Audel Pumps and Hydraulics, All New E-Book

Rex Miller

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 514

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Pull up what you need to know Pumps and hydraulic equipment are now used in more facets of industry than ever before. Whether you are a pump operator or you encounter pumps and hydraulic systems through your work in another skilled trade, a basic knowledge of the practical features, principles, installation, and maintenance of such systems is essential. You'll find it all here, fully updated with real-world examples and 21st-century applications. * Learn to install and service pumps for nearly any application * Understand the fundamentals and operating principles of pump controls and hydraulics * Service and maintain individual pumping devices that use smaller motors * See how pumps are used in robotics, taking advantage of hydraulics to lift larger, heavier loads * Handle new types of housings and work with the latest electronic controls * Know the appropriate servicing schedule for different types of pumping equipment * Install and troubleshoot special-service pumps

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Introduction

Part I - Introduction to Basic Principles of Pumps and Hydraulics

Chapter I - Basic Fluid Principles

Physics

Basic Machines

Water

Air

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 2 - Principles of Hydraulics

Basic Principles

Hydrostatics

Hydrodynamics

Flow of Water

Summary

Review Questions

Part II - Pumps

Chapter 3 - Centrifugal Pumps

Basic Principles

Basic Classification

Construction of Pumps

Installation

Operation

Troubleshooting

Maintenance and Repair

Corrosion-Resisting Centrifugal Pumps

Corrosion-Resisting Pump Troubleshooting

Impeller Design Considerations

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 4 - Rotary Pumps

Principles of Operation

Construction

Installation and Operation

Rotary Pump Troubleshooting

Calculations

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 5 - Reciprocating Pumps

Principles of Operation

Construction

Calculations

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 6 - Special-Service Pumps

Service Pumps

Chemical and Process Pumps

Pumps for Medical Use

Pumps for Handling of Sewage

Other Special-Service Pumps

Rubber Impeller Pumps

Tubing Pumps

Summary

Review Questions

Part III - Hydraulics

Chapter 7 - Hydraulic Accumulators

Basic Construction and Operation

Types of Accumulators

Air and Vacuum Chambers

Accumulator Circuits

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 8 - Power Transmission

Hydraulic Drives

Types of Hydraulic Drives

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 9 - Hydraulic Power Tools

Hydraulic Circuits

Hydraulically Controlled Circuits

Operation of the Hydraulic Circuit

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 10 - Hydraulic Cylinders

Nonrotating Cylinders

Rotating Cylinders

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 11 - Control Valves

Pressure Controls

Flow Controls

Directional Controls

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 12 - Hydraulic Control Valve Operators

Pressure-Control Valve Operators

Flow-Control Valve Operators

Directional Control Valve Operators

Summary

Review Questions

Part IV - Fluids, Lines, and Fittings

Chapter 13 - Hydraulic Fluids

Petroleum-Base Fluid

Synthetic-Base Fluids

Quality Requirements

Maintenance

Change of Fluids in a Hydraulic System

Selection of a Hydraulic Fluid

Hydraulic Filters

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 14 - Fluid Lines and Fittings

Rigid Pipe

Semi-Rigid (Tubing)

Flexible Piping (Hose)

Manifolds

Summary

Review Questions

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Index

Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley Vice President and Publisher: Joseph B. Wikert Executive Editor: Carol A. Long Editorial Manager: Kathryn A. Malm Development Editor: Kevin Shafer Production Editor: Vincent Kunkemueller Text Design & Composition: TechBooks

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ISBN: 0-7645-7116-8

Acknowledgments

No book can be written without the aid of many people. It takes a great number of individuals to put together the information available about any particular technical field into a book. The field of pumps and hydraulics is no exception. Many firms have contributed information, illustrations, and analysis of the book.

The authors would like to thank every person involved for his or her contributions. Following are some of the firms that supplied technical information and illustrations.

Abex Corp., Denison Division

ABS

The Aldrich Pump Company, Standard Pump Div.

Becker Pumps

Brown and Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Buffalo Forge Company

Buffalo Pumps

Caterpillar Tractor Co.

Commercial Shearing Inc.

Continental Hydraulics

Deming Division, Crane Co.

Double A Products Co.

Gold Pumps

Gould Pumps

Hydreco, Div. of General Signal

Imperial-Eastern Corp.

Logansport Machine Co., Inc.

Lynair, Inc.

Marvel Engineering Co.

Mobile Aerial Towers, Inc.

Oilgear Company

Parker-Hannifin Corp.

Pathon Manufacturing Company, Div. of Parker-Hannifin Corp.

Pleuger Submersible Pumps, Inc.

Rexnard, Inc., Hydraulic Component Div.

Roper Pump Compan

Schrader Div., Scovil Mfg. Co.

Sherwood

Snap-Tite, Inc.

Sperry Vickers, Division of Sperry Rand Corp.

Sunstrand Hydro-Transmission, Div. of Sundstrand Corp.

Superior Hydraulics, Div. of Superior Pipe Specialties

TAT Engineering

Viking Pump Division

The Weatherhead Co.

About the Authors

Rex Miller was a Professor of Industrial Technology at The State University of New York, College at Buffalo for more than 35 years. He has taught at the technical school, high school, and college level for more than 40 years. He is the author or co-author of more than 100 textbooks ranging from electronics through carpentry and sheet metal work. He has contributed more than 50 magazine articles over the years to technical publications. He is also the author of seven civil war regimental histories.

