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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The bestselling AutoCAD book--revised and updated! It takes some practice to get handy with AutoCAD--and it doesn't hurt to have a good guide by your side to help get you through the rough spots. Updated to cover AutoCAD releases through the 2017 version, this new edition of AutoCAD For Dummies is an ideal companion when you're learning the basics of the popular software. Written by a former engineer and AutoCAD teacher, the book walks you through the basics of setting up projects and making simple drawings all the way up to creating 3D models. Beginning with an overview of the AutoCAD interface, drawing tools, and ways to adjust your view of your work, AutoCAD For Dummies offers easy-to-follow guidance on using straight and curved lines to manage properties, object selection, and creating layouts. Next, it shows you how to use advanced AutoCAD tools, including Blocks, Arrays, Xrefs, and Parametrics. Finally, you'll find out how to move your work in to the wonderful world of 3D modeling. * Create an AutoCAD project from the ground up * Make and edit basic drawings starting with straight lines and curves * Jump into advanced drawing with 3D modeling * Find quick answers to your AutoCAD questions It's true that AutoCAD is tough, but with the friendly instruction in this hands-on guide, you'll find everything you need to start creating marvelous models--without losing your cool.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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AutoCAD® For Dummies®, 17th Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and may not be used without written permission. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937235
ISBN 978-1-119-25579-6 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-25581-9 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-25580-2 (ebk)
AutoCAD® For Dummies®
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “AutoCAD For Dummies” in the Search box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Conventions Used in This Book
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Getting Started With AutoCAD
Chapter 1: Introducing AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT
Launching AutoCAD
Drawing in AutoCAD
Understanding Pixels and Vectors
The Cartesian Coordinate System
The Importance of Being DWG
Chapter 2: The Grand Tour of AutoCAD
Looking at AutoCAD’s Drawing Screen
Getting with the Program
Fun with F1
Chapter 3: A Lap around the CAD Track
A Simple Setup
Drawing a (Base) Plate
Taking a Closer Look with Zoom and Pan
Modifying to Make It Merrier
Following the Plot
Chapter 4: Setup for Success
A Setup Roadmap
A Template for Success
Making the Most of Model Space
Making Templates Your Own
Chapter 5: A Zoom with a View
Zooming and Panning with Glass and Hand
Zoom, Zoom, Zoom
A View by Any Other Name
Degenerating and Regenerating
Part 2: Let There Be Lines
Chapter 6: Along the Straight and Narrow
Drawing for Success
Introducing the Straight-Line Drawing Commands
Drawing Lines and Polylines
Squaring Off with Rectangles
Choosing Sides with POLygon
Chapter 7: Dangerous Curves Ahead
(Throwing) Curves
Going Full Circle
Arc-y-ology
Solar Ellipses
Splines: Sketchy, Sinuous Curves
Donuts: Circles with a Difference
Revision Clouds on the Horizon
Scoring Points
Chapter 8: Preciseliness Is Next to CADliness
Controlling Precision
Understanding the AutoCAD Coordinate Systems
Grabbing an Object and Making It Snappy
Other Practical Precision Procedures
Chapter 9: Manage Your Properties
Using Properties with Objects
Working with Layers
Using Named Objects
Using AutoCAD DesignCenter
Chapter 10: Grabbing Onto Object Selection
Commanding and Selecting
Selecting Objects
Perfecting Selecting
AutoCAD Groupies
Object Selection: Now You See It …
Chapter 11: Edit for Credit
Assembling Your AutoCAD Toolkit
The Big Three: Move, COpy, and Stretch
More Manipulations
Slicing, Dicing, and Splicing
Getting a Grip
When Editing Goes Bad
Chapter 12: Planning for Paper
Setting Up a Layout in Paper Space
Any Old Viewport in a Layout
Practice Makes Perfect
Clever Paper Space Tricks
Part 3: If Drawings Could Talk
Chapter 13: Text with Character
Getting Ready to Write
Creating Simply Stylish Text
Taking Your Text to New Heights
Entering Text
Using the Same Old Line
Saying More in Multiline Text
Turning On Annotative Objects
Gather Round the Tables
Take Me to Your Leader
Chapter 14: Entering New Dimensions
Adding Dimensions to a Drawing
A Field Guide to Dimensions
The Latest Styles in Dimensioning
Scaling Dimensions for Output
Editing Dimensions
And the Correct Layer Is …
Chapter 15: Down the Hatch!
Creating a Hatch
Using the Hatches Tab
Scaling Hatches
Pushing the Boundaries of Hatch
Editing Hatch Objects
Chapter 16: The Plot Thickens
You Say “Printing,” I Say “Plotting”
The Plot Quickens
Plotting the Layout of the Land
Plotting Lineweights and Colors
It’s a (Page) Setup!
Continuing the Plot Dialog
The Plot Sickens
Part 4: Advancing with AutoCAD
Chapter 17: The ABCs of Blocks
Rocking with Blocks
Creating Block Definitions
Inserting Blocks
Attributes: Fill-in-the-Blank Blocks
Exploding Blocks
Purging Unused Block Definitions
Chapter 18: Everything from Arrays to Xrefs
Arraying Associatively
Going External
Blocks, Xrefs, and Drawing Organization
Mastering the Raster
You Say PDF, I Say DWF
Theme and Variations: Dynamic Blocks
Chapter 19: Call the Parametrics!
