive knowledge on the topics covered in this book. Their scholarly contributions have made a significant impact in bringing out this volume to present a valuable resource for readers worldwide seeking to deepen their understanding of the topics.

We are thankful to the publication team of Wiley, including Stefanie Volk, Felix Bloeck, Dorairaj Vijayan, and others for elegantly coming up with all the components of the volume. Their cooperation and timely assistance have been commendable. Thanks are also due to Wiley for their support to bring out an appealing book that should be a valuable treasure for personal collections or as a document for libraries across the world.

We are thankful to our families who have extended wholehearted support and encouraged us to take up this task, even though it involved a lot of time away from them.

G.A.R. thanks his wife Shyla, son Prashanth, daughter‐in‐law Vasudha, grandson Dhruv, and daughter Apoorva.

A.R.R. thanks his wife Deepika, daughter Jesvisree, parents Venkateswaralu and Tulasidevi, brothers, sisters‐in‐law, sisters, and brothers‐in‐law.

SKK thanks Dr. Jae‐Chul Kim, chairman, president, and founder of the Dongwon Group, Korea.

G.A.R. is grateful to Dr. Premachandra Sagar, Vice Chairman, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bengaluru, and Pro‐Chancellor, Dayananda Sagar University for granting permission to take this responsibility. He is also thankful to the Principal, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering; Vice Chancellor, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru for their kind support.

A.R.R. is grateful to Dr. L. Rathaiah, Chairman and Chancellor; Mr. L. Sri Krishnadevarayalu, Vice‐Chairman and Member of Parliament; Dr. P. Nagabhushan, Vice‐Chancellor; Dr. V. Madhusudhan Rao, Director‐Engineering and Management, Dean R&D; and Dean Academics, and Head, Biotechnology Department of Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh for providing facility and support to fulfill this new assignment.

Gokare A. Ravishankar

Ambati Ranga Rao

Se‐Kwon Kim

Part IPhycoremediation Strategies

1Microalgal Process Technologies for Removal of High Load of Pollutants from Wastewater

Nigel Twi‐Yeboah1, Dacosta Osei1