Mark Richard Miller finished his BS in New York and moved on to Ball State University, where he earned a master’s degree, then went to work in San Antonio. He taught high school and finished his doctorate in College Station, Texas. He took a position at Texas A&M University in Kingsville, Texas, where he now teaches in the Industrial Technology Department as a Professor and Department Chairman. He has co-authored 11 books and contributed many articles to technical magazines. His hobbies include refinishing a 1970 Plymouth Super Bird and a 1971 Road-runner.

Harry L. Stewart was a professional engineer and is the author of numerous books for the trades covering pumps, hydraulics, pneumatics, and fluid power.

Introduction

The purpose of this book is to provide a better understanding of the fundamentals and operating principles of pumps, pump controls, and hydraulics. A thorough knowledge of pumps has become more important, due to the large number of applications of pump equipment in industry.

The applied principles and practical features of pumps and hydraulics are discussed in detail. Various installations, operations, and maintenance procedures are also covered. The information contained will be of help to engineering students, junior engineers and designers, installation and maintenance technicians, shop mechanics, and others who are interested in technical education and selfadvancement.

The correct servicing methods are of the utmost importance to the service technician, since time and money can be lost when repeated repairs are required. With the aid of this book, you should be able to install and service pumps for nearly any application.

The authors would like to thank those manufacturers that provided illustrations, technical information, and constructive criticism. Special thanks to TAT Engineering and Sherwood Pumps.

Part I

Introduction to Basic Principles of Pumps and Hydraulics

Chapter I

Basic Fluid Principles

Pumps are devices that expend energy to raise, transport, or compress fluids. The earliest pumps were made for raising water. These are known today as Persian and Roman waterwheels and the more sophisticated Archimedes screw.

Mining operations of the Middle Ages led to development of the suction or piston pump. There are many types of suction pumps. They were described by Georgius Agricola in his De re Metallica written in 1556 A.D. A suction pump works by atmospheric pressure. That means when the piston is raised, it creates a partial vacuum. The outside atmospheric pressure then forces water into the cylinder. From there, it is permitted to escape by way of an outlet valve. Atmospheric pressure alone can force water to a maximum height of about 34 feet (10 meters). So, the force pump was developed to drain deeper mines. The downward stroke of the force pump forces water out through a side valve. The height raised depends on the force applied to the piston.

Fluid is employed in a closed system as a medium to cause motion, either linear or rotary. Because of improvements in seals, materials, and machining techniques, the use of fluids to control motions has greatly increased in the recent past.

Fluid can be either in a liquid or gaseous state. Air, oil, water, oxygen, and nitrogen are examples of fluids. They can all be pumped by today’s highly improved devices.

Physics

A branch of science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions in the field of mechanics, electricity, nuclear phenomena, and others is called physics. Some of the basic principles of fluids must be studied before subsequent chapters in this book can be understood properly.

Matter

Matter can be defined as anything that occupies space, and all matter has inertia. Inertia is that property of matter by which it will remain at rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line or direction unless acted upon by some external force. Matter is any substance that can be weighed or measured. Matter may exist in one of three states:

• Solid (coal, iron, ice)

• Liquid (oil, alcohol, water)

• Gas (air, hydrogen, helium)

Water is the familiar example of a substance that exists in each of the three states of matter (see Figure 1-1) as ice (solid), water (liquid), and steam (gas).

Figure 1-1 The three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Note that the change of state from a solid to a liquid is called fusion, and the change of state from liquid to a gas is called vaporization.

Body

A body is a mass of matter that has a definite quantity. For example, a mass of iron 3 inches × 3 inches × 3 inches has a definite quantity of 27 cubic inches. It also has a definite weight. This weight can be determined by placing the body on a scale (either a lever or platform scale or a spring scale). If an accurate weight is required, a lever or platform scale should be employed. Since weight depends on gravity, and since gravity decreases with elevation, the reading on a spring scale varies, as shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2 Variation in readings of a spring scale for different elevations.

Energy

Energy is the capacity for doing work and overcoming resistance. Two types of energy are potential and kinetic (see Figure 1-3).

Potential energy is the energy that a body has because of its relative position. For example, if a ball of steel is suspended by a chain, the position of the ball is such that if the chain is cut, work can be done by the ball.

Kinetic energy is energy that a body has when it is moving with some velocity. An example would be a steel ball rolling down an incline. Energy is expressed in the same units as work (foot-pounds).

As shown in Figure 1-3, water stored in an elevated reservoir or tank represents potential energy, because it may be used to do work as it is liberated to a lower elevation.

Conservation of Energy

It is a principle of physics that energy can be transmitted from one body to another (or transformed) in its manifestations, but energy may be neither created nor destroyed. Energy may be dissipated. That is, it may be converted into a form from which it cannot be recovered (the heat that escapes with the exhaust from a locomotive, for example, or the condensed water from a steamship). However, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, but variable in form.

Figure 1-3 Potential energy and kinetic energy.

Joule’s Experiment

This experiment is a classic illustration (see Figure 1-4) of the conservation of energy principle. In 1843, Dr. Joule of Manchester, England, performed his classic experiment that demonstrated to the world the mechanical equivalent of heat. It was discovered that the work performed by the descending weight ( in ) was not lost, but appeared as heat in the water—the agitation of the paddles having increased the water temperature by an amount that can be measured by a thermometer. According to Joule’s experiment, when 772 foot-pounds of work energy had been expended on the 1 pound of water, the temperature of the water had increased 1°F. This is known as : That is, 1 unit of heat equals 772 foot-pounds (ft-lb) of work. (It is generally accepted today that ft-lb. be changed to lb.ft. in the meantime or transistion period you will find it as ft-lb. or lb.ft.)