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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Wiley - IEEE
- Sprache: Englisch
A systematic and comprehensive introduction to electromagnetic transient in cable systems, written by the internationally renowned pioneer in this field * Presents a systematic and comprehensive introduction to electromagnetic transient in cable systems * Written by the internationally renowned pioneer in the field * Thorough coverage of the state of the art on the topic, presented in a well-organized, logical style, from fundamentals and practical applications * A companion website is available
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Seitenzahl: 469
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Various Cables Used in Practice
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Land Cables
1.3 Submarine Cables
1.4 Laying Configurations
References
Chapter 2: Impedance and Admittance Formulas
2.1 Single-core Coaxial Cable (SC Cable)
2.2 Pipe-enclosed Type Cable (PT Cable)
2.3 Arbitrary Cross-section Conductor
2.4 Semiconducting Layer Impedance
2.5 Discussion of the Formulation
2.6 EMTP Subroutines “Cable Constants” and “Cable Parameters”
Appendix 2.AImpedance of an SC Cable Consisting of a Core, a Sheath and an Armor
Appendix 2.BPotential Coefficient
Appendix 2.CInternal Impedances of Arbitrary Cross-section Conductor
Appendix 2.DDerivation of Semiconducting Layer Impedance
References
Chapter 3: Theory of Wave Propagation in Cables
3.1 Modal Theory
3.2 Basic Characteristics of Wave Propagation on Single-phase SC Cables
3.3 Three-phase Underground SC Cables
3.4 Effect of Various Parameters of an SC Cable
3.5 Cross-bonded Cable
3.6 PT Cable
3.7 Propagation Characteristics of Intersheath Modes
References
Chapter 4: Cable Modeling for Transient Simulations
4.1 Sequence Impedances Using a Lumped PI-circuit Model
4.2 Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) Cable Models for Transient Simulations
4.3 Dommel Model
4.4 Semlyen Frequency-dependent Model
4.5 Marti Model
4.6 Latest Frequency-dependent Models
References
Chapter 5: Basic Characteristics of Transients on Single-phase Cables
5.1 Single-core Coaxial (SC) Cable
5.2 Pipe-enclosed Type (PT) Cable – Effect of Eccentricity
5.3 Effect of a Semiconducting Layer on a Transient
References
Chapter 6: Transient on Three-phase Cables in a Real System
6.1 Cross-bonded Cable
6.2
Tunnel-installed 275 kV Cable
6.3 Cable Installed Underneath a Bridge
6.4 Cable Modeling in EMTP Simulations
6.5 Pipe-enclosed Type (PT) Cable
6.6 Gas-insulated Substation (GIS) – Overhead Cables
Appendix 6.A
Appendix 6.B
References
Chapter 7: Examples of Cable System Transients
7.1 Reactive Power Compensation
7.2 Temporary Overvoltages
7.3 Slow-front Overvoltages
7.4 Leading Current Interruption
7.5 Zero-missing Phenomenon
7.6 Cable Discharge
References
Chapter 8: Cable Transient in Distributed Generation System
8.1 Transient Simulation of Wind Farm
8.2 Transients in a Solar Plant
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Various Cables Used in Practice
Figure 1.1 Five principles for the future grid expansion (from [2])
Figure 1.2 Grid expansion plan based on Principle C (from [2])
Figure 1.3 Single-core XLPE cable. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.4 Stranded conductor. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.5 Segmental conductor. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.6 Copper wire sheath. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.7 SCOF cable. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.8 HPOF cable. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.9 HVAC submarine cable. Courtesy of VISCAS Corporation
Figure 1.10 MI cable. Courtesy of Nexans
Figure 1.11 Flat formation (a) and trefoil formation (b)
Figure 1.12 Solid bonding
Figure 1.13 Solid bonding of a submarine cable
Figure 1.14 Single-point bonding (two sections)
Figure 1.15 Single-point bonding (two sections) with ECC and SVLs
Figure 1.16 Cross bonding (three sections)
Figure 1.17 Continuous sheath voltage in a major section of a cross-bonded cable
