Conservation Psychology E-Book

Susan Clayton

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 848

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

People are inseparable from natural ecosystems, and understanding how people think about, experience, and interact with nature is crucial for promoting environmental sustainability as well as human well-being.

This is the new edition of what is now the leading textbook in conservation psychology, the field that explores connections between the study of human behavior and the achievement of conservation goals. Completely
updated, this book summarizes theory and research on ways in which humans experience nature; it explores people’s conceptions of nature and environmental problems, their relationship with nature, and their moral lenses on nature; and examines ways to encourage conservation-oriented behavior at both individual and societal levels. Throughout, the authors integrate a wide body of research demonstrating the role of psychology in promoting a more sustainable relationship between humans and nature.

New sections cover human perceptions of environmental problems, new examples of community-based conservation, and a “positive psychology” perspective that emphasizes the relevance of nature to human resilience. Additional references are to be found throughout this edition along with some new examples and a reorganisation of chapters in response to reader feedback.

This fascinating volume is used for teaching classes to senior undergraduate and graduate students of Conservation Psychology, Environmental Psychology and Conservation Science in departments of Psychology, Geography, Environmental Science, and Ecology and Evolution. It is equally suitable as a starting point for other researchers and practitioners - psychologists, conservation biologists, environmental scientists, and policy-makers - needing to know more about how psychological research can inform their conservation work.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface to the Second Edition

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1: Introducing the Field of Conservation Psychology

Conservation

Psychology

Human care for nature

The roots of conservation psychology

The utility of conservation psychology

The practice of conservation psychology

The organization of the book

Conclusion

For further information, visit these websites

References

Part I: Human Experiences of Nature

Chapter 2: Domestic Nature: Cohabiting with Animals and Plants

Animals in the home

Plants in the domestic sphere

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Managed Nature: Zoos, Aquariums, and Public Parks

Zoos and aquariums

Urban parks and green spaces

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Wild Nature: Encounters with Wilderness

Defining wild nature and wilderness

Wilderness use and wilderness values

Wilderness solitude

Natural forces and features

The edge of control: wilderness remoteness and challenge

Activity in wild nature, connection, and caring

Wild nature and spiritual experience

Wilderness-based growth and therapeutic programs

Conclusion

References

Part II: Thinking About Nature

Chapter 5: Attitudes, Values, and Perceptions

Core understandings of nature

Values

Attitudes

Perceptions

Evolutionary perspectives

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Perceptions of Environmental Problems

Risk perception

Biases in information processing

Language and discourse

Understanding environmental problems

Attributions of responsibility

Linking perceptions to behavior

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Moral Psychology and the Environment

Background on ethical concepts

Social intuitionism and moral foundations theory

A virtue ethics of the environment

The deontic tradition and psychological research

Consequentialism, emotion, and socialization

Psychological dynamics of moral functioning

Pragmatist ethics

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Environment and Identity

The concept of identity

Identity development

Developing an affiliation with nature

Environmental identity

Ecopsychology and depth psychology perspectives

Measuring environmental identity

Place identity

Animals and identity

Environmental social identity

Identity and behavior

Putting identity to work

Conclusion

References

Part III: Encouraging a Sustainable Relationship Between Humans and Nature

Chapter 9: Promoting Sustainable Behavior

Identifying target behaviors

Influences on behavior

Models for changing behavior

Collective behavior

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Community Psychology and International Biodiversity Conservation

International biodiversity conservation

Common pool resources and models of governance

Psychology, culture, and local knowledge

Creating ecological knowledge old and new: Traditional and modern citizen science

Accounting for the costs and benefits of conservation

Conservation and all-too-human psychology

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Environmental Education

Environmental education

Examples of contemporary environmental education

Psychological foundations of environmental education

Lessons for effective practice

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: The Positive Psychology of Conservation

Nature as a positive environment

Negative emotions in response to environmental challenges

Positive emotions in relation to environmental behaviors

Eudaimonism and meaning

Materialistic values versus self-determination theory

Optimism and pessimism

Toward strengths-based approaches

References

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Introducing the Field of Conservation Psychology

Figure 1.1 Shared environmental values among the American public. (Ecoamerica (2011). The American Climate and Environmental Values Survey. Available at http://www.climateaccess.org/sites/default/files/ecoamerica_ACEVS%20report.pdf).

