Bioenergy E-Book

Yebo Li

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1007

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

BIOENERGY:
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

BIOENERGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

With growing concerns over climate change and energy insecurity coupled with dwindling reserves of fossil energy resources, there is a growing search for alternative, renewable energy resources. Energy derived from renewable bioresources such as biomass (energy crops, agri- and forest residues, algae, and biowastes) has received significant attention in recent years. With the growing interest in bioenergy, there has been increasing demand for a broad-ranging, introductory textbook that provides an essential overview of this very subject to students in the field. Bioenergy: Principles and Applications offers an invaluable introduction to both fundamental and applied aspects of bioenergy feedstocks and their processing, as well as lifecycle and techno-economic analyses, and policies as applied to bioenergy.

Bioenergy: Principles and Applications provides readers with foundational information on first-, second-, and third-generation bioenergy, ranging from plant structure, carbohydrate chemistry, mass and energy balance, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics to feedstock production, logistics, conversion technologies, biorefinery, lifecycle and techno-economic analyses, and government policies. This textbook gives students and professionals an incomparable overview of the rapidly growing field of bioenergy.

Bioenergy: Principles and Applications will be an essential resource for students, engineers, researchers, and industry personnel interested in, and working in, the bioenergy field.

Leseprobe

BIOENERGY:

Principles and Applications

Edited by

YEBO LI

Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological EngineeringOhio State UniversityUSA

SAMIR KUMAR KHANAL

Department of Molecular Biosciences and BioengineeringUniversity of Hawai'iUSA

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Li, Yebo, editor. | Khanal, Samir Kumar, editor.Title: Bioenergy : principles and applications / edited by Yebo Li, Samir Kumar Khanal.Description: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016039079 | ISBN 9781118568316 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118568378 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Biomass energy. | Renewable energy sources.Classification: LCC TP339 .B53185 2016 | DDC 662/.88–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039079

Cover image: Gettyimages/BanksPhotos

List of Contributors

Nourredine AbdoulmoumineDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Sushil AdhikariDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Hasan K. AtiyehBiosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

Marisol BertiDepartment of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

Jeffrey M. BielickiDepartment of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, and The John Glenn School of Public Affairs, Columbus, OH, USA

Chengci ChenCentral Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, MT, USA

Rakshit DevappaBiorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada

Thaddeus Chukwuemeka EzejiDepartment of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH, USA

Venkataramana GadhamshettyCivil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

Manuel Garcia‐PerezBiological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

Xumeng GeDepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA

Scott C. GeleynseSchool of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA

J. H. Van GerpenDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

B. Brian HeDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

Lian HeSchool of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Gal HochmanDepartment of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Economics, and Rutgers Energy Institute, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

David HodgeDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, and Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Sami Kumar KhanalSchool of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA

Samir Kumar KhanalDepartment of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

Avanti KulkarniDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Yebo LiDepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA

Wei LiaoDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, and Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Hongjian LinDepartment of Biosystems and Bioproducts, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA

Hong LiuDepartment of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, OR, USA

Xiaolan LuoDepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA

Sudhagar ManiBioChemical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Armando G. McDonaldDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

Matthew J. MorraDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

Ganti S. MurthyBiological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Saoharit NitayavardhanaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Michael PaiceMichael Paice & Associates, Richmond, VA, USA

Xuejun PanDepartment of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Ajay ShahDepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA

Johnathon P. SheetsDepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA

Devin TakaraDepartment of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

Yinjie J. TangSchool of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Victor UjorDepartment of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH, USA

Arul M. VarmanSchool of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA

Mark R. WilkinsBiosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

Chang Geun YooDepartment of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Xiao ZhangSchool of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA

Jun ZhuDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

Preface

Our modern society depends on energy for almost everything. Energy can be considered as a basic need of today’s society. We need energy for home appliances used for preparing and storing food, lighting our homes and streets, heating/cooling our homes/offices, and powering our rapidly proliferating entertainment gadgets. Our vast transportation networks (air, land, and sea) and various modes of communication essentially depend on energy, as do all industrial processes that supply commodities for our daily needs. Energy also has vast socio‐economic implications in the rural areas of developing countries, where women and children often spend as much as 4–6 hours collecting firewood for cooking. Thus, energy is an inevitable part of the growth, prosperity, and well‐being of our society.