Maintaining Design Intent
Understanding Geometric Constraints
Understanding Dimensional Constraints
Lunchtime!
Chapter 20: Drawing on the Internet
The Internet and AutoCAD: An Overview
The Drawing Protection Racket
Outgoing!
Part 5: On a 3D Spree
Chapter 21: It’s a 3D World After All
The 3.5 Kinds of 3D Digital Models
Tools of the 3D Trade
Modeling from Above
Changing Planes
Navigating the 3D Waters
Visualizing 3D Objects
On a Render Bender
Chapter 22: From Drawings to Models
Is 3D for Me?
Getting Your 3D Bearings
From Drawing to Modeling in 3D
Adding the Third Dimension to 2D Objects
Modifying 3D Objects
Chapter 23: It’s Showtime!
Get the 2D Out of Here!
Visualizing the Digital World
Adding Lighting
Creating and Applying Materials
Defining a Background
Rendering a 3D Model
Chapter 24: AutoCAD Plays Well with Others
Get Out of Here!
Open Up and Let Me In!
Translation, Please!
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 25: Ten AutoCAD Resources
Autodesk Feedback Community
Autodesk Discussion Groups
Autodesk’s Own Bloggers
Autodesk University
Autodesk Channel on YouTube
World Wide (CAD) Web
Your Local Authorized Training Center
Your Local User Group
Autodesk User Groups International
Books
Chapter 26: Ten System Variables to Make Your AutoCAD Life Easier
APERTURE
DIMASSOC
MENUBAR
MIRRTEXT
OSNAPZ
PICKBOX
REMEMBERFOLDERS
ROLLOVERTIPS
TOOLTIPS
VISRETAIN
And the Bonus Round
Chapter 27: Ten AutoCAD Secrets
Sheet Sets
Custom Tool Palettes
Ribbon Customization
Macro Recorder
Programming Languages
Vertical Versions
Language Packs
Multiple Projects or Clients
Data Extraction and Linking
Untying the Ribbon
About the Author
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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Introduction
Welcome to the wonderful world of AutoCAD and to the fame and fortune that awaits you as an AutoCAD user. (Would I lie to you?)
Believe it or not, AutoCAD is 34 years old, having been born in December 1982, when most people thought that personal computers weren’t capable of industrial-strength tasks like CAD. The acronym stands for Computer-Aided Drafting, Computer-Aided Design, or both, depending on whom you talk to. What’s equally scary is that many of today’s hotshot AutoCAD users, and most of the readers of this book, weren’t even born when the program first hit the street and the grizzled old-timer writing these words began using it.
AutoCAD remains the king of the PC computer CAD hill by a tall margin, making it one of the longest-lived computer programs ever. It’s conceivable that the long-term future of CAD may belong to special-purpose, 3D-based software such as the Autodesk Inventor and Revit programs, or to specialized market-specific variations built on top of AutoCAD. At any rate, AutoCAD’s DWG file format is the de facto standard, so AutoCAD will be where the CAD action is for the foreseeable future.
You may have heard that AutoCAD is complex and difficult to learn and use. Yes, the menu system includes about 1,300 icons. Well, it has been my observation that the easier any software is to learn and use, the sooner you bump up against its limitations. A car with no accelerator, one forward gear, no steering, and no brakes would be easy to use until you reached a hill, a curve, or a stop sign or you needed to back out of a parking space.
Yes, AutoCAD is complex, but that’s the secret to its success. Some claim that few people use more than 10 percent of AutoCAD’s capabilities. Closer analysis reveals that most people use the same basic 5 percent and everyone else uses a different 5 percent after that. The trick is to find your 5 percent, the sweet spot that suits your particular industry. If you follow my advice, I think you will find that using AutoCAD is as simple and intuitive as driving a car.
It should also be perfectly clear that if your career path has put you in a position where you need to know how to use AutoCAD, you’re no dummy!
About This Book
Unlike many other For Dummies books, this one often tells you to consult the official software documentation. AutoCAD is just too big and powerful for a single book to attempt to describe it completely. The book that ultimately covers every AutoCAD topic would need a forklift to move it. Literally. They stopped shipping paper instruction manuals with the software somewhere around 1995, when the full documentation package grew to about a dozen volumes and more than 30 pounds.
In AutoCAD For Dummies, I occasionally mention differences from previous releases so that everyone gains some context and so that upgraders can more readily understand the differences; plus, you’re bound to encounter a few of the billions and billions of drawings that were created using older methods. I also mention the important differences between AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT. In particular, AutoCAD LT has no programming language and has extremely limited support for parametrics (Chapter 19) and 3D (Chapter 21).
This book is not Mechanical Drafting For Dummies, or Architectural Drafting For Dummies, or even Crash Testing For Dummies It doesn’t cover drafting principles and procedures, but it does cover the AutoCAD commands necessary to create drawings. Remember, though, that knowing AutoCAD’s drawing commands won’t make you a great designer, just as knowing how to touch-type and run a word processor won’t make you a great author. The job title CAD operator doesn’t exist, but almost all drafters and designers use CAD.
In addition, the book does not cover the discipline-specific features in AutoCAD-based vertical market products, such as AutoCAD Electrical or AutoCAD Mechanical, although most of the information in this book applies to the general-purpose features of those programs as well.
This book covers AutoCAD 2015 through 2017. The obvious major differences between these versions and 2014 and earlier are the initial startup screen and the format of the Ribbon menu. The underlying principles remain the same. I will draw your attention to other differences where appropriate.
