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Civil Engineering Structures According to the Eurocodes E-Book

Xavier Lauzin

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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

"This standard assumes that the structure, after completion, is used as intended in the project and subject to planned inspection and maintenance to meet the expected project lifetime and to detect any unforeseen weakness or behavior" (EN 13670 §4.1) An important decision factor in the design of new structures and repairs to existing structures is the lifetime or expected service life. This concept, which is common for civil engineering works, has been extended to all engineering and building works by applying the European Structural Design Codes. This book tries to take stock of the inspection methodologies related to each type of civil engineering work, the various pathologies of concrete structures, and gives examples of the writing of reports.

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Leseprobe

Cover

Title

Introduction

1 Inspection of Structures: Methodologies

1.1. Bridges

1.2. Structures for the retention and transportation of liquids

1.3. Storage structures for petroleum products

1.4. Maritime structures

1.5. Silos

1.6. Gantry, metal hanger and high masts

2 Concept of Resistance of Materials: Application to Reinforced Concrete

2.1. General information on reinforced concrete

2.2. Concrete material

2.3. Steels

2.4. Concept of strength of materials

3 Pathology of Structures

3.1. Pathology of concrete structures

3.2. The pathology of masonry structures

3.3. The pathology of composite material structures

4 Techniques for Repairing Civil Engineering Works

4.1. Repair of concrete structures

4.2. Protection of concrete structure

4.3. Underground recovery

5 Inspection and Maintenance of Structures in the United States: Methodologies

5.1. Engineering structures

5.2. Storage structures for petroleum products

Appendices

Appendix 1: Examples of Diagnosis on a Drinking Water Storage Structure Based on the CEMAGREF Method

A1.1. Description of the structure

A1.2. Conditions for development of the structure

A1.3. Information relating to the inspection

A1.4. Inspection of the structure

A1.5. Summary

A1.6. Conclusion

A1.7. Supplementary material

Appendix 2: Examples of Diagnosis on a Petroleum Products Storage Tank According to the DT 92 Method

A2.1. Origin and extent of the mission

A2.2. Description of the structure

A2.3. Investigation method

A2.4. Nature of damages and explanations

A2.5. Executive summary of the condition of the structure and its evolution

Appendix 3: Examples of Diagnosis of a Marine Structure Using the CETMEF VSC Method

A3.1. Appendix 3a: Periodic detailed inspection of 2009 campaign

A3.2. Appendix 3b: Directory of pathologies

A3.3. Appendix 3c: Sclerometer indices

A3.4. Appendix 3d: results of pachometric tests on slabs

Appendix 4: Inspection Report “Gantries, Metal Hangers and High Masts”

A4.1. Identification

A4.2. General characteristics

A4.3. Life of the structure

A4.4. Conditions for access

A4.5. General information

A4.6. Annotation of findings

A4.7. Gantry

A4.8. Conclusions

A4.9. Actions to be taken

Appendix 5: Measuring Equipment

Appendix 6: Inspections of Bridges

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Introduction

Table I.1. Indicative design working life

1 Inspection of Structures: Methodologies

Table 1.1. Periodic inspections table

Table 1.2. Periodic detailed inspections table

Table 1.3. Exceptional inspections table

Table 1.4. Qualification level table

Table 1.5. Methodology for evaluating structures

Table 1.6. Stakeholder qualification levels

Table 1.7. Classification of damages table

Table 1.8. Classification of structures according to the level of danger

Table 1.9. Periodicity table according to DT92

Table 1.10. Corrosion sacrificial thickness according to EC3

Table 1.11. Evaluation of the mechanical state table

Table 1.12. Evaluation of the state table

Table 1.13. Actions to be taken table

Table 1.14. EN 1991-4: Appendix C

Table 1.15. Level of inspection table

Table 1.16. Class of structure table

2 Concept of Resistance of Materials: Application to Reinforced Concrete

Table 2.1. Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete

Table 2.2. Properties of reinforcement

3 Pathology of Structures

Table 3.1. Different types of cracks

Table 3.2. Causes of premature cracking

Table 3.3. Limiting values for exposure classes according to EN 206

Table 3.4. ISR: category of consequences

Table 3.5. Exposure classes

Table 3.6. Conditions to respect level of prevention

Table 3.7. Sensitive minerals table

Table 3.8. Concrete chemical analysis

Table 3.9. Concrete chemical parameters

Table 3.10. Different types of matrices

Table 3.11. Characteristics of different resins

Table 3.12. Chemical resistance of different resins

Table 3.13. Summary table of the advantages and disadvantages for each type of fiber

