Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and MIPv6 E-Book

Daniel Minoli

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 674

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

"If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help from us—we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss, and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potential to change the world, just as the Internet did. Maybe even more so."
—Kevin Ashton, originator of the term, Internet of Things

An examination of the concept and unimagined potential unleashed by the Internet of Things (IoT) with IPv6 and MIPv6

What is the Internet of Things? How can it help my organization? What is the cost of deploying such a system? What are the security implications? Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and MIPv6: The Evolving World of M2M Communications answers these questions and many more.

This essential book explains the concept and potential that the IoT presents, from mobile applications that allow home appliances to be programmed remotely, to solutions in manufacturing and energy conservation. It features a tutorial for implementing the IoT using IPv6 and Mobile IPv6 and offers complete chapter coverage that explains:

• What is the Internet of Things?
• Internet of Things definitions and frameworks
• Internet of Things application examples
• Fundamental IoT mechanisms and key technologies
• Evolving IoT standards
• Layer 1/2 connectivity: wireless technologies for the IoT
• Layer 3 connectivity: IPv6 technologies for the IoT
• IPv6 over low power WPAN (6lowpan)

Easily accessible, applicable, and not overly technical, Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and MIPv6 is an important resource for Internet and ISP providers, telecommunications companies, wireless providers, logistics professionals, and engineers in equipment development, as well as graduate students in computer science and computer engineering courses.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

About the Author

Chapter 1: What is The Internet of Things?

1.1 OVERVIEW AND MOTIVATIONS

1.2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS

1.3 IPv6 ROLE

1.4 AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

APPENDIX 1.A: SOME RELATED LITERATURE

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Internet of Things Definitions and Frameworks

2.1 IoT DEFINITIONS

2.2 IoT FRAMEWORKS

2.3 BASIC NODAL CAPABILITIES

REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Internet of Things Application Examples

3.1 OVERVIEW

3.2 SMART METERING/ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE

3.3 e-HEALTH/BODY AREA NETWORKS

3.4 CITY AUTOMATION

3.5 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

3.6 HOME AUTOMATION

3.7 SMART CARDS

3.8 TRACKING (FOLLOWING AND MONITORING MOBILE OBJECTS)

3.9 OVER-THE-AIR-PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE/RING OF STEEL

3.10 CONTROL APPLICATION EXAMPLES

3.11 MYRIAD OTHER APPLICATIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Fundamental IoT Mechanisms and Key Technologies

4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IoT OBJECTS AND SERVICES

4.2 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE IoT

4.3 KEY IoT TECHNOLOGIES

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Evolving IoT Standards

5.1 OVERVIEW AND APPROACHES

5.2 IETF IPv6 ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR RPL ROLL

5.3 CONSTRAINED APPLICATION PROTOCOL (CoAP)

5.4 REPRESENTATIONAL STATE TRANSFER (REST)

5.5 ETSI M2M

5.6 THIRD-GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE-TYPE COMMUNICATIONS

5.7 CENELEC

5.8 IETF IPv6 OVER LOWPOWER WPAN (6LoWPAN)

5.9 ZigBee IP (ZIP)

5.10 IP IN SMART OBJECTS (IPSO)

APPENDIX 5.A: LEGACY SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEMS

IEC 60870-5 SERIES

DNP3

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Layer 1/2 Connectivity: Wireless Technologies for the IoT

6.1 WPAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR IoT/M2M

6.2 CELLULAR AND MOBILE NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES FOR IoT/M2M

APPENDIX 6.A: NON-WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR IoT: POWERLINE COMMUNICATIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Layer 3 Connectivity: IPv6 Technologies for the IoT

7.1 OVERVIEW AND MOTIVATIONS

7.2 ADDRESS CAPABILITIES

7.3 IPv6 PROTOCOL OVERVIEW

7.4 IPv6 TUNNELING

7.5 IPsec IN IPv6

7.6 HEADER COMPRESSION SCHEMES

7.7 QUALITY OF SERVICE IN IPv6

7.8 MIGRATION STRATEGIES TO IPv6

REFERENCES

Chapter 8: LAYER 3 CONNECTIVITY: MOBILE IPv6 TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE IoT

8.1 OVERVIEW

8.2 PROTOCOL DETAILS

REFERENCES

Chapter 9: IPv6 Over Low-Power WPAN (6Lowpan)