Late in 2010, Autodesk released the first non–Microsoft Windows version of AutoCAD in 20 years. Although AutoCAD for Mac is now available, AutoCAD For Dummies covers only the Windows version. The two versions are file-compatible, but they differ in many ways in how they look and what they can do. If you have AutoCAD for Mac, you should be able to grasp basic concepts but you might be better off with a Mac-specific book such as Mastering AutoCAD For Mac, by George Omura and Rick Graham (Sybex Publishing) or What’s Inside? AutoCAD for Macintosh, by Ralph Grabowski, available as an e-book at www.worldcadaccess.com/ebooksonline/2015/07/wia.html.
Foolish Assumptions
AutoCAD has a large, loyal, dedicated group of longtime users. AutoCAD For Dummies is not for you if you’ve been using AutoCAD for a decade or more, if you plan your vacation time around Autodesk University, if you used AutoCAD to create your wedding invitations, if you tell police officers that you can walk a straight line if they will press F8 first, or if you read 1,200-page technical tomes about AutoCAD for pleasure. This book is for you if you want to get going quickly with AutoCAD, and you understand the importance of developing proper CAD techniques from the beginning.
However, you do need to have an idea of how to use your computer system before tackling AutoCAD and this book. You need to have a computer system with AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT (preferably the 2017 version but at least 2015 or later). A printer or plotter and a connection to the Internet are helpful, too.
You also need to know how to use your version of Windows to copy and delete files, create a folder, and find a file. You need to know how to use a mouse to select (highlight) or to choose (activate) commands, how to close a window, and how to minimize and maximize windows. You should be familiar with the basics of your operating system before you start using AutoCAD.
Conventions Used in This Book
Here are some conventions that you’ll run across in this book.
Using the command line
The command line is that grey area near the bottom of the screen that says Type a command. One way of using AutoCAD is to type command names in this area. In addition, this is where AutoCAD talks back when it needs information from you. Examples of AutoCAD prompts appear in a special typeface, as does any other text in the book that replicates a message, a word, or text that appear onscreen. Sequences of prompts that appear in the AutoCAD command line have a shaded background, like this:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>:
When there is a specific action that I want you to take at one of these prompts, look for the italic passage at the end of this line, where I want you to press Enter:
Specify ending width <5.0000>: Press Enter
Text that I want you to type into the program at the command line, in a dialog box, in a text box, or elsewhere appears in boldface type, like the 3 at the end of the following line.
Specify starting width <0.0000>: 3
Many figures in this book also show AutoCAD command-line sequences that demonstrate AutoCAD’s prompts and sample responses.
Using aliases
Many AutoCAD commands have aliases — these shortcut versions have fewer letters than their full commands, in case you like to type commands at the AutoCAD command line. In this book, I show aliases in uppercase as part of the command names. To start a command, you have to type only its uppercase letters. For example, to draw a line, type either LINE (the official command), or just L (its alias) and then press Enter to execute the command. When I tell you to start a command, I spell it out in full (such as Line, Circle, or COpy), but you need to enter only the letters shown in uppercase (L, C, or CO, respectively). Note also that the uppercase letters aren’t always the initial letters nor are they always adjacent. For example, the eXit command can be entered as the full word or as just the letter X and DimANgular can be entered simply as DAN.
Command entry at the keyboard became even easier starting with AutoCAD 2014. As you begin to type a command name, the program will try to guess what you want and display a list of suggestions. You can then click the one you want or keep typing until your choice rises to the top.
Icons Used in This Book
Throughout this book, I point out certain morsels of particularly important or useful information by placing handy little icons in the margin. Naturally, different icons indicate different types of information:
Herein lies a pointed insight that can save you time and trouble as you use AutoCAD. In many cases, Tip information acts as a funnel on AutoCAD’s impressive but sometimes overwhelming flexibility: After telling you many of the ways that you can do something, I tell you the way that you should do it, in most cases.
The Technical Stuff icon points out places where I delve a little more deeply into AutoCAD’s inner workings or point out information that most people don’t need to know most of the time. These paragraphs definitely are not required reading, so if you see one at a point when you’ve reached your techie-detail threshold, feel free to skip it.
Warning tells you how to stay out of trouble when living close to the edge. Failure to heed its message may have unpleasant consequences for you or your drawing — or both.
You have a lot to remember when you’re using AutoCAD, so I’ve remembered to remind you not to forget about some of those things that you should remember.
Beyond the Book
I have written a lot of extra content that you won’t find in this book. Go online to find
AutoCAD drawings:
Drawings that you can use with this book are at
www.dummies.com/go/autocadfd17
The drawings, which are on the Downloads tab, are in Zip format; just download and unzip them and they’re ready to open in AutoCAD. The Zip files, which are named according to chapter, contain one or more drawing files. For example, afd03.zip contains the versions of the drawing in Chapter 3. Note that not all chapters have associated drawing files.
Cheat sheet:
The cheat sheet for this book has a roadmap for setting up your drawings as well as a list of keyboard shortcuts. To get to the cheat sheet, go to
www.dummies.com
and type
AutoCAD For Dummies
in the Search box.
Updates:
If I have any updates to the book, you can find them at
www.dummies.com/extras/autocad17
.
