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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Antennas From Theory to Practice
Comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals and latest developments in antennas and antenna design
In the newly revised Second Edition of Antennas: From Theory to Practice, renowned researcher, engineer, and author Professor Yi Huang delivers comprehensive and timely coverage of issues in modern antenna design and theory. Practical and accessible, the book is written for engineers, researchers, and students who work with radio frequency/microwave engineering, radar, and radio communications.
The book details the basics of transmission lines, radiowaves and propagation, antenna theory, antenna analysis and design using industrial standard design software tools and the theory of characteristic modes, antenna measurement equipment, facilities, and techniques. It also covers the latest developments in special topics, like small and mobile antennas, wide- and multi-band antennas, automotive antennas, RFID, UWB, metamaterials, reconfigurable and MIMO antennas, and more.
The new edition includes up to date information on a wide variety of newly relevant topics and trends, like adaptive impedance matching, the theory of characteristic modes, antenna materials and fabrication processes, and over-the-air (OTA) antenna system measurements. Many questions and examples are provided which enhances the learning experience.
The book covers:
- An introduction to circuit concepts and transmission lines, including lumped and distributed element systems, transmission line theory, and the Smith Chart
- An exploration of field concepts and radiowaves, including wave equations and solutions and radiowave propagation mechanisms, characteristics, and models
- Discussions of antenna basics and popular antennas, including wire-type antennas, aperture-type antennas, and antenna arrays
- Information about antenna manufacturing and measurements, including antenna measurement facilities and methods
- The use of industrial standard simulation tools for antenna design and analysis
Perfect for engineers and researchers who work in RF engineering or radar and radio communications, Antennas: From Theory to Practice, Second Edition will also earn a place on the bookshelves of university students seeking a concise and practical introduction to the basics of antennas and antenna design.
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Antennas
From Theory to Practice
Second Edition
Yi Huang
Professor of Wireless EngineeringThe University of Liverpool, UK
This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition HistoryJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (1e 2008)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Yi Huang to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Huang, Yi, 1964- author.Title: Antennas : from theory to practice / Yi Huang, Professor of Wireless Engineering, The University of Liverpool, UK.Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021007217 (print) | LCCN 2021007218 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119092322 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119092339 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119092346 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Antennas (Electronics)Classification: LCC TK7871.6 .H79 2021 (print) | LCC TK7871.6 (ebook) | DDC 621.382/4–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021007217LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021007218
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © bluebay2014/Getty Images
Preface to the Second Edition
Since the publication of the first edition of this book in 2008, it has attracted a lot of attention from university students, professors, researchers as well as engineers in the industry. The book has been adopted by many universities around the world as a textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching and used as a reference book for antenna research and designs. It was translated to Korean as a major antenna book in 2014. The main attraction and success of the book are its distinct and unique feature from other well‐known antenna books: it has integrated the antenna theory with real‐world examples from the past to the present into one volume without excessive mathematics. This feature has been maintained in this new edition.
Based on the success of the first edition, this edition has provided a better coverage in many important areas and added some recent and latest developments in antenna theory and practice. In particular, the theory of characteristic modes (Section 6.5) for antenna design and analysis, new materials (e.g. composite materials, metamaterials, and meta‐surfaces in Section 7.1), fabrication processes (Section 7.2), and advanced measurement methods for antennas (Section 7.3). MIMO antennas, automotive antennas, and reflector antennas have been added to Special Topics in Chapter 8 to reflect some of the current hot topics. Every chapter has been updated with the latest information. Of course, the mistakes and errors identified in the first edition have also been corrected. As a result, the number of pages is increased significantly from 360 to over 500.
As an essential element of a radio system, the antenna has always been an interesting but difficult subject for radio‐frequency (RF) engineering students and engineers. Many good books on antennas have been published over the years, and some of them were used as our major references.
This book is different from other antenna books. It is especially designed for the people who are relatively new to antennas but would like to learn this subject from the basics to advanced antenna analyses, designs, and measurements within a relatively short period of time. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of antennas, one must also know transmission lines and radio propagation. At the moment, people often have to read a number of different books, which may not be well correlated. Thus, it is not the most efficient way to study this subject. In this book, we put all the necessary information about antennas into a single manuscript and try to examine the antenna from both the circuit point of view and the field point of view. The book covers the basic transmission line and radio propagation theories, which are then used to gain a good understanding of antenna basics and theory. Various antennas are examined, and design examples are presented. Particular attention is given to modern computer‐aided antenna designs. Both basic and advanced computer software packages are used as examples to illustrate how they can be used for antenna analysis and design. Antenna materials, fabrication processes, measurement theory, and techniques are also addressed. Some special topics on the latest antenna development are covered in the final chapter.