9.1 BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION

9.2 6LoWPANS GOALS

9.3 TRANSMISSION OF IPv6 PACKETS OVER IEEE 802.15.4

REFERENCES

Glossary

REFERENCES

Index

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Minoli, Daniel, 1952–  Building the internet of things (IoT) with IPv6 and MIPv6 / Daniel Minoli.   pages cm  ISBN 978-1-118-47347-4 (hardback) 1. Embedded Internet devices. 2. Internet of things. 3. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) 4. Mobile computing.  I. Title.  TK7895.E43M56 2013  004.6′2–dc23 2012049072

For Anna

PREFACE

The proliferation of an enlarged gamut of devices able to be directly connected to the Internet is leading to a new ubiquitous-computing paradigm: the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is a new type of Internet application that endeavors to make the thing's information (whatever that may be) available on a global scale. It has two attributes: (i) being an Internet application, and (ii) dealing with thing's information. The IoT is predicated on the expansion of the scope, network reach, and possibly even architecture of Internet through the inclusion of physical, instrumented objects. IoT aims at providing smarter services to the environment or the end-user as more in situ, transferable data becomes available. Thus, the IoT is seen as a new-generation information network that realizes machine-to-machine communication. The IoT eliminates time and space isolation between geographical space and virtual space, forming what proponents label as “smart geographical space,” and creating new human–environment relationships. The latter implies that the IoT can advance the goal of integration of human beings and their surroundings. Applications range from energy efficiency to logistics, and many more.

At the “low end” of the spectrum, the thing's information is typically coded by the Unique Identification (UID) and/or Electronic Product Code (EPC); the information is (typically) stored in a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) electronic tag; and, the information is uploaded by noncontact reading using an RFID reader. More generally, smart cards (SCs) will also play an important role in IoT; SCs typically incorporate a microprocessor and storage. At the mid-range of the spectrum one finds devices with embedded intelligence (microprocessors) and embedded active wireless capabilities to perform a variety of data gathering and possibly control functions. On-body biomedical sensors (supporting body area networks), home appliance and power management, and industrial control are some examples of these applications. At the other end of the spectrum, more sophisticated sensors can be employed in the IoT: some of these sensor approaches use distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) systems that can collect, process, and forward a wide variety of environmental data such as temperature, atmospheric and environmental chemical content, or even low or high resolution ambient video images from geographic dispersed locations; these objects may span a city, region, or large distribution grid.

The IoT is receiving a large amount of interest on the part of researchers, with thousands of papers published on this topic in the recent past. While specific applications have existed for several years, perhaps supported on private enterprise networks, Internet-based systems along with system supporting a broader application scope are now beginning to be deployed. The capabilities offered by IP Version 6 (IPv6) are critical to the wide-spread deployment of the technology.

This text aims at exploring these evolving trends and offering practical suggestions of how these technologies can be implemented in the service provider networks to support cost-effective applications, and how new revenue-generating services could be brought to the market. All the latest physical layer, MAC layer, and upper layer IoT and Machine to Machine (M2M) protocols are discussed.

Planners are asking questions such as: What is the Internet of Things? How does M2M apply? How can it help my specific operation? What is the cost of deploying such a system? Will standardization help? What are the security implications? This text addresses the following IoT aspects: evolving wireless standards, especially low energy and medical applications; IPv6 technologies; Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) technologies; applications; key underlying technologies for IoT applications; implementation approaches; implementation challenges; and mid-range and long-range opportunities.

More specifically, the text reviews the latest technologies, the emerging commercial applications (especially health care), and the recently evolving standards, including all layers of the protocol stack applicable to IoT/M2M. The text focuses on extensively IPv6, MIPv6, and 6LowPAN/RPL and argues that the IoT/M2M may be the killer app for IPv6. It covers the latest standards supporting the IoT and the M2M applications, including home area networking (HAN), AMI, IEEE 802.15.4, 6LowPAN/RPL, Smart Energy 2.0, ETSI M2M, ZigBee IP (ZIP); ZigBee Personal Home and Hospital Care (PHHC) Profile; IP in Smart Objects (IPSO); BLE; IEEE 802.15.6 wireless body area networks (WBAN); IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 4j (TG4j) medical body area networks; ETSI TR 101 557; near field communication (NFC); dedicated short-range communications (DSRC)/WAVE and related protocols; the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL)/Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL); IETF Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP); IETF Constrained RESTful environments (CoRE); 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Machine-Type Communications (MTC); long term evolution (LTE) cellular systems; and IEEE 1901.