Where to Go from Here
Because you’re reading this Introduction, you’re like me — you like to read. (The cut-to-the-chase people tend to flip to the index right away and look up what they need to know at that instant.) If you’re a total AutoCAD newbie, you can read this book in order, from front to back; it follows a straightforward route from setting up the drawing environment to outputting your masterworks on hard copy to sharing your work with others.
If you’re an experienced user, you’ll probably be an index-flipper who looks for the missing information needed to complete a specific task. You can probably find the index on your own, but I encourage you to browse through this book anyway, with a highlighter or sticky notes in hand, so that you can find those particularly important places when you need them again.
Whichever route you choose, I hope that you enjoy your time with AutoCAD For Dummies. A-a-and, you’re off!
Part 1
Getting Started With AutoCAD
IN THIS PART …
Find your way around the AutoCAD screen, and see where the tools you use most often, such as the Ribbon, the graphic screen, and command line, are at.
Discover the half-dozen commands that account for much of your AutoCAD activities.
See the big picture: from how to start a drawing to printing it.
Correctly set up AutoCAD and create templates for drawing success.
Navigate through your drawing by panning and zooming.
Chapter 1
Introducing AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT
IN THIS CHAPTER
Launching AutoCAD
Creating your first drawing in AutoCAD
The complete picture
The difference between pixels and vectors
Comprehending the Cartesian coordinate system
The DWG file format
This chapter helps ease you into using AutoCAD to create engineering drawings and how to get started. Although it’s not uncommon to feel overwhelmed the first time you see AutoCAD, rest assured that you don’t need to learn all of the controls that you see in the default environment to be an efficient user of the program.
After a brief introduction to the program, I take you through an exercise to show you just how easy it can be to use AutoCAD. The exercise is followed up with some key concepts that you should understand when using AutoCAD, including how it differs from most other computer applications.
When you’re starting out with AutoCAD, heed this quote from The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy:
Don’t panic!
Launching AutoCAD
The first thing you need to do to start using AutoCAD is to launch the AutoCAD program (well, duh!) and, if necessary, maximize its screen display. AutoCAD has so many tools and palettes that you’ll almost always want to use it in full-screen mode. Follow these steps:
Launch AutoCAD.
As indicated in the Introduction, I assume that you have a working knowledge of how to use your version of Windows, including how to launch applications. Depending on your version of Windows and how it is set up, you might have to double-click a desktop icon or find a suitable entry in the Start → [All] Programs menu or Start → All Apps menu on the start screen. The wording of the selections varies depending on the version of AutoCAD and Windows.
Start a new drawing.
Click the large Start Drawing icon towards the upper-left corner of the screen.
If something called the Design Feed palette is displayed, close it by clicking the X in its top-left corner.
I’m assuming that you aren’t quite ready to post your drawing to the web so you can share it and collaborate live with other people.
If necessary, expand AutoCAD to full-screen mode.
Click the middle Windows button in the upper-right corner of the application window.
If necessary, expand the graphic area (the big, gray area in the middle) to full-screen size.
Click the middle button in the upper-right corner, near the compass rosette.
Place the cursor in the gray graphics area (midscreen), and then press the Esc key twice to make sure that no commands are active.
Now you’re ready to start drawing in AutoCAD, as shown in Figure 1-1. You can find out how to create a custom profile in the cheat sheet for this book. Go to www.dummies.com and search for AutoCAD For Dummies.
FIGURE 1-1: Your AutoCAD 2017, ready to draw!
Your screen may look a little different from Figure 1-1 depending on your version of AutoCAD and Windows and your screen resolution. Note too that although you will draw using white on dark gray (refer to Figure 1-1), I drew using black on white (see Figure 1-2), and my menu icons have a white background compared to your dark gray background.
FIGURE 1-2: My AutoCAD 2017, ready to draw!
Drawing in AutoCAD
AutoCAD offers a wide range of commands to create, modify, and annotate 2D designs. Don’t feel as though you need to learn and master every one of the 1,300 or so commands and options that AutoCAD offers to be a proficient drafter; most veteran drafters probably use only 20 or so commands for most basic drafting tasks.
The following simple exercise introduces a few of the commonly used commands to establish the size of your drawing area as well as the commands for creating straight line segments and circles.
You can start a command by clicking its button in the Ribbon menu, across the top of the screen, or by entering the command’s name in the command line, which is the light-gray text-entry area at the bottom of the screen that reads Type a command.
In this exercise and others in this book, AutoCAD’s command line entries look like this, and you type the commands and responses shown in bold. Press Enter after each command or response that you type.
You don’t even have to move the cursor to the command line. As you type, AutoCAD tries to guess which command you want and displays a list of possibilities at the command line, even if the cursor is in the Ribbon menu area. When you see the command you want, simply click it in the list.
In the following exercise, don’t add spaces on either side of a comma! In most situations, AutoCAD treats pressing the spacebar the same as pressing Enter which makes keyboard entry fast and easy but messes things up if you do it at the wrong time. In addition, make sure you use a comma as the X,Y separator and the period (.) as the decimal delimiter, and don’t use a thousands separator. Some parts of the world use the comma as the decimal separator and the space as the thousands delimiter, either of which confuses AutoCAD no end.
In this first exercise I ask you to do things without explaining why. Trust me; all will become clear in later chapters:
Set up an appropriate size for the drawing:
LIMITSReset Model space limits:Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 60,40
Now type the letters Z A and press Enter. Note that there must be a space between the Z and the A.