Global energy consumption is expected to increase by nearly 56% by 2040, due mostly to increased demand from emerging nations such as China and India. In recent years there has been a significant shift in the dynamics of energy consumption. Non‐OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, which account for 90% of global population growth and 70% of economic outputs, are expected to have over 85% growth in energy consumption from 2010 to 2040. Energy consumption in non‐OECD developing Asian countries, especially China and India, will increase by 112% from 2010 to 2040. The rest of the non‐OECD countries are also projected to show strong growth in energy consumption during that period: for example, by 76% in the Middle East, by 85% in Africa, and by 62% in Central and South America. It is forecast that China’s energy consumption will grow by as much as twice that of the USA between 2010 and 2040.

Currently, over 85% of total energy consumption is met through the use of non‐renewable sources such as petroleum, coal, natural gas, and nuclear energy. Our heavy dependence on these rapidly depleting non‐renewable energy sources has several irreparable consequences such as impacts on economic development, national security, and local and global environments, especially through climate change. Thus, we must act quickly and decisively to develop sustainable, affordable, and environmentally friendly energy sources. Bioenergy derived from renewable bioresources, such as biomass (energy crops, agri‐ and forest residues, algae, and biowastes) is considered to be the most promising alternative.

With the growing interest in bioenergy, there is a need to prepare a new cadre of the workforce in this emerging field who could lead the research, development, and implementation efforts of bioenergy technology. There are many reference books available on this subject. However, there is no comprehensive book that could be used as a textbook at an undergraduate level. This 29‐chapter textbook is one of the very first that covers comprehensively both the fundamental and application aspects of bioenergy. The chapters are organized in such a way that each preceding chapter builds up a foundation for the following one. Every effort has been taken to maintain consistency throughout the book, even though the chapters were contributed by different authors. We strove to maintain clarity in explaining the concepts, and textboxes have been provided throughout the book to further clarify the concepts/terminology. At the end of each chapter, exercise problems have been provided, which instructors can use as an assignment for the class. A solution manual is also available.

The textbook is divided into six sections. Section 1 consists of seven chapters focusing mainly on the fundamental aspects of bioenergy. Section II comprises four chapters covering different bioenergy feedstocks. Section III consists of eight chapters focusing on various biological conversion technologies. Section IV has three chapters about thermochemical conversion technologies. The four chapters in Section V cover various aspects of biorefineries. Finally, Section VI comprises three chapters focusing on bioenergy system analysis. This organization will help students easily grasp the content presented in the textbook.

The editors, especially Samir Kumar Khanal (SKK), drew inspiration in preparing this textbook from King Bhumibol Adulyadej’s (Thailand) self‐sufficiency initiatives. SKK is also particularly thankful to Andrew G. Hashimoto (Professor Emeritus, University of Hawai’i), Ju-Chang (Howard) Huang (Chair Professor Emeritus, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong), Heinz Eckhardt (RheinMain University, Wiesbaden, Germany), Akhilendra Bhusan Gupta (Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India), Shihwu Sung (University of Hilo, Hawaii), Chongrak Polprasert (Professor Emeritus, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand), Dulal Borthakur (University of Hawaii), and Kenneth Grace (Associate Dean for Research, University of Hawaii) for their supports and encouragements. We sincerely hope that this textbook will be valuable especially to undergraduate students and instructors. The book will be equally useful to graduate students, decision makers, practicing professionals, and others interested in bioenergy.

