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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Since the publication of the third edition of Aquatic Pollution in 2000, there have been many major developments within the field in terms of research, regulations, and also large-scale catastrophes that have had a significant impact on the aquatic environment; the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the Fukushima nuclear disaster have taken their toll, and research on ocean acidification has developed enormously over the last decade. Recognizing, controlling, and mitigating aquatic pollution on a global scale is one of the most important and most difficult challenges facing society today.
Fully updated to reflect current understanding and discussing these major recent developments, this fourth edition of Aquatic Pollution covers every aspect of pollution associated with urban runoff, acid rain, sewage disposal, pesticides, oil spills, nutrient loading, and more. Case studies of major pollution sites, all original to this new edition, help to illustrate points made in general discussion.
Offering unprecedented depth of coverage, and discussing both fresh and sea water environments, this unique text provides a key teaching and learning tool for courses in environmental science, zoology, oceanography, biology, and civil or sanitary engineering, as well as a vital book for government policy makers. It is also an excellent primer for policymakers and activists focused on environmental issues.
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Seitenzahl: 1961
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts
Simple Food Chain Theory
Food Webs
Food Webs and Ecosystem Stability
References
Chapter 2: Photosynthesis
Light Limitation of Photosynthesis
Nutrient Limitation of Photosynthesis
References
Chapter 3: Physical Factors Affecting Production
Physical Properties of Water
Water Column Stability and Overturning
Seasonal Production Cycles
Trophic Status
Susceptibility of Systems to Oxygen Depletion
Estuaries: A Special Case
Chesapeake Bay
The Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone
References
Chapter 4: Cultural Eutrophication Case Studies
Case Study 1: Lake Washington
Case Study 2: Lake Erie
Case Study 3: Kaneohe Bay
References
Chapter 5: Nonpoint Source Pollution
Definitions
Composition of Land Runoff
Types of Sewer Systems
Corrective Measures
A Case Study: Lake Jackson, Florida
References
Chapter 6: Sewage Treatment
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Treatment
Land Application of Sewage
Unconventional Sewage Treatment
Detergent Phosphates
References
Chapter 7: Pathogens in Natural Waters
Sources of Pathogens
Types of Pathogens and Their Detection
Tests for Pathogens
Treatment of Public Water Supplies
References
Chapter 8: Toxicology
The Role of Toxicology in Water Quality Management
Kinds of Toxicity
Determination of Toxicity
Water Quality Standards
The Two-Number Criterion
Complicating Factors
Public Health
Protection of Wildlife
Commentary
References
Chapter 9: Industrial Pollution
The Oxygen Sag
Innovative Strategies for Reducing Industrial Pollution
The Hawaiian Sugar Cane Industry
The Pulp and Paper Industry
A Case Study: The Buckeye Cellulose Corporation Pulp and Paper Mill at Perry, Florida
Commentary
References
Chapter 10: Pesticides and Persistent Organic Pollutants
Classification of Pesticides
Pesticide Use
Pesticide Effects on Nontarget Species
Exaggerated and/or Erroneous Charges against Pesticide Use
Pesticide Persistence in the Biosphere and Food Chain Magnification
Pesticide Effects on Birds
Pest Resistance
Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticide Use
Commentary
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
References
Chapter 11: Thermal Pollution and Power Plants
Power Plant Design
Toxic Effects of Effluent Waters on Biota
A Case Study – The Florida Power and Light Power Plant at Turkey Point
Correctives
Internal Plant Kills
References
Chapter 12: Metals
The Question of Biological Magnification
Case Studies
References
Chapter 13: Oil Pollution
Oil Discharges to the Marine Environment
The Genesis of Oil
What Is Oil?
Toxicology
Case Studies
Correctives
Commentary
References
Chapter 14: Radioactivity
Physical Background
Radiation Toxicology
Nuclear Fission and Fission Reactors
Nuclear Fusion
Radiation Releases by Power Plants
Commentary
References
Chapter 15: Acid Deposition and Ocean Acidification
Acid Deposition
Acid Rain
History of the Acid Deposition Problem
Susceptibility of Lakes to Acid Deposition Effects
Acid Deposition Toxicology
Magnitude of Anthropogenic Emissions
Correctives
NO
x
Removal
Legal Aspects
A Case Study: The Netherlands
Commentary
Ocean Acidification
References
Chapter 16: Groundwater Pollution
Reliance on Groundwater
The Extent of Groundwater Pollution
A Case Study: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Legal Considerations
Correctives
References
Chapter 17: Plastics in the Sea
The Nature of the Problem
Effects
References
Units of Measurement and Abbreviations
Reference
Aquatic Pollution
References
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text
Edward A. Laws
Los Angeles, US
Fourth Edition
This edition first published 2018 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
First edition published 1981 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Second edition published 1993 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Third edition published 2000 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Edward A Laws to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Laws, Edward A., 1945- author.