Disable Dynamic Input mode to work with the command line:
DYNMODEEnter new value for DYNMODE <3>: -3
Draw the frame:
LineSpecify first point: 26,12Specify next point or [Undo]: 13,12Specify next point or [Undo]: 22,24Specify next point or [Undo]: 40.5,24Specify next point or [Undo]: 41,22Specify next point or [Undo]: 26,12Specify next point or [Undo]: 20.6667,28Specify next point or [Undo]: 25,28Specify next point or [Undo]: Enter
Draw a bit more:
LineSpecify first point: 45,12.5Specify next point or [Undo]: 42.87,14.53Specify next point or [Undo]: 39.38,28.5Specify next point or [Undo]: 35.3,30Specify next point or [Undo]: Enter
Draw a round thing:
CircleSpecify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 13,12Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 8
Draw another round thing:
CircleSpecify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 45,12.5Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 8
Figure 1-3 shows the bicycle you’ve drawn, and you didn’t even need training wheels!
FIGURE 1-3: Your first AutoCAD drawing.
It has been claimed that Line and Circle are the second- and third-most-used commands after UNDO. You should now SAVE your drawing as an historic artifact. That was easy, wasn’t it?
Understanding Pixels and Vectors
To use AutoCAD effectively (or even at all) you need to understand how an image is displayed on your computer screen, and how the image is stored when it is not being displayed.
An image on a computer screen is made up of pixels.
If you look closely at the screen with a strong magnifying glass, you’ll see that the image is formed from a large number of small dots of light, as shown in
Figure 1-4
, called
pixels.
This has nothing to do with Tinker Bell, except that an on-screen image of her would indeed be made up of pixels.
All programs that display a graphic image simply turn on or off suitable spots to build the picture.
This is a
raster
image. A straight line in a raster image is just a fortuitous alignment of appropriate dots, and after it’s been created, it can’t be edited as a single object.
A major difference between CAD programs and computer graphics programs (such as Microsoft Paint) lies in how they save the image to disk.
When the image from a Paint-type program is saved to disk, it’s stored as a bitmap that simply lists the color of each pixel. What gets saved to disk is simply a snapshot of what you see onscreen.
All CAD programs work with and store on a vector file on disk.
A
vector file
is a big collection of numbers and words that list the type, size, and location of every entity in the drawing. When a CAD program displays your drawing onscreen, it analyses the vector data and calculates which pixels to turn on or off, depending on which portion of the drawing you’re viewing. CAD programs understand that a circle is a closed curve with a center point and a constant radius. If you change its radius, the CAD program redraws the image onscreen to show the new size.
AutoCAD doesn’t limit you to working only with what you can see onscreen. You can include as much detail in a drawing as needed. You can zoom in to see more detail and zoom out to see the big picture. At any time, the screen shows only those entities and their detail that the screen is capable of showing.
Some screens can show more pixels than others can. The number ranges from the 320 per row by 200 rows (320 x 200) of the very old Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) to 4000 x 3000 and beyond for special-purpose adapters. However, the drawing file always contains the same information. If it were moved to a computer with a higher resolution graphics adapter and monitor, then greater detail would show without you having to zoom in as far. Conversely, a drawing file moved to a computer with a lower screen resolution does not lose any detail, but you will need to zoom in closer to see it.
How big is “the big picture”? AutoCAD can draw a circle with a radius of 1099 (a 1 followed by 99 zeros) units, but the observable (so far) universe is “only” about 5.5 x 1023 miles in diameter, depending on how you measure and whose numbers you use (subject to change without notice). Check out en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe for the latest number.
Conversely, AutoCAD can draw a circle with a with a radius as small as 10-99 (which equals 0.00000[plus 90 more zeros plus]0001) units in diameter, as opposed to the classical radius of an electron, which is 2.8179403267 x 10-13 cm.
It’s possible for a drawing file to contain much more than you can see at any one time.
The computer screen is not really the drawing; it is just a viewer that lets you look at all or part of the drawing file.
FIGURE 1-4: Pixels.
The Cartesian Coordinate System
AutoCAD uses the Cartesian coordinate system to define all locations in the drawing. This includes things like the start and end of lines, the center of circles, the location of text notes, and so on. Cartesian coordinates are named for French philosopher René Descartes, who is famous for statement “I think, therefore I am,” although today he might say, “I tweet, therefore I am” — although tweeting doesn’t always involve thinking.
In his Discourse on Method, Descartes, wearing his mathematician’s hat, came up with the idea of locating any point on a planar surface by measuring its distance from the intersection of a pair of axes. (That’s axes as in more than one axis, not several tools for chopping wood.) By convention, the intersection of these axes (called, also by convention, the X-axis and the Y-axis) are perpendicular to one another, and their intersection point is identified as 0,0 — or the origin.
For example, if your address is 625 East 18th Street in a typical town, you live 6¼ blocks east of First Avenue and 18 blocks north of Main Street.
AutoCAD also uses the notation that the origin is at point 0,0. Positive values are to the right of and above this point, and negative values are to the left of and below it. You can identify any location on a drawing by its horizontal distance from the origin, followed by its vertical distance from the same starting point.
AutoCAD shows Cartesian coordinates as a pair of numbers separated by a comma. The number to the left of the comma is the X (horizontal) coordinate, and the value to the right is the Y (vertical) coordinate. You used this convention when creating your bicycle drawing. When working in three dimensions (see Chapter 21), AutoCAD adds a third coordinate: Z.
