139,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book covers various modern theoretical, technical, practical and technological aspects of computerized numerical control and control systems of deterministic and stochastic dynamical processes. Readers will discover: * A review of the fundamentals and results of the theory of analogue control systems * A clear and detailed presentation on the experimental modeling of dynamic processes * Frequency synthesis techniques and in the state space of digital control systems * Concrete applications of deterministic and stochastic optimal regulation laws * New multimedia platforms, training and experimental automated research * Various topologies and creation strategies, computer-aided telecontrol regulation systems, as well as a prototype of an automated laboratory that can be remotely operated via the Internet * Simple Matlab programs to reproduce, where necessary, the main numerical and graphical results presented * Many exercises corrected at the end of each chapter * Detailed studies of practical automation projects, aimed at consolidating the skills of the automation profession acquired in the book
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 179
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
I.1. Architectural and technological context
I.2. Scientific and teaching context
I.3. Purpose of the book
I.4. Organization of the book’s content
PART 1: Analog Feedback Control Systems
1 Models of Dynamic Processes
1.1. Introduction to dynamic processes
1.2. Transfer functions
1.3. State models
1.4. Linear state models with constant parameters
1.5. Similarity transformation
1.6. Exercises and solutions
2 Experimental Modeling Approach of Dynamic Processes
2.1. Introduction to experimental modeling
2.2. Step response-based modeling
2.3. Frequency response-based modeling
2.4. Modeling based on ARMA model
2.5. Matlab-aided experimental modeling
2.6. Exercises and solutions
3 Review of Analog Feedback Control Systems
3.1. Open-loop analog control
3.2. Analog control system
3.3. Performances of an analog control system
3.4. Simple analog controllers
3.5. PID/PIDF controllers
3.6. Controllers described in the state space
3.7. Principle of equivalence between PID and LQR controllers
3.8. Exercises and solutions
PART 2: Synthesis and Computer-aided Simulation of Digital Feedback Control Systems
4 Synthesis of Digital Feedback Control Systems in the Frequency Domain
4.1. Synthesis methodology
4.2. Transfer function G(z) of a dynamic process
4.3. Transfer function D(z): discretization method
4.4. Transfer function D(z): model method
4.5. Discrete block diagram of digital control
4.6. Exercises and solutions
5 Computer-aided Simulation of Digital Feedback Control Systems
5.1. Approaches to computer-aided simulation
5.2. Programming of joint recurrence equations
5.3. Simulation using Matlab macro programming
5.4. Graphic simulation
5.5. Case study: simulation of servomechanisms
5.6. Exercises and solutions
6 Discrete State Models of Dynamic Processes
6.1. Discretization of the state model of a dynamic process
6.2. Calculation of {A, B, C, D} parameters of a discrete state model
6.3. Properties of a discrete state model {A, B, C, D}
6.4. Exercises and solutions
Appendices
Appendix 1: Table of Z-transforms
Appendix 2: Matlab® Elements Used in This Book
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Pages
C1
iii
iv
v
ix
x
xi
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
227
228
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
G9
e1
Series Editor
Jean-Paul Bourrières
Analog Automation and Digital Feedback Control Techniques
Jean Mbihi
First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2018
The rights of Jean Mbihi to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930828
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-248-9
Preface
Analog automation is a multidisciplinary science that studies techniques, tools and technologies for the design and implementation of analog controllers for dynamic processes, the controller being a device for automatic correction of possible errors between the set point quantity and the corresponding response.
Therefore, in an uncertain operating environment that is subjected to unknown disturbances or unpredictable noise, a dynamic process equipped with an appropriate controller can provide good dynamic performances (stability, overshoot, rapidity) and static performances (precision, robustness).
According to the history of automation, the first mechanical controller, known as the “water clock”, was invented in Greece by Ktesibios around 270 BC [STU 96]. After 23 centuries, in 1956, analog electronic controllers were developed [FRI 82, THO 07]. The first computer-aided digital feedback control processes were then implemented in major industries in the United States starting from 1950 [BAK 12]. Moreover, starting from the 1970s, the digital automation techniques assisted by microprocessor and PLC (programmable logic controller) have progressively occupied the wide SMI (small and medium-sized industries) sector, which had been beyond the reach of these computers until that time. They were, indeed, bulky, expensive and difficult to program. Furthermore, they had high maintenance costs and were sensitive to industrial environments.
Nevertheless, after the emergence of the first PC (personal computer) generations in the 1980s, followed by the development of microcomputer models featuring increasingly high performances at low costs (industrial PC, multimedia PC, PC/pad and PC/panel), the range of application of computer-aided digital control technology has rapidly extended to SMIs in various fields: manufacturing, textile, foodprocessing industry, chemical industry, energy, robotics, telescopic devices, avionics, bio-mechatronics, home automation, etc.