The book material is mainly based on a successful short course on antennas for practicing professionals at the University of Oxford and the Antennas module for the students at the University of Liverpool. The book covers almost all aspects about antennas, especially important and timely issues involving modern practical antenna design and theory. Many examples and questions are given in each chapter. It is an ideal textbook for university antenna course, professional training course, and self‐study. It is also a valuable reference for engineers and researchers who work with RF engineering, radar and radio communications. The organization of this book is as follows:
Chapter 1
: Introduction
. The objective of this chapter is to introduce the concept of antenna and review essential mathematics and electromagnetics, especially Maxwell’s equations. Material properties (permittivity, permeability, and conductivity) are discussed, and some common ones are presented in tables.
Chapter 2
: Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines
. The concepts of lumped and distributed systems are established. The focus is placed on the fundamentals and characteristics of transmission lines. A comprehensive coverage on Smith chart, bandwidth, and impedance match techniques is provided in this edition. A wide range of conventional and new transmission lines and connectors are introduced and compared.
Chapter 3
: Field Concepts and Radiowaves
. Field concepts, including plane wave, intrinsic impedance, and polarization, are introduced and followed by a discussion on radio propagation mechanisms and radiowave propagation characteristics in various media. Some basic radio propagation models are introduced, and circuit concepts and field concepts are compared at the end of this chapter.
Chapter 4
: Antenna Basics
. The essential and important parameters of an antenna (such as the radiation pattern, gain, and input impedance) are addressed from both the circuit point of view and field point of view. Through this chapter, you will become familiar with antenna language, understand how antennas work, and know what the main design considerations are.
Chapter 5
: Popular Antennas
. In this long chapter, some of the most popular antennas (wire‐type, aperture‐type, and array antennas) are introduced and analyzed using relevant antenna theories. The aim is to see why they have become popular, what their major features and properties are (including advantages and disadvantages), and how they should be designed.
Chapter 6
: Computer‐Aided Antenna Design and Analysis
. The aim of this special and unique chapter is to give a good review of antenna modeling methods and software development, introduce the basic theory behind computer simulation tools, and demonstrate how to use industry standard software to analyze and design antennas. Two software packages (one is simple and free) are presented with step‐by‐step illustrations. The theory of characteristic modes (TCM) is introduced, and a patch antenna is employed as an example to illustrate how to use TCM for antenna design and analysis.
Chapter 7
: Antenna Materials, Fabrication
,
and Measurements
. This is another practical chapter to address three important issues: what materials are suitable for antennas, how to make an antenna, and then how to conduct antenna measurements accurately and efficiently. Some popular measurement equipment and facilities are introduced and discussed. A good overview of antenna measurement systems is provided with real‐world examples. Some latest measurement techniques and problems are also presented and discussed.
Chapter 8
: Special Topics
. This final chapter presents some of the latest important developments in antennas. It covers electrically small antennas, mobile terminal and base‐station antennas, diversity and MIMO antennas, RFID antennas, multiband and broadband antennas, reconfigurable antennas, automotive antennas, and reflector antennas. Relevant theory, design techniques, and practical examples are provided for in‐depth understanding.
On completion of this book, the reader should be ready to conduct advanced antenna design, analysis, and measurements and ready to become an antenna researcher and engineer.
I am very grateful to the many individuals who have provided great contributions, comments, suggestions, and assistance to make this much improved second edition a reality. In particular, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to:
Dr Kevin Boyle from Qualcomm, who has contributed significantly to the first edition as coauthor and provided many good suggestions, corrections, and references to the second edition. It is a pity that his new job has made it impossible for him to directly contribute to the second edition;
Mr Lars Foged, Scientific Director of MVG, who is a well‐known measurement expert and has contributed to various parts and a section on antenna measurements in
Chapter 7
;
Prof Tony Brown, a leading antenna expert from Manchester University, who has contributed a new section on reflector antennas in
Chapter 8
;
Prof Tae‐Hoon Yoo at Dongyang Mirae University for having translated the book into Korean and provided many great suggestions and feedbacks on how to make the second edition better;
Dr Hanyang Wang, Chief Antenna Expert of Huawei, for inspiring discussions on industrial practices in antenna designs, fabrication, and measurements.