Figure 1.18 Cross bonding (three sections) with ECC and SVLs
Figure 1.19 Combination of cross bonding and single-point bonding
Chapter 2: Impedance and Admittance Formulas
Figure 2.1 An SC cable system: (a) SC cable cross section; and (b) system configuration
Figure 2.2 A PT cable
Figure 2.3 (a) Arbitrary cross-section conductor and (b) its equivalent cylindrical conductor
Figure 2.4 (a) Test circuit for cable A; (b) cross section of cable A; and (c) equivalent PT cable
Figure 2.5 CSZV cable: (a) cross section; and (b) equivalent cylindrical conductors
Figure 2.6 (a) Cross section of cable C; and (b) cross section of equivalent circular conductors
Figure 2.7 Calculated results by FEM (—) and approximate method (o) for cable C: (a) self-impedance ; and (b) mutual impedance
Z
m
=
R
m
+
jωL
m
Figure 2.8 Cross section of a two-layered conductor
Figure 2.9 Outer surface impedance of a solid two-layered conductor : (a) resistance vs. frequency; and (b) inductance vs. frequency. Case 1: Two-layered conductor: . Case 2: Inner conductor only: . Case 3: Outer conductor only:
a
=
b
= 9.9 cm,
c
= 10 cm,
ρ
= 10
−4
Ωm
Figure 2.10 Outer surface impedance of a hollow two-layered conductor: (a) resistance vs. frequency; and (b) inductance vs. frequency. Case 1: Two-layered conductor: . Case 2: Inner conductor only: . Case 3: Outer conductor only:
a
=
b
= 1.25 cm,
c
= 1.5 cm,
ρ
= 10
−5
Ωm
Figure 2.11 Cross section of an underground XLPE cable
Figure 2.12 Conductor internal impedance. Real part (top) and imaginary part (bottom): (a) as a function of resistivity ; and (b) as a function of thickness
d
(
ρ
= 0.01 Ωm)
Figure 2.13 Propagation constants of the coaxial mode of an underground cable . Attenuation constant (top), velocity (middle), and characteristic impedance (real part) (bottom): (a) as a function of resistivity ; and (b) as a function of frequency . Case 0: no semiconducting layer. Case 1: . Case 2: . Case 3:
ρ
= 100 Ωm
Figure 2.14 Frequency characteristic of coaxial mode : (a) attenuation constant; (b) velocity; and (c) characteristic impedance (real part) as a function of frequency. Case 1: neglecting the semiconducting layer impedance. Case 2: considering the semiconducting layer impedance
Figure 2.15 Effect of pipe thickness on the pipe inner surface impedance
Figure 2.16 Susceptances (imaginary ) of (A) underground and (B) overhead SC cables
Figure 2.17 Effect of sheath and armor on the internal impedances of SC cables. A, Core and its outer insulator; B, core, sheath and its outer insulator: and C, core, sheath, armor and its outer insulator
Figure 2.A.1 An equivalent circuit for impedances of an SC cable
Figure 2.B.1 An equivalent circuit for admittance of an SC cable
Figure 2.D.1 (a) Two-layered coaxial cylindrical conductor and (b) cylindrical coordinate
Chapter 3: Theory of Wave Propagation in Cables
Figure 3.1 A distributed-parameter circuit
Figure 3.2 Current direction for Z- and Y-parameters
Figure 3.3 Cross-section of an underground SC cable
Figure 3.4 Modal current distribution along an SC cable
Figure 3.5 Modal step responses of an underground SC cable with length of
x
= 30 km
Figure 3.6 A three-phase underground SC cable: (a) arrangement (flat); and (b) cross-section
Figure 3.7 Frequency dependence of modal characteristic impedance
Figure 3.8 Three-phase cable arrangement: (a) trefoil; and (b) vertical
Figure 3.9 Cross-bonded cable with one major section
Figure 3.10 Cross-bonded cable system with “
m
” major sections
Figure 3.11 Two major sections
Figure 3.12 One major section with one more cross-bonding joint
Figure 3.13 Equivalent lumped-parameter circuit
Figure 3.14 Tunnel-installed three-phase cable: (a) cable configuration; and (b) cross-section of a phase cable:
Figure 3.15 Configuration of a buried cable
Figure 3.16 Frequency responses of modal (a) attenuation and (b) propagation velocity on a solidly bonded cable
Figure 3.17 A three-phase underground PT cable
Figure 3.18 Propagation constants on a PT cable with symmentrically arranged three-phase cores (): (a) attenuation vs. frequency; and (b) propagation velocity vs. frequency