This text covers the latest standards supporting IoT/M2M from the perspective of Body Area Network/E-health/Assistive Technologies; it also covers over-the-air surveillance, object tracking, smart grid, smart cards, and home automation.

This is believed to be the first book on MIPv6 with applications to the IoT, especially in a mobile context. This work will be of interest to technology investors; planners with carriers and service providers; CTOs; logistics professionals; engineers at equipment developers; technology integrators; Internet and Internet Service Providers (ISP); and telcos, and wireless providers, both domestically and in the rest of the world.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Among other activities, Mr. Minoli has done extensive work in Internet engineering, design, and implementation over the years. The results presented in this book are based on the foundation work done while at Telcordia, NYU, Stevens Institute of Technology, Rutgers University, AT&T, and other engineering firms, starting in the early 1990s and continuing to the present. Some of his Internet- and wireless-related work that plays a role in the deployment of the Internet of Things has been documented in books he has authored, including:

Internet and Intranet Engineering (McGraw-Hill, 1997)Internet Architectures (co-authored) (Wiley, 1999)Hotspot Networks: Wi-Fi for Public Access Locations (McGraw-Hill, 2002)Wireless Sensor Networks (co-authored) (Wiley 2007)Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Methodologies For Institutional & Corporate Networks (co-authored) (Auerbach, 2008)Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment (Francis and Taylor 2009)Mobile Video with Mobile IPv6 (Wiley 2012)

Mr. Minoli has many years of technical hands-on and managerial experience in planning, designing, deploying, and operating IP/IPv6, telecom, wireless, satellite, and video networks, and Data Center systems and subsystems for global Best-In-Class carriers and financial companies. He has worked on advanced network deployments at financial firms such as AIG, Prudential Securities, Capital One Financial, and service provider firms such as Network Analysis Corporation, Bell Telephone Laboratories, ITT DTS/Worldcom, Bell Communications Research (now Telcordia), AT&T, Leading Edge Networks Inc., SES, and other institutions. In the recent past, Mr. Minoli has been responsible for (i) the development and deployment of IPTV systems, (ii) the development and deployment of terrestrial and mobile IP-based networking services; (iii) deployments of large aperture antenna at teleports in the United States and abroad; (iv) deployment of satellite monitoring services worldwide using IP/MPLS services; and (v) IPv6 services. He also played a founding role in the launching of two companies through the high tech incubator Leading Edge Networks Inc., which he ran in the early 2000s: Global Wireless Services, a provider of secure broadband hotspot mobile Internet and hotspot VoIP services; and, InfoPort Communications Group, an optical and Gigabit Ethernet metropolitan carrier supporting Data Center/SAN/channel extension and cloud network access services. For several years, he has been Session, Tutorial, and more recently overall Technical Program Chair for the IEEE ENTNET (Enterprise Networking) conference; ENTNET focuses on enterprise networking and security requirements for large financial firms and other corporate institutions.

Mr. Minoli has also written columns for ComputerWorld, NetworkWorld, and Network Computing (1985–2006). He has taught at New York University (Information Technology Institute), Rutgers University, and Stevens Institute of Technology (1984–2006). Also, he was a Technology Analyst At-Large, for Gartner/DataPro (1985–2001); based on extensive hand-on work at financial firms and carriers, he tracked technologies and wrote CTO/CIO-level technical scans in the area of telephony and data systems, including topics on security, disaster recovery, network management, LANs, WANs (ATM and MPLS), wireless (LAN and public hotspot), VoIP, network design/economics, carrier networks (such as metro Ethernet and CWDM/DWDM), and e-commerce. Over the years, he has advised Venture Capitals for investments of $150M in a dozen high tech companies.

Mr. Minoli has also acted as Expert Witness in a (won) $11B lawsuit regarding a VoIP-based wireless Air-to-Ground radio communication system for airplane in-cabin services, as well as for a large lawsuit related to digital scanning and transmission of bank documents/instruments (such as checks). He has also been engaged as a technical expert in a number of patent infringement proceedings in the digital imaging and VoIP space supporting law firms such as Schiff Hardin LLP, Fulbright & Jaworski LLP, Dimock Stratton LLP/Smart & Biggar LLP, and Baker & McKenzie LLP, among others.

CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?

1.1 OVERVIEW AND MOTIVATIONS

The proliferation of an ever-growing set of devices able to be directly connected to the Internet is leading to a new ubiquitous-computing paradigm. Indeed, the Internet—its deployment and its use—has experienced significant growth in the past four decades, evolving from a network of a few hundred hosts (in its ARPAnet form) to a platform capable of linking billions of entities globally. Initially, the Internet connected institutional hosts and accredited terminals via specially developed gateways (routers). More recently, the Internet has connected servers of all kinds to users of all kinds seeking access to information and applications of all kinds. Now, with social media, it intuitively and effectively connects all sorts of people to people, and to virtual communities. The growth of the Internet shows no signs of slowing down, and it is steadily becoming the infrastructure fabric of choice for a new paradigm for all-inclusive pervasive computing and communications. The next evolution is to connect all “things” and objects that have (or will soon have) embedded wireless (or wireline) connectivity to control systems that support data collection, data analysis, decision-making, and (remote) actuation. “Things” include, but are not limited to, machinery, home appliances, vehicles, individual persons, pets, cattle, animals, habitats, habitat occupants, as well as enterprises. Interactions are achieved utilizing a plethora of possibly different networks; computerized devices of various functions, form factors, sizes, and capabilities such as iPads, smartphones, monitoring nodes, sensors, and tags; and a gamut of host application servers.

This new paradigm seeks to enhance the traditional Internet into a smart Internet of Things (IoT) created around intelligent interconnections of diverse objects in the physical world. In the IoT, commonly deployed devices and objects contain an embedded device or microprocessor that can be accessed by some communication mechanism, typically utilizing wireless links. The IoT aims at closing the gap between objects in the material world, the “things,” and their logical representation in information systems. It is perceived by proponents as the “next-generation network (NGN) of the Internet.” Thus, the IoT is a new type of Internet application that endeavors to make the thing's information (whatever that may be) available on a global scale using the Internet as the underlying connecting fabric (although other interconnection data networks, besides the Internet, can also be used such as private local area networks and/or wide area networks). The IoT has two attributes: (i) being an Internet application and (ii) dealing with the thing's information. The term Internet of Things was coined and first used by Kevin Ashton over a decade ago1 (1). The “things” are also variously known as “objects,” “devices,” “end nodes,” “remotes,” or “remote sensors,” to list just a few commonly used terms.

The IoT generally utilizes low cost information gathering and dissemination devices—such as sensors and tags—that facilitate fast-paced interactions in any place and at any time, among the objects themselves, as well as among objects and people. Actuators are also part of the IoT. Hence, the IoT can be described as a new-generation information network that enables seamless and continuous machine-to-machine (M2M)2 and/or human-to-machine (H2M) communication. One of the initial goals of the IoT is to enable connectivity for the various “things”; a next goal is to be able to have the “thing” provide back appropriate, application-specific telemetry; an intermediary next step is to provide a web-based interface to the “thing” (especially when human access is needed); the final step is to permit actuation by the “thing” (i.e., to cause a function or functions to take place). Certain “things” are stationary, such as an appliance in a home; other “things” may be in motion, such as a car or a carton (or even an item within the carton) in a supply chain environment (either end-to-end, or while in an intermediary warehouse).

At the “low end” of the spectrum, the thing's information is typically coded by the unique identification (UID) and/or electronic product code (EPC); the information is (typically) stored in a radio frequency identification (RFID) electronic tag; and, the information is uploaded by noncontact reading using an RFID reader. In fact, UID and RFID have been mandated by the Department of Defense (DoD) for all their suppliers to modernize their global supply chain; RFID and EPC were also mandated by Wal-Mart to all their suppliers as of January 1, 2006, and many other commercial establishments have followed suit since then. More generally, smart cards (SCs) will also play an important role in IoT; SCs typically incorporate a microprocessor and storage.

At the “mid range” of the spectrum, one finds devices with embedded intelligence (microprocessors) and embedded active wireless capabilities to perform a variety of data gathering and possibly control functions. On-body biomedical sensors, home appliance and power management, and industrial control are some examples of these applications.