It’s worth repeating my earlier warning: Make sure you use a comma as the X,Y separator and the period (.) as the decimal delimiter, and don’t use a thousands separator.
The Importance of Being DWG
To take full advantage of AutoCAD in your work environment, be aware of the DWG file format — the format in which AutoCAD saves drawings. Here are some DWG facts to keep in mind:
In many cases, an older release of AutoCAD can’t open a DWG file that’s been saved by a newer AutoCAD release.
Table 1-1
shows the relationship between AutoCAD versions and their corresponding file formats.
A newer release of AutoCAD can
always
open files saved by older versions.
I have sample files dating back to 1984 that open in AutoCAD 2017.
Some
previous AutoCAD releases can open files saved by a subsequent version or two.
As
Table 1-1
shows, Autodesk changed the DWG file format every three years or so starting in 2000 but has leveled off recently so that drawings created in or saved by AutoCAD 2017 can be opened with AutoCAD 2013 and later.
You can use the Save As option in a newer release to save a file to an older DWG format. In fact, AutoCAD 2017 can save as far back as AutoCAD Release 14, which dates all the way in the last millennium to 1997. In addition, you can save a file as a simple text-based DXF format as far back as Release 12. Table 1-1 shows which versions use which DWG file formats.
Earlier formats may not support all the features of later ones. AutoCAD does its best at translating, but some items may be lost or may not fully survive the round trip to an older release and back to the newer one.
Table 1-1 AutoCAD Versions and DWG File Formats
AutoCAD Version
AutoCAD LT Version
DWG File Format
AutoCAD 2013–2017
AutoCAD LT 2013–2017
AutoCAD 2013
AutoCAD 2010–2012
AutoCAD LT 2010–2012
AutoCAD 2010
AutoCAD 2007–2009
AutoCAD LT 2007–2009
AutoCAD 2007
AutoCAD 2004–2006
AutoCAD LT 2004–2006
AutoCAD 2004
AutoCAD 2000, 2000i, 2002
AutoCAD LT 2000, 2000i, 2002
AutoCAD 2000
AutoCAD R14
AutoCAD LT 1998, 1997
AutoCAD R14
AutoCAD R13
AutoCAD LT 1995
AutoCAD R13
AutoCAD R11, R12
AutoCAD LT R2
AutoCAD R11
So, do you have to use AutoCAD to produce DWG files? The answer is no. Several low-cost to no-cost programs claim to be compatible with AutoCAD’s DWG file format. They usually come with a few crunchy bits, however.
Because these programs have to reverse-engineer the file format, they are often one release behind AutoCAD’s current version.
These programs usually don’t fully support all AutoCAD features because of copyright, patent, or perceived market size limitations. In particular, parametrics (
Chapter 19
), annotative objects (
Chapters 13
-
15
), and 3D models (
Chapters 21
-
23
) may not survive unscathed from a round trip to the other brand and back to AutoCAD.
Yes, a line is a line and a circle is a circle in a DWG file, but the commands that you use in other programs to put them in the file may not operate in the same way.
Chapter 2
The Grand Tour of AutoCAD
IN THIS CHAPTER
Touring the AutoCAD screens
Going bar-hopping: Title bars and the status bar
Unraveling the Ribbon
Practicing with palettes
Discovering the drawing area
Using online help
Over the years, AutoCAD’s interface has undergone many changes, ranging from a simple text menu down the right side (still the second-fastest way of using AutoCAD) to drop-down menus, toolbars, the Dashboard (which only survived two releases — 2007 and 2008), tool palettes, and, for now, the Ribbon menu.
Like the rest of this book, this chapter is written for someone who has used other Windows programs but has little or no experience with AutoCAD. Here and throughout the rest of the book, I show you how to do things by using AutoCAD’s implementation of Microsoft’s flavor of the year of its Fluent User Interface (or FUI; pronounced “foo-ey”). AutoCAD has always been big on backward compatibility, and this includes the interface. You can always shift between earlier and newer versions of the user interface.
Looking at AutoCAD’s Drawing Screen
When you first open AutoCAD, you encounter the Start screen. I can already hear your plaintive cry: “Where do I draw? The screen is full!” No problem. The Start screen (shown in Figure 2-1) is just a menu of available actions. It should be quite obvious as to what each item does. For now, just click the big Start Drawing icon.
FIGURE 2-1: AutoCAD’s Start screen.
You can always get the Start screen back by clicking its tab in the upper-left corner of the large gray drawing area.
If the screen is still partially obscured by the Design Feed palette, close it by clicking the X in its upper-left corner. AutoCAD remembers that you closed it and doesn’t open it next time. Don’t worry: When you’re ready to upload your drawings to the web so you can share and collaborate, getting the palette back on the screen is easy; click the button on the Palettes panel of the View tab on the Ribbon menu.
Figure 2-2 shows the screen you then see, AutoCAD’s default drawing window.
FIGURE 2-2: AutoCAD’s default drawing window.
Your screen will have a dark gray background. I’m using a white background because it is clearer on the printed page.
Now you’re ready to get to work. Starting from the top down, AutoCAD’s interface has eight main sections:
The Application menu:
Click the Application button (known informally as ”the big red
A
”) at the top-left corner of the AutoCAD window to open the AutoCAD Application menu. It presents mostly file-related commands; from this menu you can create new drawings, open existing drawings, save files, or print masterpieces. It also gives access to the Options command.