Figure 1.2 A reciprocal relationship with nature. Photo credit Susan Clayton.

Figure 1.3 A simplified model of the human-nature relationship.

Chapter 2: Domestic Nature: Cohabiting with Animals and Plants

Figure 2.1 (a, b) Myers in primary research about child–dog relationship. Photos courtesy of Olin Myers Sr.

Figure 2.2 Gardening is a common leisure pursuit. Photo by Susan Clayton.

Figure 2.3 Benefits of gardening. Based on data in Clayton, 2007.

Chapter 3: Managed Nature: Zoos, Aquariums, and Public Parks

Figure 3.1 Reasons for visiting the zoo (based on data in Moss et al., 2014).

Figure 3.2 Hamill Family Play Zoo: Play partners share enthusiasm and facilitate development of caring attitudes (photo courtesy of Jim Schultz/Chicago Zoological Society).

Figure 3.3 Hamill Family Play Zoo: Pretend is a powerful form of caring (photo courtesy of Mardi Solomon).

Figure 3.4 Children and community members benefit from school ground greening projects (photo courtesy of Chuck Holtorf).

Chapter 4: Wild Nature: Encounters with Wilderness

Figure 4.1 Four-channel model of psychological flow. (Adapted from Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999.)

Figure 4.2 The experiential fluctuation model. (Adapted from Massimini & Carli, 1988, Figure 16.1, p. 270. Used with permission of Cambridge University Press.)

Figure 4.3 Adventure experience paradigm. (Adapted from Martin & Priest, 1986.)

Chapter 5: Attitudes, Values, and Perceptions

Figure 5.1 Demonstrating the value of trees. (Photo by Susan Clayton.)

Figure 5.2 A landscape without preferred features. (Photo by Susan Clayton.)

Figure 5.3 A landscape with preferred features. (Photo by Susan Clayton.)

Chapter 6: Perceptions of Environmental Problems

Figure 6.1 Answers to the question, “Is global warming a problem?” (Based on data from the Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2013.)

Figure 6.2 From Stern et al. (1999).

Chapter 7: Moral Psychology and the Environment

Figure 7.1 Mean pro-environmental attitude as a function of moral-messaging condition and political ideology. Asterisks indicate between group significant differences (

p

< 0.001). From Feinberg & Willer, 2013, p. 60, copyright © 2013 by Association for Psychological Science. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE Publications.

Figure 7.2 American adults' responses to “Which is the most important reason for you personally to care about protecting the environment?” Based on data from the Biodiversity Project, 2002b, p. 17.

Figure 7.3 Ethical prescriptions regarding the environment. Photo: Susan Clayton.

Figure 7.4 Taking a future environmental-change victim's perspective while viewing a slide show significantly increased three behavior indicators (intentions, time spent, and brochures collected) over asking subjects to remain objective, which was higher than a no instruction condition. Effects were the same across indicators. From Pahl and Bauer (2013), p. 164, copyright © 2013 by Environmental Design Research Association. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE Publications.

Figure 7.5 Empathy grounds moral responsiveness: Wildlife conservation education camp, Chengdu, China. Photo courtesy of Sarah Bexell.

Figure 7.6 As the number of pandas in need of aid increased, nonenvironmentalists provided significantly smaller donations, whereas environmentalists' donation did not differ significantly as a function of number of animals in need. Error bars show ±1 standard deviation. From Markowitz et al. (2013), Figure 5, p. 403.

Figure 7.7 Social and cognitive disequilibrium in moral conflict. The late Joan Norman Protesting logging of Old-Growth Reserves and Inventoried Roadless Areas in the Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon, 2005. Photo: Rolf Skar.

Chapter 8: Environment and Identity

Figure 8.1 Sources of developing place attachments in early and middle childhood and adolescence. (From Chawla, 1992, by permission of Springer Science and Business Media.)