Table 3.14. Compatibility between resins and fibers

Table 3.15. Association matrix/fiber

Table 3.16. Chemical compatibilities and incompatibilities

Table 3.17. Energy from radiations

Table 3.18. Mechanical characteristics of single fiber

4 Techniques for Repairing Civil Engineering Works

Table 4.1. Mechanical characteristics of composite fabrics

Table 4.2. Comparison between reinforcement by bonded metal plates and CFT

Table 4.3. Advantages and disadvantages of the dry and wet methods

Table 4.4. Cement dosage at the manufacturing of the shotcretes according to their target use and the cement content of the concrete in place Adapted from the document by AFTES

Table 4.5. Table of characteristics for different mortars

Table 4.6. Table 3.4 from EN 1992-1-1

5 Inspection and Maintenance of Structures in the United States: Methodologies

Table 5.1. Degradation index of structures

Table 5.2. List of civil engineering works to be inspected according to the API 653

Appendix 1: Examples of Diagnosis on a Drinking Water Storage Structure Based on the CEMAGREF Method

Table A1.1. General description

Table A1.2. Accessibility

Table A1.3. Measured coatings and carbonation thickness

Table A1.4. Nature of defects

Table A1.5. State of structure

Appendix 2: Examples of Diagnosis on a Petroleum Products Storage Tank According to the DT 92 Method

Table A2.1. Notatio

Appendix 3: Examples of Diagnosis of a Marine Structure Using the CETMEF VSC Method

Table A3.1. Characteristics of the structure

Table A3.2. Measured covering

Table A3.3. Measured covering

Table A3.4. Measured covering

Table A3.5. State of structure

Appendix 5: Measuring Equipment

Table A5.1. List of measuring equipment

Appendix 6: Inspections of Bridges

Table A6.1. Details of annual inspection

Table A6.2. Details of triennal visit

Table A6.3. Details of specific visits

Table A6.4. Details of periodic detailed inspections

Table A6.5. Details of Initial detailed report

Table A6.6. Details of End of contractual warranty visits

Table A6.7. Details of Exceptional detailed inspections

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Series EditorGilles Pijaudier-Cabot

Civil Engineering Structures According to the Eurocodes

Inspection and Maintenance

Xavier Lauzin

First published 2017 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.wiley.com

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939369

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78630-186-4

Introduction

An important factor in the design of new structures and repairs to existing structures is the expected service life.

In France, for major civil engineering works such as bridges, this duration is around 100 years (the British even go as far as 120 years).

For more modest structures such as water treatment plants, storage silos, etc., this duration was tacitly defined as around 50 years.

There are many factors that can influence this:

– the nature of the materials used in the construction (masonry, steel, concrete, wood, etc.);

– the quality of these materials (high-performance concrete, stainless steel, etc.);

– the constructive arrangements used (accumulation of water on metal structures, lack of encapsulation of steel in a reinforced concrete structure, etc.);

– quality of the execution (quality of the welding, implementation of concrete, etc.);

– monitoring and maintenance.

Within the context of the European Regulation for Calculation and Implementation, all these criteria have been taken into account when determining the duration of use of a structure.

This means that the design of the structures is obsolete if the maintenance conditions are not respected.

Let us recall section 2.4 of EN 1990:

“2.4 Durability

(1) The structure shall be designed such that deterioration over its design working life does not impair the performance of the structure below that intended, having due regard to its environment and the anticipated level of maintenance.

(2) In order to achieve an adequately durable structure, the following should be taken into account:

– the intended or foreseeable use of the structure;

– the required design criteria;

– the expected environmental conditions;

– the composition, properties and performance of the materials and products;

– the properties of the soil;

– the choice of the structural system;

– the shape of members and the structural detailing;

– the quality of workmanship, and the level of control;

– the particular protective measures;

–

the intended maintenance during the design working life

”.