The Quick Access toolbar:
This toolbar, in the top-left corner of the screen, includes buttons for some of the most commonly used functions, such as Save and Undo. You can add functions that you use all the time and delete unneeded buttons by clicking on the down-facing triangle at the right-hand end of the toolbar.
The Ribbon:
Whereas the Application menu focuses on file management, the Ribbon holds commands to create and modify drawing objects.
Tabs:
The series of tabs across the top of the graphic screen, one for each open drawing, makes it easy to jump from drawing to drawing, compared to earlier releases. New tabs appear as you open or start additional drawings.
The graphic screen:
It’s the “piece of paper” on which you draw.
The command line: This window, the chat room between you and AutoCAD, displays your input to AutoCAD and (equally important) tells you what it needs from you.
If you’re having a problem and all else fails, read the command line.
The space tabs:
These tabs let you switch between model space and any paper spaced layouts. I discuss paper space layouts in
Chapter 12
.
The status bar:
The status bar tells you an awful lot about how many of AutoCAD’s operating variables are set and in which way. The status bar does more than show you settings, however. You can set, reset, and change most settings from the status bar. I discuss many of these settings in later chapters.
Because of the way that AutoCAD has evolved, you usually have four or five ways to invoke a command, primarily the Ribbon, keyboard entry, toolbars, menu bar, and screen menus. Throughout this book, I focus on the Ribbon and direct keyboard entry because the other methods, from earlier releases, aren’t turned on in recent releases of AutoCAD.
PROFILING YOUR DISPLAY
The illustrations and descriptions in this chapter and throughout the book show the default configuration of the AutoCAD 2017 Drafting & Annotation workspace. That is, I show the way the screen looks if you use the standard version of AutoCAD and not a flavored version, such as AutoCAD Architecture or AutoCAD Mechanical. The main change I make in this book from AutoCAD’s default settings is to configure the drawing area background to be white because the figures show up better in print. The default background color in both AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT is dark gray, but many longtime users prefer a pure black background for less glare but this is much less of an issue with LCD flat-panel displays. You may want to set a black or a white background on your own system or stay with the default gray background. It’s your choice, and there’s no right or wrong way. Some AutoCAD object colors show up better on a light background, and some are better on a black one.
If you want to print in color, you may use a white screen so that WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) on your monitor matches what you see on paper. This is discussed in Chapter 16.
You may also notice subtle differences in AutoCAD’s appearance, depending on which version of Windows you’re using and if you have used the Windows Control Panel to set it up for best performance instead of the default setting of best appearance.
As slick as they are, navigating Ribbon panels and browsing the Application menu aren’t always the most efficient ways of doing things. When you want to do real work, you need to combine the Ribbon panels with other methods, especially entering commands and options at the keyboard or choosing them from right-click menus.
A workspace defines an operating environment including such things as which version of the Ribbon menu to use and whether or not toolbars are used. In addition to the default Drafting & Annotation workspace, a few additional preconfigured workspaces are available from the Workspace Switching button. You can also create customized workspaces. I stick with the out-of-the-box Drafting & Annotation workspace, except in Part 5, which describes 3D modeling.
For your information
Located at the right side of the program title bar, InfoCenter serves as Information Central in AutoCAD. You can
Search for information.
Type a keyword and then click the binoculars for more information.
Sign in to your Autodesk 360 account.
Click the Sign In link and log in with your username and password. Autodesk 360 is a free, web-based file storage and collaboration service in the cloud.
Download free or inexpensive add-ons.
Click the button that looks like a half-positive, half-negative X to open the Autodesk Exchange Apps website.
Connect to Autodesk via social media.
Click the triangle button to see a list of links for product updates and to connect to Autodesk via social networks such as YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook.
Find help.
Click the question mark button in the InfoCenter area to open a Help page.
If you’re floundering, looking for the weird icon for the command you want to use, click the down arrow at the right end of the Quick Access toolbar and select Show Menu Bar. A classic text-based menu appears above the Ribbon.
You may already be familiar with the Quick Access toolbar from Microsoft Office applications. Other features AutoCAD has in common with Office (and most Windows applications) are the capability to have more than one file open at a time, to cut or copy and paste between files, to tile or cascade multiple open files (see Figure 2-3), and to minimize, restore, and maximize individual drawings and the application itself.
FIGURE 2-3: The AutoCAD screen with several windowed drawings in view.
Making choices from the Application menu
The Application menu is accessible from all workspaces. The AutoCAD Application menu follows the Microsoft FUI guidelines in placing file management commands there. The Application menu is divided into ten categories. You’ll find the following commands on the Application menu:
New:
Create a new drawing from a list of templates.
Open:
Open an existing drawing.
Save:
Save the current drawing in the current location; if the current drawing hasn’t been saved, you’re prompted for a filename and a location.
Save As:
Save the current drawing to a new filename or location or both, and make the newly named or located file the current drawing.
Import:
Open drawing files stored in formats other than DWG. I discuss this feature in
Chapter 24
.
Export:
Save the current drawing to a large variety of file formats, including Design Web Format (DWF), PDF, and several other CAD file formats.
Publish:
Send a 3D model to an outside 3D printing service, or create an archived sheet set. (AutoCAD LT doesn’t support 3D.) Use eTransmit to create a package that includes all files referenced by the selected drawings, or email the current drawing by using your configured email client.