Figure 3.19 A PT cable with an asymmetrical configuration of inner conductors
Figure 3.20 Propagation constants on a PT cable with asymmetrically arranged three-phase cores (): (a) attenuation vs. frequency; and (b) propagation velocity vs. frequency
Figure 3.21 A PT cable with inner conductors consisting of a core and sheath
Figure 3.22 Propagation constants on a PT cable with symmetrically arranged three-phase SC cable consisting of a core and a metallic sheath : (a) attenuation vs. frequency; and (b) propagation velocity vs. frequency
Figure 3.23 An overhead pipe-type cable
Figure 3.24 Frequency characteristic of coaxial mode impedance
z
c
: (a) resistance vs. frequency; and (b) inductance vs. frequency
Figure 3.25 Frequency response of characteristic impedance
z
c
: (a)
Z
011
; and (b)
z
oc
Figure 3.26 Frequency characteristic of coaxial mode propagation constant: (a) attenuation constant vs. frequency; and (b) velocity vs. frequency
Figure 3.27 Effect of the permittivity of the pipe inner insulator corresponding to Figure 3.18: (a) attenuation vs. frequency; and (b) propagation velocity vs. frequency
Figure 3.28 Intersheath mode circuits: (a) first intersheath mode (mode 1); and (b) second intersheath mode (mode 2)
Figure 3.29 Equivalent intersheath mode circuits to those in Figure 3.28: (a) first intersheath mode; and (b) second intersheath mode
Figure 3.30 Underground three-phase XLPE cable: (a) cable cross section; and (b) conductor arrangement
Figure 3.31 Theoretical waveforms for the first intersheath mode: Case 1-0: (a) sending-end currents; (b) sending-end voltages; and (c) receiving-end voltages
Figure 3.32 Theoretical current and voltage waveforms for the second intersheath mode: Case 2-0: (a) sending-end currents; (b) phase-a voltages; and (c) phase-c voltages
Figure 3.33 EMTP simulation results for Case 3-0 when the voltage source in Figure 3.28b is being grounded corresponding to Figure 3.32: (a) sending-end currents; (b) phase-a voltages; and (c) phase-c voltages
Figure 3.34 EMTP simulation results for Case 2-S equivalent to a current source corresponding to Figure 3.32 (Case 2-0): (a) phase-a voltages; (b) phase-a currents; and (c) phase-c currents
Figure 3.35 Cross-bonded cable system with “
m
” major sections
Figure 3.36 Transient currents and voltages associated with the first intersheath mode (mode 1) on a 6 km solidly bonded cable: Case 1N-21: (a) sending-end currents; (b) sending-end voltages; and (c) receiving-end voltages
Figure 3.37 Transient currents and voltages associated with the first intersheath mode (mode 1) on a 6 km cross-bonded cable: Case 1X-21: (a) sending-end currents; (b) sending-end voltages; and (c) receiving-end voltages
Figure 3.38 Transient currents and voltages associated with the second intersheath mode (mode 2) on a 6 km cross-bonded cable: Case 1X-22: (a) sending-end currents; (b) sending-end voltages; and (c) receiving-end voltages
Figure 3.39 Frequency responses of modal (a) attenuation and (b) propagation velocity on the homogeneous model of a cross-bonded cable corresponding to Figure 3.16
Figure 3.40 Transient currents and voltages on a 6 km cross-bonded cable: Case 1X-1.(a) , (b) , and (c)
.
(—) Original cross-bonded cable; (---) homogeneous model
Figure 3.41 Transient currents and voltages associated with the first intersheath mode on a 18 km cross-bonded cable: Case 2X-21: (a) sending-end currents; (b) phase-a voltages; (c) phase-b voltages; and (d) phase-c voltages
Figure 3.42 Transient currents and voltages on a 18 km cross-bonded cable: Case 2X-1. (a) , (b) , and (c)
.
(—) Original cross-bonded cable; (---) homogeneous model
Figure 3.43 Transient currents and voltages of the earth-return mode: (a) solidly bonded cable: Case ; (b) one-major cross-bonded cable: Case ; and (c) three-major cross-bonded cable: Case
Chapter 4: Cable Modeling for Transient Simulations
Figure 4.1 One cable case
Figure 4.2 Single-core three-phase cable case
Figure 4.3 Cross-bonded cable case
Figure 4.4 Setup for measuring sequence currents for a solidly bonded cable: (a) positive-sequence current; and (b) zero-sequence current.