Figure 8.2 Student ratings of the importance of the college landscape. (Unpublished data from Susan Clayton.)

Figure 8.3 Cultures may encourage defining oneself through consumption rather than environmentalism. (Photo by Susan Clayton.)

Figure 8.4 A zoo volunteer with visitors at the Bronx Zoo. (Photo by Larsen Maher. Copyright WCS, reprinted by permission.)

Chapter 9: Promoting Sustainable Behavior

Figure 9.1 Factors affecting behavior.

Figure 9.2 Prompts on light switches are common. (Photo courtesy of Susan Clayton).

Figure 9.3 Encouraging a perception of self-efficacy. (Photo courtesy of Susan Clayton).

Chapter 10: Community Psychology and International Biodiversity Conservation

Figure 10.1 Multilevel governance configuration composed of institutions (“I”), rules (“R”), and productive roles (gray) in tourism in Aqua Blanca, Ecuador. Arrows indicate influence; see source for content of rules (from Ruiz-Ballesteros and Gual (2012). Figure 6, p. 858, copyright © 2012. With kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media).

Figure 10.2 Network analyses of the Solomon Islands Locally Managed Marine Area Network (SILMMA), showing links among national agencies and sites they comanage (a); cross-scale networking between governmental levels (b); and SILMMA members and nonmember agencies linkages to international agencies (c) (from Cohen et al. (2012), Figure 3, p. 382).

Figure 10.3 Social networks in different cultural groups, represented schematically (top) and literally (from Atran et al., 2005. Reprinted with permission from APA Publications).

Figure 10.4 The proportion of published environmental monitoring schemes within each type of monitoring scheme that have a biodiversity (a) or livelihoods (b) objective; and the types of governance regime (c) they operate within, including areas without protection status (white), government-managed protected areas (black), and community-managed protected areas (shaded). The relative role of local stakeholders in the monitoring schemes increases from left to right (from Danielsen et al. (2014), Figure 2, p. 19).

Figure 10.5 Paraecologists setting up a field experiment in South Africa (photograph courtesy of Ute Schmiedel).

Chapter 11: Environmental Education

Figure 11.1 Sorting organisms from a beach seine net, students learn about intertidal natural history (photo courtesy of Courtney Blodgett).

Figure 11.2 Ladder of children's participation (from Roger Hart (1992),

Children's Participation: from Tokenism to Citizenship

. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre).

Chapter 12: The Positive Psychology of Conservation

Figure 12.1 Sustainable behaviors predict subjective well-being. (From Corral-Verdugo et al., 2011, Figure 1, p. 101.)

Figure 12.2 Grouzet's circumplex of values. (From Grouzet et al., 2005, Figure 1, p. 808.)

Figure 12.3 Spatial optimism and temporal pessimism: Mean ratings of current environmental conditions (all above 0) and expected future change (mostly negative) at the local, national, and global spatial levels for 18 countries. (Reprinted from Gifford et al. 2009, p. 7, Figure 2. Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier.)

Figure 12.4 The structure of character. (From Peterson & Park, 2009, Figure 4.1, p. 32. By permission of Oxford University Press, USA.)

List of Tables

Chapter 2: Domestic Nature: Cohabiting with Animals and Plants

Table 2.1 U.S. Pet ownership statistics

Chapter 4: Wild Nature: Encounters with Wilderness

Table 4.1 Wilderness values: percent of US residents age 16 and older who said given values are extremely or very important. 1999–2000

n

= 5058; 2006–2007

n

= 2187

Table 4.2 Reported dimensions and feelings related to spirituality

Table 4.3 Factors in the concurrent model of wilderness experience

Chapter 5: Attitudes, Values, and Perceptions

Table 5.1 Kellert value types in order of prevalence in American society

Table 5.2 Some items from the new ecological paradigm scale

Table 5.3 Characteristics of folk biological systems that interact with experience and culture

Chapter 6: Perceptions of Environmental Problems

Table 6.1 A sample of information processing biases

Table 6.2 Environmental discourses

Chapter 7: Moral Psychology and the Environment

Table 7.1 Possible environmental virtues

Table 7.2 The virtue of simplicity as a mean between two sets of extreme vices

Table 7.3 Attitudes and beliefs associated with moral exclusion

Chapter 8: Environment and Identity

Table 8.1 Items from the environmental identity scale

Chapter 12: The Positive Psychology of Conservation

Table 12.1 Values in action classification of strengths

Table 12.2 Character strengths and their likely links to sustainable behavior

Table 12.3 Mindfulness in contrast and comparison to related forms of consciousness

Conservation Psychology

Understanding and promoting human care for nature

Second Edition

Susan Clayton and Gene Myers

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

First edition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2009

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Cover image: Volunteers restoring streamside habitat. Photo courtesy of Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association & Phil Humphries

Preface to the Second Edition

The role of psychology in conservation has grown dramatically since the first edition of Conservation Psychology. We are delighted by this development, although it has made our attempt to cover the field even more difficult. With this edition of the book, we have accepted the impossibility of including everything in this field. Instead, guided by the interests of our likely readers, we have reordered some of the material in a way that we hope will be more accessible and highlighted new developments in applied conservation. We have also described the promising intersection between conservation psychology and positive psychology. As originally, we are grateful to all the people working on this enterprise as well as to the students and practitioners whose interest is driving new research. This edition is dedicated to those who are doing their best to apply psychological insights to conservation practice.

About the Companion Website

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/clayton/conservation

The website includes:

Pdfs of all figures from the book for downloading

Powerpoints of all tables from the book for downloading

Chapter 1Introducing the Field of Conservation Psychology

Conservation

Psychology

Human care for nature

The roots of conservation psychology

The utility of conservation psychology

The practice of conservation psychology

The organization of the book

Conclusion

For further information, visit these websites

References

Humanity faces environmental challenges on every level from local to global. Human population growth and human activities are negatively affecting the ecological processes that support life as we know it, and the effect of these changes on human well-being will be profound. Recent quantitative assessments of the human impact on nature give a sobering picture; the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that that about 60% of the earth's ecosystem services are being used unsustainably. Using ecological footprint methodology, the Global Footprint Network (Global Footprint Network, 2013; http://www.footprintnetwork.org) has calculated that humanity's load on the biosphere is about 150% of earth's capacity, up from 70% in 1961. These trends result from individual behavior patterns as well as from the societal infrastructure constituted by our institutions, governance systems, and ways of interacting. At stake are two inextricably linked sets of values: concern for the present and future quality of human lives and care about the vitality of the biosphere and its other inhabitants.

We were drawn to write about conservation psychology not only by these uncompromising facts and future possibilities but also by a perception that our primary discipline, psychology, could do more to address these realities. This is clear across areas of conservation and natural resource research. We want to urgently ask: Are psychologists on those research teams? Are they prepared to intelligently deploy their skills in these new contexts (do they know their ecology and economics)? Are other social or natural science specialists ready to seek those skills (do they understand human motivations and biases)? A growing body of psychological research is relevant to conservation. Collectively, however, psychology is at best midway into effectively putting its resources at the disposal of individuals and groups working for a more healthy relation to our planet. We have yet to see a sea-change in the work of psychologists toward addressing sustainability. This book is for the reader with some interest in psychology, whether as a psychologist or just that of a normally curious and reflective human being, and concern about contemporary threats to environmental and social well-being posed by the way humans relate to ecological systems. Our goal is to describe the many ways in which psychology is relevant to environmental sustainability and vice-versa.

Conservation

We define conservation psychology as the use of psychological techniques and research to understand and promote a healthy relationship between humans and the natural environment. Let us unpack the book's title. “Conservation” should not be identified with turn-of-the-twentieth century resource conservation, with its strictly utilitarian focus. Instead, we associate “Conservation” with its rebirth in the 1980s, in which it was applied to a whole new set of ideas, including landscape and continent-wide ecosystem planning, and especially to Conservation Biology. That field was born of a sense of crisis and some within it openly avowed value-laden positions (Soulé, 1985). The same goes for conservation psychology: the goal is not only to understand the interdependence between humans and nature but also to promote a healthy and sustainable relationship.