We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and patience of all the authors who have contributed to this textbook. The views or opinions expressed in each chapter are those of the authors and should not be construed as opinions of the organizations for which they work. Special thanks go to SKK’s former and current graduate students at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa (UHM), Saoharit Nitayavardhana, Devin Takara, Pradeep Munasinghe, Surendra K.C., Sumeth Wongkiew, Duc Nguyen, Chayanon Sawatdeenarunat, and Edward Drielak, for reviewing some of the chapters and helping with solution manual. Furthermore, we are highly indebted to Justin Jeffrey, Editorial Director at Wiley, for his relentless support for our textbook project and Shummy Metilda, Production Editor at Wiley, for enforcing the publication deadline. Last but not least, we extend our sincere gratitude, love, and appreciation to our family members for their support through the years. Finally, we would like to salute the people of developing countries for their rational use of energy in their daily activities, sacrificing their comfort for the rest of the world.

– Yebo Li and Samir Kumar Khanal

Acknowledgments

The following individuals helped us in reviewing the book chapters.

Dulal Borthakur, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

Thomas Canam, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA

Shaoqing Cui, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Xumeng Ge, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Lee Jakeway, Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company, Puunene, HI, USA

Harold Keener, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Long Lin, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Xiaolan Luo, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Ned Mast, Green Arrow Engineering, LLC, Wooster, OH, USA

Venkata Mohan, CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR‐IICT), Hyderabad, India

Sue Nokes, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Deepak Pant, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Antwerp, Belgium

Stephen Park, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Ratanachat (Siam) Racharaks, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Troy Runge, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

Ajay Shah, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Vijay Singh, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

Juliana Vasco‐Correa, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Caixia Wan, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

Mary Wicks, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Fuqing Xu, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Liangcheng Yang, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA

Julia Yao, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

SKK is particularly thankful to the following colleagues who supported/hosted him during the preparation of the textbook:

Hyeun‐Jong Bae, National Chonnam University, Gwangju, South Korea

Piyarat Boonsawang, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand

GuangHao Chen, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

Wen‐Hsing (Albert) Chen, Ilan National University, Yilan City, Taiwan

Berhanu Demessie, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Akhilendra Bhusan Gupta, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India

Zhen Hu, Shandong University, Jinan, China

JaeWoo Lee, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

Po‐Heng (Henry) Lee, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Xie (Sally) Li, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Hui Lu, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China

Hans Oechsner, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

Juan Camilo Acevedo Paez, Universidad de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia

Ashok Pandey, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Punjab, India

About the Companion Website

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/Li/Bioenergy

The website includes:

Figures

Tables

Scan this QR code to visit the companion website

SECTION IBioenergy Fundamentals

CHAPTER 1Introduction to Bioenergy

Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li

What is included in this chapter?

This chapter provides an introduction to non‐renewable and renewable energy resources. Different forms of non‐renewable and renewable energy and their current demand/consumption are discussed. An overview of bioenergy, its merits and demerits, and current status are also presented.

1.1 Energy

Our modern society depends on energy for nearly everything, including our basic needs that we often take for granted (e.g., to supply drinking water, produce food, and even provide air in some cases). Whether we admit it or not, we are addicted to energy in order to power appliances, light our homes, streets, and offices, and, perhaps more importantly, power the advanced technological gadgets we keep in our pockets. Many of the things we commonly overlook, like our vast transportation networks, are heavily reliant on an abundant and consistent supply of energy. Yet energy, in the form of electricity and fuel, is not as ubiquitous worldwide as it is in the USA and Western Europe. In many rural areas of developing countries, energy is derived from burning wood and local biomass resources, and the ability to secure energy consistently has significant socio‐economic implications affecting the quality of life for local communities. In all cases, in both developing and developed nations, energy is essential for the growth, prosperity, and well‐being of society.

Sustainability (i.e., meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the needs of those in the future) is another key issue of great concern caused by the rapidly growing global population and the corresponding increase in energy demand. As of October 2011, the world population reached 7.0 billion, and the United Nations projects that the population will continue to grow to 10.1 billion by the end of the twenty‐first century (UNFPA, 2011). Standards of living are also on the rise, particularly in developing countries, a fact that is expected to contribute significantly to increased energy consumption and the stress already being placed on our diminishing non‐renewable resources (i.e., fossil fuels), which currently meet over 85% of primary energy demands.