Given the lack of reference manuals intended to serve as a learning bridge between analog and digital control systems, this book will allow the readers to easily master analog automation skills and then to rapidly become introduced to the techniques for design and simulation of modern PC-aided digital control systems. The book is mainly addressed to students and teachers of engineering schools, to teachers’ training schools for technical education and to vocational training centers for applied sciences.
Indeed, readers will discover in this book the following relevant main elements:
– the stakes of computer-aided control in the set of control technologies for dynamic processes;
– a summary of the theory of analog control systems;
– a clear presentation of the experimental modeling of dynamic processes, with or without input delay;
– modern tools for the rapid design of optimal PID controllers;
– techniques for computer-aided synthesis and simulation of digital control loops, with a detailed case study of speed and position servomechanisms;
– methods for the discretization of dynamic process state models;
– Matlab® programs for teaching purposes, allowing the convenient introduction, if needed, of the digital and graphic results presented;
– a variety of corrected exercises at the end of each chapter.
The analog and digital control systems presented in this book are the result of the continuously enhanced teaching of the “Computer-aided automation of feedback control systems” course, which the author has taught since 2000 in the “Electrical Engineering” department of ENSET (École Normale Supérieure d’Enseignement Technique), a technical higher education school of the University of Douala, and in the “Computer Science Engineering” department of ESSET (Écoles Supérieures des Sciences et Techniques), scientific and technical higher education schools of Douala and Nkongsamba.
The author acknowledges the favorable effects of the scientific research grant offered by MINESUP (Ministry of Higher Education) of Cameroon. It has facilitated the access to support and scientific and technical research resources needed for editing activities involved in this book project.
Moreover, the author sincerely thanks his close collaborators in the scientific field of industrial automation and computing who have offered their constructive suggestions concerning both technical and teaching aspects, as follows:
– Prof. Womonou Robert, director and promoter of ESSET at Douala and Nkongsamba;
– Prof. Nneme Nneme Léandre, director of ENSET at the University of Douala;
– Pauné Félix, PhD, lecturer in the “Computer Science” department of ENSET at the University of Douala;
– Moffo Lonla Bertrand, PhD, lecturer at ENSET at the University of Buea.
The author also wishes to thank:
– The students of the second cycle of the “Electrical Engineering” department, ENSET, at the University of Douala and of ESSET at Douala and Nkongsamba, who have followed his “Computer-aided automation of feedback control systems” course with great interest. Thanks to their many relevant questions, which have allowed him to identify certain obscure didactic aspects of basic automation that have been clarified in this book.
– His wife, Mrs. Mbihi born Tsafack Pélagie Marthe, and her entire family, who have all offered him continuous and comforting support, as well as unforgettable close assistance.
– Mr. Ajoumissi Jean’s and Nkongli Teuhguia’s families, who motivated him to initiate and complete this book project.
– The ISTE editorial team, who provided him with the tools and means that facilitated this book’s content restructuring and improvement.
January 2018
Introduction
I.1. Architectural and technological context
I.1.1.Analog automation
In automation, dynamic processes are part of a class of analog power systems that can be controlled in an open or closed loop. This is why the characteristic input, state and output signals of a dynamic process, are continuous time functions. Therefore, the architecture of an analog control loop of a dynamic process is homogeneous as regards the nature of signals involved, in which case the connection between the controller and the dynamic process does not require A/D (analog/digital) and D/A (digital/analog) conversion devices of signals involved.
In practice, the study of analog feedback control systems relies on design techniques available in automation, as well as on implementation technologies used in analog electronics. Nevertheless, in demanding application fields, analog control technology presents technical problems, the most important of which are [MBI 17]:
– large dimensions (volume, weight), especially for a significant number of control loops;
– aging of the controller components, which can lead to long-term parameter variations beyond acceptable thresholds;
– high sensitivity to noise and disturbances in the environment;
– lack of flexibility in terms of extension of the control device;
– complexity of advanced control strategy implementation;
– poor performance of the analog devices for monitoring, log book development, data archiving, etc.
I.1.2.Computer-aided control
A computer-aided control loop is a “hybrid” dynamic system. In fact, it involves continuous signals related to the dynamic process, while the signals involved in the computer operation are characterized by discrete quantities. In automated process engineering, this hybrid nature consequently generates the following new problems:
– the requirement to install between the computer and the analog process an interfacing device for combined A/D (analog/digital) and D/A (digital/analog) conversions [BOL 04, MBI 12];
