Biofilms in Bioelectrochemical Systems E-Book

Haluk Beyenal

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 773

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This book serves as a manual of research techniques for electrochemically active biofilm research. Using examples from real biofilm research to illustrate the techniques used for electrochemically active biofilms, this book is of most use to researchers and educators studying microbial fuel cell and bioelectrochemical systems. The book emphasizes the theoretical principles of bioelectrochemistry, experimental procedures and tools useful in quantifying electron transfer processes in biofilms, and mathematical modeling of electron transfer in biofilms. It is divided into three sections:

• Biofilms: Microbiology and microbioelectrochemistry - Focuses on the microbiologic aspect of electrochemically active biofilms and details the key points of biofilm preparation and electrochemical measurement
• Electrochemical techniques to study electron transfer processes - Focuses on electrochemical characterization and data interpretation, highlighting key factors in the experimental procedures that affect reproducibility
• Applications - Focuses on applications of electrochemically active biofilms and development of custom tools to study electrochemically active biofilms. Chapters detail how to build the reactors for applications and measure parameters

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

COVER

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT

CONTRIBUTORS LIST

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILM PREPARATION AND REACTOR CONFIGURATIONS

1.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING EXTRACELLULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS

1.4 COUPLED TECHNIQUES

1.5 MODELING ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS

1.6 CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH ON ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS

1.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CULTURING Geobacter BIOFILMS IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS AND OTHER BIOELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2

Geobacter

-DRIVEN BES

2.3 STANDARD PROTOCOL TO CULTURE IN BES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3: MICROBIAL COMMUNITY CHARACTERIZATION ON POLARIZED ELECTRODE SURFACES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 NUCLEIC ACID-BASED ANALYSES

3.3 ANALYSIS OF BIOFILM BIOMASS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRODE-ASSOCIATED BIOMASS AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 PROTOCOLS

4.3 PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5: BIOFILM ELECTROCHEMISTRY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 INSTRUMENTATION

5.3 BASICS OF CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

5.4 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY CASE STUDIES

5.5 ANODIC BIOFILMS

5.6 CATHODIC BIOFILMS

5.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6: THEORY OF REDOX CONDUCTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT RATES THROUGH ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS

6.1 THEORY

6.2 EXPERIMENTAL

6.3 CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7: ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY IN LIVING BIOFILMS: PHYSICAL MEANING, MECHANISMS, AND MEASUREMENT METHODS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 PHYSICAL MEANING OF ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY

7.3 METHODS TO MEASURE CONDUCTIVITY

7.4 METHODS TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING BIOFILM CONDUCTIVITY

7.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8: ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY AS A POWERFUL ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR THE STUDY OF MICROBIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS AND PARAMETERS FOR APPLICATION OF EIS

8.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL TO ENSURE DATA VALIDITY

8.4 DATA ANALYSIS

8.5 EXAMPLES OF EIS APPLICATIONS IN MXC

8.6 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9: MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF EXTRACELLULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER IN BIOFILMS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 GENERAL MODEL FORMULATION

9.3 MODEL IMPLEMENTATION

9.4 EXAMPLE MODEL APPLICATION: A

SHEWANELLA ONEIDENSIS

BIOFILM

9.5 MODEL SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

9.6 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10: APPLICATIONS OF BIOELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY HARVESTING IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 DESIGN OF UNDERWATER MICROBIAL FUEL CELL DEVICES

10.3 MARINE APPLICATIONS

10.4 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11: LARGE-SCALE BENTHIC MICROBIAL FUEL CELL CONSTRUCTION, DEPLOYMENT, AND OPERATION

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A BOAT-DEPLOYED BMFC

11.3 CATHODE CONSTRUCTION

11.4 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

INDEX

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE BIOFILMS

Figure 1.1 EABs can be studied using four different configurations: (a) an MFC with an anode and a cathode; (b) an MFC with an anode, a cathode, and a reference electrode (RE) used to monitor individual electrode potentials (against the RE); (c) a BES with a biofilm electrode (BE), an isolated supporting electrode (SE), and an RE connected to a potentiostat; and (d) a BES with all three electrodes immersed in the same solution.

Figure 1.2 Current generation by

Shewanella oneidensis

MR-1 biofilm on a graphite electrode under anaerobic conditions in the reactor configuration shown in Figure 1.1c. The current increased steadily over a period of 9 days. The polarization potential was 0 mV

Ag/AgCl

.

Figure 1.3 An SEM image of cells growing on an electrode.

Figure 1.4 Redox potential inside a

Shewanella oneidensis

MR-1 biofilm grown on a graphite electrode.

Figure 1.5 (a) Diagram of a hydrogen peroxide microelectrode. (b) Hydrogen peroxide concentration measured approximately 100 µm above a glassy carbon electrode during a CV scan. The inset shows current versus hydrogen peroxide concentration.

Figure 1.6 Potential losses at both the anode and the cathode restrict the amount of power that remains for the MFC when a resistor is connected. Activation, ohmic, and concentration losses reduce the anode and cathode potentials, lowering the cell potential from the maximum at OCP. The distances on the line are not drawn to scale.

Figure 1.7 (a) Schematic of a laboratory seawater SMFC constructed using ocean sediment and seawater. (b) Anode and cathode potentials of the seawater SMFC over time. Shaded areas represent time periods during electrochemical characterization. Note that once the OCP values of the anode and the cathode had been observed, they were connected across a 108-kΩ resistor until a stable cell potential was observed. The resistor value was then systematically reduced to a final value of 180 Ω, with the goal of maintaining the operating potential of the SMFC around 0.4 V.

Figure 1.8 Cyclic voltammograms of the anode, acclimated cathode, and unacclimated cathode. The scan rate was 1 mV s

−1

.

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CULTURING Geobacter BIOFILMS IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS AND OTHER BIOELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

Figure 2.1 (a) Stages in the development of an anode biofilm by

G. sulfurreducens

coupled to current production (red symbols) and acetate utilization (shown as decrease in acetate concentration, blue symbols) in an MEC. After an initial adhesion phase, the attached cells grow exponentially on the anode electrode coupling the oxidation of the electron donor (acetate) to current production (exponential phase). Once the electron donor concentration decreases to growth-limiting levels, the biofilm cells enter stationary phase, the biofilm stops growing, and current production declines until all the residual acetate has been utilized (deceleration phase). (b) CLSM micrograph (200 × 200 µm

2

field) of an acetate-fed anode biofilm is ∼10 µm thick examined at the end of the experiment (3.7 days). The anode biofilm was grown using the standard cultivation medium described in Table 2.1 and incubating the MEC at 30 °C.

Figure 2.2 Schematic of a two-chambered MFC or an MEC configuration, both having an anode electrode (AE), where

Geobacter

biofilms catalyze the oxidation of the electron donor (D

re

to D

ox

). A proton-exchange membrane separates the two chambers to allow the diffusion of protons (H

+

) from the anode to the cathode chamber. In the MFC, the anode electrode is wired directly to the cathode electrode (CE), and the amount of electrons (e

−

) generated by the anode biofilms is dependent on the reduction potential of the electron acceptor (reaction A

ox

to A

re

) used as catholyte. In the MEC, the cathode limitation is bypassed using a potentiostat, which sets a constant potential of the anode electrode versus a reference electrode (RE) and allows the H and the e to combine on the cathode electrode to generate H.