Title: Aquatic pollution : an introductory text / by Edward A. Laws, Los Angeles, US.
Description: 4th edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016054156 (print) | LCCN 2016056136 (ebook) | ISBN9781119304500 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119304555 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119304593 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Water-Pollution.
Classification: LCC TD420 .L38 2018 (print) | LCC TD420 (ebook) | DDC628.1/68-dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016054156
Cover image: Jrg Weimann / EyeEm/Gettyimages
Cover design: Wiley
Preface
Since the first edition of Aquatic Pollution was published in 1980, the book has served as an introduction to the subject of water pollution for many undergraduate students. The fourth edition is organized in a similar way to the first three editions. The first three chapters serve as an introduction to physical, chemical, and biological concepts that are essential to understanding the impact of pollutants and stresses on aquatic systems. Chapter 8 is likewise an introduction to toxicological concepts relevant to the remaining chapters in the book. Each of the other chapters focuses on a particular kind of pollution, and in each of these chapters, the subject is illustrated with one or more case studies. The case studies include numerous examples from events and developments that had happened since the third edition of Aquatic Pollution was published in 2000.
Some of the news since 2000 has certainly been good. Phase I of the City of Chicago’s tunnels and reservoir project (TARP) was completed in 2006; TARP is now capable of handling about 85% of the pollution caused by combined sewer overflows from an area of 842 km2. The concentration of phosphorus in Onondaga Lake, New York, sometimes characterized as the most polluted lake in the United States, dropped from 730 µg L−1 in 1970 to less than 20 µg L−1 in 2010 as a result of restrictions on the use of phosphorus in laundry detergents and tertiary treatment for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Brown pelicans, whose populations had been seriously impacted by the use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and similar pesticides, were taken off the endangered species list in the United States in 2009. Likewise, bald eagles, whose population in the contiguous 48 states had been reduced to 417 pairs in 1963, have now increased to more than 11,000 pairs. The use of insecticides on corn declined by a factor of 10 between 1995 and 2010 as a result of the planting of genetically modified corn resistant to insect pests. In 2001, the EPA issued regulations that required closed cycle cooling systems on all new electric power plants to eliminate the killing of organisms drawn into once-cycle cooling systems, and in 2014, it promulgated additional regulations that required existing power plants that draw more than 2 million gallons per day of cooling water to take steps to minimize internal plant kills. In 2016, most use of mercury in the United States had been phased out, with the exception of its use in dental amalgams, and in 2008, the European Union issued a directive that restricted most uses of cadmium. The directive was amended in 2013 to specifically prohibit the use of cadmium in most nickel–cadmium batteries, which account for over 80% of cadmium use globally. Modifications to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships required a transition to double-hull oil tankers for all oil tankers greater than 20,000 deadweight tons by 2007, and analogous stipulations of the US Oil Pollution Act required a phaseout of single-hull tankers that operate in US waters by January 1, 2015, in order to reduce the frequency of oil spills from tanker accidents. Emissions of sulfur oxides from electric power plants in the United States declined by 84% between 1970 and 2014, primarily as a result of the installation of scrubbers to eliminate emissions of sulfur oxides in stack gases. In 2015, the US Department of Agriculture announced the Ogallala Aquifer Initiative, which addresses the problem of overdrafting the Ogallala Aquifer, the largest aquifer in the United States. And in 2006, the US Congress passed the Marine Debris Research, Prevention, and Reduction Act, with the goal of reducing the amount of marine debris and its adverse effects on marine organisms. Under the auspices of the US Environment Program, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was adopted in 2001 by 179 nations with the goal of protecting human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. The convention initially identified 12 persistent organic pollutants, the so-called dirty dozen, the use of which was to be banned or greatly restricted. The original list of 12 has now been extended to 22.
Unfortunately, not all the news has been good. Despite considerable efforts aimed at improving the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay, the area of benthic grasses in the bay has not increased since 2000 and is far below the target of 750 km2 that was established in 2003. The catch of eastern oysters in the Chesapeake Bay declined from more than 10,000 tonnes in 1980 to 40 tonnes in 2004, and although there has been some improvement since then, the productivity of the eastern oysters is very much constrained by poor water quality and infection by parasites. Although water quality standards have been established, they are met only 30–40% of the time and seasonal hypoxia is a problem throughout the Chesapeake Bay.