Print:
Print a single drawing or batch-plot multiple drawings, create or modify named page setups, and manage plotters and plot styles. I cover most of these operations in
Chapter 16
.
Drawing Utilities:
Set file properties or drawing units; purge unused blocks, layers, and styles from the current drawing; and audit or recover damaged drawings.
Close:
Close the current drawing or close all drawings. If any drawings have changed, you’re prompted to save them before AutoCAD closes the file.
The CLOSEALLOTHER command, new in AutoCAD 2016, closes all open drawings except for the active one. You won’t appreciate the significance of this feature until you have opened 20 or so drawings looking for a particular one and now want to close the rest. Unfortunately, the command doesn’t appear in the Ribbon menu.
In addition to the Application menu’s file menu items, a few other features are worth a mention:
Recent Documents: If you choose this option, the right pane displays a list of recently edited drawings that aren’t open. You can show them in a simple list or as thumbnail images. You can also pin them to stop them from scrolling off the list. Naturally enough, clicking an icon opens the drawing.
The Recent Documents feature is hardly necessary, however. Instead, click the Start tab near the upper-left corner of the screen to bring back the Start screen, which displays a scrollable series of thumbnail views of the last few open drawings, as shown in Figure 2-1 earlier in the chapter.
Open Documents: Choose this option to see which documents are already open, and click an item to switch to it.
This feature, like Recent Documents, isn’t necessary because a series of tabs appears across the top of the graphic screen, one for each open drawing. Hovering the cursor over a tab produces a quick preview of its drawing, which makes jumping from drawing to drawing much easier compared to earlier releases.
Options:
Click this button to open the Options dialog box, where you can adjust hundreds of system settings. You can also open Options by typing
OP
(the alias for the OPtions command).
Search: If you’re unsure of a command name or you want help on a topic, just start typing in the search bar, at the top of the Application menu. AutoCAD quickly displays a categorized list, complete with links to start commands or to access the online Help system. See Figure 2-4.
You can also search directly from the command line. Just start typing the name of a command. As you type, AutoCAD displays a list of what it thinks you are searching for. When you see the one you want, click the question mark beside its name to get help about the selected item.
FIGURE 2-4: If you can’t find it on the Ribbon or in the tool buttons, just start typing!
A quick way to close AutoCAD is to double-click the big red A. AutoCAD asks whether you want to save unsaved drawings before it shuts down.
Unraveling the Ribbon
The primary interface element in the Drafting & Annotation, 3D Basics, and 3D Modeling workspaces is the Ribbon, an adjustable area that contains different collections of tabbed, task-oriented collections of panels. Those panels marked with a little down-facing triangle on the panel label have more tools concealed on a slideout (see Figure 2-5). Click the panel label to open the slideout. You can click the pushpin icon to pin open the slideout if you don’t want it to slide home when you’re done using it.
FIGURE 2-5: More tools than you can wave a Ribbon at.
If you use a particular Ribbon panel often, click and drag it into the drawing area. If, for example, you’re doing a whack of dimensioning, you can drag the Dimensions panel into the drawing and it stays put, even as you switch to other panels or tabs.
You can fully customize the Ribbon, but I don’t get into customizing AutoCAD in this book. If you want to find out more, enter Customization Guide in the search window.
By default, the Ribbon is docked at the top of the screen, but you can dock it against any edge, anchored to the left or right side of the AutoCAD window, or floated. To gain some screen space, you can click the little white button to the right of the last tab on the Ribbon’s tab bar to reduce the amount of space the Ribbon occupies, or use the drop-down menu next to the little white button to tailor the Ribbon’s display, or drag individual tabs over to a second monitor.
Depending on your screen’s resolution the Ribbon may not show all of the command buttons within a panel, all the available panels within a tab, or even all available tabs. If a panel looks empty, click on the down arrow at its lower edge to see all the buttons. If entire tabs or panels seem missing then simply right-click anywhere within the Ribbon and then click on Show Tabs to see a list of all the tabs, or on Show Panels to see all the available panels within the current tab.
NO EXPRESS SERVICE?
If the Ribbon in your version of AutoCAD doesn’t include the Express Tools tab (at the far right end — refer to Figure 2-2), consider installing them. AutoCAD LT does not include or support the Express Tools.
When you first install AutoCAD, you choose between the Typical and Custom installations. If you choose Typical, the next screen asks whether you want to install the Express Tools. If you choose a Custom installation, on the next screen, make sure to select the Express Tools item in the list of components. If you don’t install the Express Tools during initial setup, you have to rerun the setup routine. If you haven’t installed AutoCAD yet, I strongly recommend that you choose the Typical installation option or at least make sure that the Express Tools check box is selected during a Custom installation. So what are the Express Tools? They are what programmers play with in their spare time. They can be extremely useful but aren’t fully supported by Autodesk. If users show enough interest in particular tools then they often get rolled into future releases. Examples include a tool to arrange text around a circular arc, or to draw a jagged break symbol when the real line is longer than line in the drawing such as a long shaft.
The tabs on the Ribbon are organized by task:
Home:
Contains Draw, Modify, Layers, Annotation, Block, Properties, Groups, Utilities, Clipboard, and View panels. Some panels may be displayed as collapsed, depending on the screen resolution. I cover most of the commands in these panels in other parts of the book.
Insert:
