Basic Structures E-Book

Philip Garrison

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 552

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Basic Structures provides the student with a clear explanation of structural concepts, using many analogies and examples. Real examples and case studies show the concepts in use, and the book is well illustrated with full colour photographs and many line illustrations, giving the student a thorough grounding in the fundamentals and a 'feel' for the way buildings behave structurally. With many worked examples and tutorial questions, the book serves as an ideal introduction to the subject.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Acknowledgements

Introduction

The purpose of this book

The intended readership

A word about computers

The website

An overview of this book

How to use this book

Let’s keep it simple

1 What is structural engineering?

Introduction

What is a structure?

What is an engineer?

The structural engineer in the context of related professions

Structural understanding

Safety and serviceability

The composition of a building structure

A few words for students on architecture courses

2 Learn the language

Introduction

3 How do structures (and parts of structures) behave?

Introduction

Compression

Tension

Bending

Shear

Structural elements and their behaviour

Cross-sectional types

Appraisal of existing structures

What you should remember from this chapter

4 Force, mass and weight

Introduction

The relationship between weight and mass

Density and unit weight

Units generally

Relationships with other measuring systems

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

5 Loading – dead or alive

Introduction: what is a load?

Nature of load

Load paths

6 Equilibrium – a balanced approach

Introduction

Vertical equilibrium

Horizontal equilibrium

The application of equilibrium

What you should remember from this chapter

7 More about forces

Introduction

The Underground analogy

Resolution of forces

The ‘Donald and Tristan’ analogy

Resultants of forces

Components of forces

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

8 Moments

Introduction

What is a moment?

Practical examples of moments

Numerical problems involving moments

Moment equilibrium

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

9 Reactions

Introduction

Moment equilibrium

Calculation of reactions

Calculation of reactions when uniformly distributed loads are present

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

10 Different types of support – and what’s a pin?

What is a pin?

Different types of support

Restraints

Simultaneous equations

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

11 A few words about stability

Introduction

Stability of structural frameworks

Internal stability of framed structures – a summary

Examples

General cases

Frames on supports

Examples

Stability of ‘real’ structures

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

12 Introduction to the analysis of pin-jointed frames

Simple beams, lattice girders and trusses

What is a pin-jointed frame?

How are pin-jointed frames analysed?

13 Method of resolution at joints

Introduction

The rules

The general approach

Standard cases

The influence of diagonal members

Worked example 1

Worked example 2

Worked example 3

Tutorial examples

14 Method of sections

Introduction

Background to the method of sections

Example of method of sections

Summary of the method of sections

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

15 Graphical method

Introduction

The van driver analogy

Calculation of the sense (compressive or tensile) of the internal forces in the framework

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

16 Shear force and bending moments

Introduction

Deformation of structures

Shear and bending

Shear force and bending moment diagrams

There is an easier way

The relationship between shear force and bending moment

The shape of shear force and bending moment diagrams where uniformly distributed loads are present

What else can shear force and bending moment diagrams tell us?

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

17 This thing called stress

Introduction

What is stress?

Stress and strain

Types of stress

What you should remember from this chapter

18 Direct (and shear) stress

Introduction

Direct (axial) stress

Shear stress

Strain

The relationship between stress and strain

How to predict change in length

The relationship between change in length and change in width

How to calculate change in width

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial examples

19 Bending stress

Introduction

Bending theory

The engineers’ bending equation

Calculation of second moment of area (

I

) for symmetrical sections

Calculation of second moment of area (

I

) for unsymmetrical sections

Centroids and how to locate them

Centroids of irregular shapes

Centroids of cross sections which can be broken down into regular shapes

Example

Parallel axis theorem

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial questions

Suggestions for further work

20 Combined bending and axial stress

Introduction

Combined stresses by formula

The formulas

Combined stresses in two dimensions

Pressure on foundations

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial questions

21 Structural materials

Introduction

Which is the best material?

Factors to be considered in material selection

Concrete

Masonry

Timber

Steelwork

Aluminium

So how do I decide what materials to use in a given building?

22 More on materials

Material selection for structural design

Alternative forms of construction

The choice between different construction types

Design from first principles and design standards

23 How far can I span?

Introduction

Long span structures

Steel

Concrete

Timber

Masonry

Spans and depths: some rules of thumb

24 Calculating those loads

Introduction

Dead load

Live load

25 An introduction to structural design

General

Loads

Load combinations

Concrete

Masonry

Timber

Steel

Structural glass

Graphene

26 More on structural types and forms

Folded plate structures

Arches

Vaults

Domes

Shells

Cable structures

Inflatable structures

Space structures

Bridges

Dams

Tunnels

27 An introduction to deflection

Basic calculus: a reminder

Equations for bending moment

Deflection in beams

Determination of maximum deflection

Summary of the use of Macaulay’s method

Maximum deflection for standard cases

Numerical example involving a UDL

Tutorial examples

28 Shear stress

Complementary shear stress

Shear Modulus

Shear stress in beams

Rectangular sections

I sections

Tutorial example

29 Buckling and torsion

Buckling

Torsion

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial questions

30 Frames and three-pinned arches

31 Virtual work

Tutorial examples

32 Squares and circles of stress

Combining these stresses

What you should remember from this chapter

Tutorial question

33 Trusses (no numbers)

Tutorial examples

34 Plastic analysis

Plastic modulus

s

x

Plastic moment

M

p

Shape factor

r

Collapse mechanisms

Principle of virtual work

Tutorial example

Further reading

Appendix 1: Weights of common building materials

Reinforced concrete

Blockwork

Brickwork

Steel

Aluminium

Timber

Glass

Water

Live loads

Appendix 2: Conversions and relationships between units

Inches, feet and metres

Yards and metres

Acres and hectares

Miles and kilometres

Litres and cubic metres

Pounds, kilograms and stones

Kilograms, kN and tonnes

Tons and tonnes

Appendix 3: Mathematics associated with right-angled triangles

Pythagoras’ theorem

Basic trigonometry

Appendix 4: Symbols

Appendix 5: A checklist for architects

Appendix 6: Getting more out of civil engineering

So what else should a student be doing besides studying?

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Is a structure stable?

Table 11.2 Stability of frames shown in Fig. 11.2.

Table 11.3 Stability of structures shown in Fig. 11.5.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Member forces in Example 15.1.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Calculation of second moment of area for Example 19.3.

Table 19.2 Calculation of second moment of area for Example 19.4.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Stresses derived from Example 20.1.

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Span ranges and span/depth ratios.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Standard values of factors of safety for loads.

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Results for Example 31.1.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Mohr’s Circle of stress: Example.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Progress of analysis for Fig. 33.2.

Table 33.2 Progress of analysis for Fig. 33.4.

Table 33.3 Progress of analysis for Fig. 33.6.

Table 33.4 Progress of analysis for Fig. 33.8.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Fig. 1.1 Lower Manhattan skyline, New York City.This is one of the largest concentrations of high-rise buildings in the world: space limitations on the island of Manhattan meant that building construction had to proceed upwards rather than outwards, and the presence of solid rock made foundations for these soaring structures feasible.