My students: Ahmed Alieldin, Lyuwei Chen, Qian Xu, Sheng Yuan, Chaoyun Song, Jiayou Wang, Shahzad Maqbool, Barry Cheeseman, Yang Lu, and many other current and past students at the University of Liverpool for constructive feedbacks and production of figures;
The individuals and organizations who have provided us with their figures or allowed us to reproduce their figures;
A special one who has kindly provided a list of corrections of the first edition via John Wiley, but I was not given his/her name;
The team at John Wiley who have provided the guidance and great support throughout the process.
Prof Yi Huang
Chair in Wireless Engineering
The University of Liverpool, UK
January 2021
Preface to the First Edition
As an essential element of a radio system, the antenna has always been an interesting but difficult subject for radio‐frequency (RF) engineering students and engineers. Many good books on antennas have been published over the years, and some of them were used as our major references.
This book is different from other antenna books. It is especially designed for people who know little about antennas but would like to learn this subject from the very basics to practical antenna analysis, design, and measurement within a relatively short period of time. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of antennas, one must know about transmission lines and radio propagation. At the moment, people often have to read a number of different books, which may not be well correlated. Thus, it is not the most efficient way to study the subject. In this book, we put all the necessary information about antennas into a single volume and try to examine antennas from both the circuit point of view and the field point of view. The book covers the basic transmission line and radio propagation theories, which are then used to gain a good understanding of antenna basics and theory. Various antennas are examined and design examples are presented. Particular attention is given to modern computer‐aided antenna design. Both basic and advanced computer software packages are used in examples to illustrate how they can be used for antenna analysis and design. Antenna measurement theory and techniques are also addressed. Some special topics on the latest antenna development are covered in the final chapter.
The material covered in the book is mainly based on a successful short course on antennas for practicing professionals at the University of Oxford and the Antennas module for students at the University of Liverpool. The book covers important and timely issues involving modern practical antenna design and theory. Many examples and questions are given in each chapter. It is an ideal textbook for university antenna courses, professional training courses, and self‐study. It is also a valuable reference for engineers and designers who work with RF engineering, radar and radio communications.
The book is organized as follows:
Chapter 1
: Introduction
. The objective of this chapter is to introduce the concept of antennas and review essential mathematics and electromagnetics, especially Maxwell’s equations. Material properties (permittivity, permeability, and conductivity) are discussed, and some common ones are tabulated.
Chapter 2
: Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines
. The concepts of lumped and distributed systems are established. The focus is placed on the fundamentals and characteristics of transmission lines. A comparison of various transmission lines and connectors is presented. The Smith Chart, impedance matching, and bandwidth are also addressed in this chapter.
Chapter 3
: Field Concepts and Radio Waves
. Field concepts, including the plane wave, intrinsic impedance, and polarization, are introduced and followed by a discussion on radio propagation mechanisms and radio wave propagation characteristics in various media. Some basic radio propagation models are introduced, and circuit concepts and field concepts are compared at the end of this chapter.
Chapter 4
: Antenna Basics
. The essential and important parameters of an antenna (such as the radiation pattern, gain, and input impedance) are addressed from both the circuit point of view and field point of view. Through this chapter, you will become familiar with antenna language, understand how antennas work, and know what design considerations are.
Chapter 5
: Popular Antennas
. In this long chapter, some of the most popular antennas (wire‐type, aperture‐type, and array antennas) are examined and analyzed using relevant antenna theories. The aim is to see why they have become popular, what their major features and properties are (including advantages and disadvantages), and how they should be designed.
Chapter 6
: Computer‐Aided Antenna Design and Analysis
. The aim of this special and unique chapter is to give a brief review of antenna‐modeling methods and software development, introduce the basic theory behind computer simulation tools, and demonstrate how to use industry standard software to analyze and design antennas. Two software packages (one is simple and free) are presented with step‐by‐step illustrations.
Chapter 7
: Antenna Manufacturing and Measurements
. This is another practical chapter to address two important issues: how to make an antenna and how to conduct antenna measurement, with a focus placed on the measurement. It introduces S‐parameters and equipment. A good overview of the possible measurement systems is provided with an in‐depth example. Some measurement techniques and problems are also presented.
Chapter 8
: Special Topics
. This final chapter presents some of the latest important developments in antennas. It covers mobile antennas and antenna diversity, RFID antennas, multiband and broadband antennas, reconfigurable antennas, and electrically small antennas. Both the theory and practical examples are given.