The question also arises for repairs carried out on a structure: what life expectancy should they be given?

With regard to new structures, EN 1990 indicates the following durations in Table I.1.

Table I.1.Indicative design working life

Design working life category

Indicative design working-life (years)

Examples

Temporary structures

10–25

Replaceable structural elements, for example rolling beams, supporting devices

15–30

Agricultural structures and the like

Buildings and other structures

100

Monumental structures of buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures

aStructures or parts of structures that can be disassembled for reuse should not be considered as temporary.

In the section “Execution of concrete structures”, section 4.1 of EN 13670 also specifies the need for an inspection program:

“(5) This standard assumes that the structure after completion is used as intended in the design and submitted to planned inspection and maintenance necessary to achieve the intended design working life and to detect weaknesses or any unexpected behavior”.

This requirement implies providing access to the main structural elements at the design level.

Examples include:

– suspended bridges where replacement of the suspension has not been studied at design stage;

– water treatment plants for which it was not possible to empty the tanks (nonbypassable treatment line).

It also implies the need for a “state 0” during the reception for new constructions as well as a structure maintenance plan.

From this state, the sequence of tasks that is required to guarantee the duration of use of the structures is presented in the figure below:

Figure I.1.Sequence of tasks required to guarantee the duration

The purpose of this book is to create an inventory of the methodologies used for inspections of civil engineering structures and to present the elements that can serve as a basis for the diagnosis and maintenance program of concrete structures.

We present the main topics that the reader can deepen their knowledge of by reading the standards cited.

How to use this guide

For a better understanding of the methodology used, in the last part of each inspection methodology listed in Chapter 1 is a paragraph about “points of to look out for”, which refers to Chapter 3 for probable causes of the pathology and to Chapter 4 for the means of reinforcement that can be considered.

Chapter 2 gives the basic notions of resistance of the materials that are required for proper comprehension of the behavior of concrete and the interpretation of the observed disorders.

The examples in the Appendix are informative; they aim to show a type of connection in adequation with the inspected structure. They are purely formal.

1Inspection of Structures: Methodologies

Inspection and diagnosis of structures are the most important phases of a maintenance operation and, eventually, of renovation. They require asking oneself a few questions before discussing the planning and recovery solution.

The questions are generally the following:

– what is the typology of the damage?

– what could be their cause?

– what is their scope?

– what is their probable evolution?

– what are the consequences for the structure?

– can the damage be repaired (technically and financially)?

To answer this question, the following methodology is usually applied:

– the first step involves a detailed visual assessment. This should be carried out by an expert civil engineer. It is similar to a health check without thorough analysis;

– the second step consists of a diagnosis by auscultation of the structure. This is managed by a civil engineer who relies on a specialized (and possibly multidisciplinary) laboratory.

1.1. Bridges

1.1.1.General information

For bridges, the Centre of Research and Expertise for Risks, Environment and Transport (CEREMA) formalized this principle and set up a methodology for monitoring and diagnosing this type of structure, which is summarized hereafter.

The management of structures is based on:

–

Recording of bridges:

this is a preliminary phase that consists of recognizing and recording the various heritage structures. The necessary data are: the type of structure, its

exact location

, its

main dimensional characteristics

and its

use

. The information should be verified in the field in order to take information into account that may not be included in the files;

–

The project file:

this is a document that gathers all the features of the structure along with its history. The contents of the file are defined in the Technical Instructions (ITSEOA);

–

Monitoring of structures:

this is of siginificant importance for maintaining the heritage and safety of users. It consists of following the evolution of various structures from a reference state (initial detailed inspection (IDI)), which is defined at the end of the construction or in the management takeover. The reference state can be modified by carrying out significant works such as expansion and extension. This monitoring is carried out over two levels:

periodic inspections

;

periodic detailed inspections

NOTE.– There is also a detailed end-of-warranty inspection to ensure the condition of a structure under contractual guarantee or 10-year liability.