The authors are indebted to the many individuals who provided useful comments, suggestions, and assistance to make this book a reality. In particular, we would like to thank Shahzad Maqbool, Barry Cheeseman, and Yang Lu at the University of Liverpool for constructive feedback and producing figures, Staff at Wiley for their help and critical review of the book, Lars Foged at SATIMO and Mike Hillbun at Diamond Engineering for their contribution to Chapter 7, and the individuals and organizations who have provided us with their figures or allowed us to reproduce their figures.
Yi Huang and Kevin Boyle
Acronyms and Constants
ε
0
8.85419×10
−12
F/m
μ
0
4
μ
×10
−7
H/m
η
0
≈
377 Ω
h
Planck’s constant =
6.63 × 10
−34
Js
j
2D
Two‐dimensional
3D
Three‐dimensional
2G
Second generation (mobile system)
3G
Third generation (mobile system)
3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (for mobile)
4G
Fourth generation (mobile system)
5G
Fifth generation (mobile system)
AC
Alternating current
ACC
Automatic cruise control
ADAS
Advanced driver assistance systems
AF
Antenna factor
AiP
Antenna in package
AM
Amplitude modulation
AMC
Artificial magnetic conductor
AR
Axial ratio
AUT
Antenna under test
BER
Bit error rate
BNC
Baby N connector
BPR
Branch power ratio
CA
Characteristic angle
CAD
Computer aided design
CAM
Computer‐aided manufacturing
CATR
Compact antenna test range
CDF
Cumulative distribution function
CEM
Computational electromagnetics
CFC
Carbon‐fiber composite
CM
Common mode
CNT
Carbon nanotube
CP
Circular polarization
CPU
Central processing unit
CPW
Co‐planar waveguide
CSRR
Complementary split ring resonator
CST
Computer simulation technology (a simulation tool)
CTIA
Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association
DAB
Digital audio broadcasting
dB
Decibel
DC
Direct current
DCS
Digital cellular system
DECT
Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications
DG
Diversity gain
DM
Differential mode
DNG
Double negative (material)
DPS
Double positive (material)
DRA
Dielectric resonant antenna
DUT
Device under test
EBG
Electromagnetic bandgap (material)
ECC
Envelope correlation coefficient
EGC
Equal gain combining
EIRP
Effective isotropic radiated power
EIS
Effective isotropic sensitivity
EM
Electromagnetic
EMC
Electromagnetic compatibility
EMI
Electromagnetic interference
ENG
Epsilon negative (material)
ENZ
Epsilon near zero (material)
EQC
Equivalent current
ERP
Effective radiated power
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
FDTD
Finite‐difference time domain
FEM
Finite element method
FET
Field effect transistor
FM
Frequency modulation
FMCW
Frequency modulated continuous wave
FNBW
First null beamwidth
FoM
Figure of merit
FPC
Flexible printed circuit
FSS
Frequency selective surface
GaAs
Gallium Arsenide
GO
Geometrical optics
GPS
Global positioning system
GSM
Global system for mobile communications
GTD
Geometrical theory of diffraction
HF
High frequency
HFSS
High‐frequency structure simulator (a simulation tool)
HIS
High impedance surface
HPBW
Half‐power beamwidth
HPBW
Half‐power bandwidth
HW
Hansen–Woodyard (condition)
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFA
Inverted F antenna
InP
Indium Phosphide
IoT
Internet of Things
ISI
Inter symbol interference
ISM
Industrial, scientific and medical (frequency band)
LCP
Left‐hand circular polarization
LCP
Liquid crystal polymer
LDS
Laser direct structuring
LF
Low frequency
LHM
Left‐handed materials
LNA
Low‐noise amplifier
LPDA
Log‐periodic dipole antenna
LRR
Long‐range radar
LTCC
Low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic
LTE
Long‐term evolution (4G mobile system)
LUF
Lowest usable frequency
MCX
Miniature coaxial (connector)
MEG
Mean effective gain
MF
Medium frequency
MEMS
Microelectromechanical systems
MID
Moulded interconnect devices
MIMO
Multiple input and multiple output
MMIC
Monolithic microwave integrated circuits
mm‐Wave
Millimeter wave
MNG
Mu‐negative
MoM
Method of moments
MRC
Maximal ratio combining
MRR
Medium range radar
MS
Modal significance
MSTL
Mode‐selective transmission line
MVG
Microwave Vision Group
NEC
Numerical electromagnetic code
NFC
Near‐field coupling
NZI
Near‐zero refractive index
OATS
Open area test site
OTA
Over‐the‐air (test/measurement)
PCB
Printed circuit board
PCS
Personal communications system
Power density function
Probability density function
PET
Polyethylene terephthalate
PIFA
Planar inverted F antenna
PIM
Passive inter‐modulation
PTD
Physical theory of diffraction
PTFE
Polytetrafluoroethylene
PO
Physical optics
PVC
PolyVinyl Chloride
PWG
Plane wave generator
QZ
Quiet zone
RAM
Radio absorbing material
RC
Reverberation chamber
RCP
Right‐hand circular polarisation
RCS
Radar cross section
RF
Radio frequency
RFID
Radio‐frequency identification
RMS
Root mean square
SAR
Specific absorption rate
SC
Selection combining
SDR
Software defined radio
SI
International system of units (metric system)
SiP
System in package
SISO
Single‐input single‐output
SIW
Substrate integrated waveguide
SLL
Side lobe level
SMA
Sub‐miniature version A (connector)
SNR
Signal‐to‐noise ratio
SoC
System on chip
SRR
Split ring resonator
SRR
Short‐range radar
SSC
Source stirred chamber (or cap or cavity)
SWC
Switch combing
SWR
Standing wave ratio
TCM
Theory of characteristic modes
TDR
Time‐domain reflectometer
TE
Transverse electric (mode/field)
TEM
Transverse electro‐magnetic (mode/field)
THz
Terahertz, 10
12
Hz
TIS
Total isotropic sensitivity
TLM
transmission line modelling/matrix (method)
TM
Transverse magnetic (mode/field)
TMM
Thermoset microwave material
TPMS
Tire pressure monitor system
TRP
Total radiated power
TV
Television
UE
User equipment
UHF
Ultrahigh frequency
UMTS
Universal mobile telecommunications system (3G mobile system)
UTD
Uniform theory of diffraction
UWB
Ultrawide band
VHF
Very high frequency
VNA
Vector network analyzer
VSWR
Voltage standing wave ratio
Wi‐Fi
Wireless fidelity, a WLAN
WLAN
Wireless local area network
About the Author
Prof Yi Huang received BSc in Physics (Wuhan, China) in 1984, MSc (Eng) in Microwave Engineering (Nanjing, China) in 1987, and DPhil in Communications from the University of Oxford, United Kingdom, in 1994. He has been conducting research in the areas of antennas, wireless communications, applied electromagnetics, and radar since 1987. More recently, he is focused on mobile antennas, wireless energy harvesting, and power transfer. His experience includes three years spent with NRIET (China) as a Radar Engineer and various periods with the Universities of Birmingham, Oxford, and Essex in the United Kingdom as a member of research staff. He worked as a Research Fellow at British Telecom Labs in 1994 and then joined the Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, as a Faculty in 1995, where he is now a Chair Professor in Wireless Engineering, the Head of High Frequency Engineering Group.
Dr Huang has published over 400 refereed papers in leading international journals and conference proceedings and authored three books. He has received many patents, research grants from research councils, government agencies, charity, EU, and industry and is a recipient of over 10 awards (e.g. BAE Systems Chairman’s Award 2017 for Innovation for Next Generation GNSS Antenna, Highly Recommended IET Innovation Award 2018, and Best Paper Awards). He has served on a number of national and international technical committees and been an Editor, Associate Editor, or Guest Editor of five international journals. In addition, he has been a keynote/invited speaker and organizer of many conferences and workshops (e.g. IEEE iWAT2010, LAPC2012, and EuCAP2018). He is at present the Editor‐in‐Chief of Wireless Engineering and Technology, Associate Editor of IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, United Kingdom, and Ireland Rep to European Association of Antenna and Propagation (EurAAP), a Fellow of IET and IEEE, and Senior Fellow of HEA.
More information about him can be found from:
https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/electrical‐engineering‐and‐electronics/staff/yi‐huang/
About the Companion Website
Antennas: From Theory to Practice, Second Edition is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com//legacy/wileychi/huang_antennas2e/
The website includes:
Lecture PowerPoint Slides
Answers to questions
1Introduction
1.1 A Brief History of Antennas
Work on antennas started many years ago. The first well‐known satisfactory antenna experiment was conducted by the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894), pictured in Figure 1.1. The SI (International Standard) frequency unit, Hertz, is named after him. In 1888, he built a system, as shown in Figure 1.2, to produce and detect radio waves. The original intention of his experiment was to demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic radiation. In the transmitter, a variable voltage source was connected to a dipole (a pair of 1 m wires) with two conducting balls (capacity spheres) at the ends.
Figure 1.1 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Figure 1.2 1887 experimental setup of Hertz's apparatus
