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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

Construction Science & Materials is designed to cover topics studied at levels 2 – 5 on Construction HND courses and is also suitable for first year undergraduates on construction courses as well as Building surveying, Architectural Technology and Quantity Surveying. It is an essential text for those who have done no science since their GCSEs.
Divided into 17 chapters, each with written explanations supplemented by solved examples and relevant diagrams to substantiate the text. Chapters end with numerical questions covering a range of problems and their answers are given at the end of the book and on the book’s website.

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Leseprobe

Cover

Title Page

Preface to the Second Edition

About the Companion Website

1 Introduction to Physics

1.1 Speed and Velocity

1.2 Acceleration

1.3 Mass

1.4 Gravitation

1.5 Weight

1.6 Volume

1.7 Density

1.8 Specific Gravity

1.9 Newton’s First Law of Motion

1.10 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

1.11 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

1.12 Friction

1.13 Work

1.14 Energy

1.15 Power

Exercise 1.1

Reference/Further Reading

2 Introduction to Chemistry

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Electrovalency and Covalency

2.3 Elements and Compounds

2.4 Symbols and Formulae

2.5 Acids and Bases

Exercise 2.1

References/Further Reading

3 Effects of Chemicals and the Atmosphere on Materials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Oxidation

3.3 Electrolysis

3.4 Electrolytic Corrosion

3.5 Applications of Electrolysis

3.6 Acid Rain

References/Further Reading

4 Electricity

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Coulomb’s Law

4.3 Electric Current

4.4 Potential Difference

4.5 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)

4.6 Ohm’s Law

4.7 Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity

4.8 Resistors in Series/Parallel

4.9 Transformers

4.10 Power Generation

4.11 Power Distribution

4.12 Supply to Small Buildings

Exercise 4.1

Reference/Further Reading

5 Introduction to Construction Technology

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Substructure and Superstructure

5.3 Foundations

5.4 Forms of Construction

5.5 The External Envelope

References/Further Reading

6 Introduction to Building Services

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Cold Water Supply

6.3 Hot Water Supply

6.4 Central Heating Systems

6.5 Underfloor Heating Systems

6.6 Drainage Systems

6.7 Integration of Services into Building Design

References/Further Reading

7 Thermal Energy 1

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Temperature

7.3 Units of Heat

7.4 States of Matter

7.5 Expansion and Contraction of Solids

7.6 Heat Transfer

Exercise 7.1

References/Further Reading

8 Thermal Energy 2 (Including Humidity)

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Thermal Insulation

8.3 Heat Transmission

8.4 Thermal Transmittance

8.5 Heat Loss from Buildings

8.6 Temperature Drop Through Materials

8.7 Humidity

8.8 Condensation

Exercise 8.1

References/Further Reading

9 Forces and Structures 1

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Force

9.3 Bending

9.4 Types of Loading

9.5 Stress and Strain

9.6 Elasticity

Exercise 9.1

References/Further Reading

10 Forces and Structures 2

10.1 Moment of a Force

10.2 Laws of Equilibrium

10.3 Analysis of Beams

10.4 Triangle of Forces

Exercise 10.1

References/Further Reading

11 Forces and Structures 3

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Beams

11.3 Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) Beams

11.4 Steel Beams

11.5 Timber Joists

11.6 Slabs

11.7 Columns

11.8 Foundations

References/Further Reading

12 Fluid Mechanics

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Pressure of Fluids at Rest

12.3 Why do Liquids Flow?

12.4 Centre of Pressure

12.5 The Flow of a Fluid

Exercise 12.1

References/Further Reading

13 Sound

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity of Sound

13.3 Measurement of Sound

13.4 Addition of Sound Levels

13.5 Transmission of Sound in Buildings

13.6 Sound Absorption

13.7 Sound‐level Meter

Exercise 13.1

References/Further Reading

14 Light

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours

14.3 Measuring Light

14.4 Inverse Square Law of Illuminance

14.5 Lambert’s Cosine Law of Illuminance

14.6 Lamps and Luminaires

14.7 Design of Interior Lighting

14.8 Light Meter

14.9 Daylighting

Exercise 14.1

References/Further Reading

15 Human Comfort

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Temperature

15.3 Air Movement

15.4 Humidity

15.5 Ventilation

15.6 Predicted Mean Vote

15.7 Noise

15.8 Lighting

References/Further Reading

16 Construction Materials

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Bricks

16.3 Aerated Concrete Blocks

16.4 Cement

16.5 Concrete

16.6 Metals

16.7 Timber

16.8 Plastics

16.9 Glass

References/Further Reading

17 Assignments

17.1 Assignments for Level 2 Courses

17.2 Assignments for Level 3/4 Courses

Appendix 1: Formulae for Example 8.2

Appendix 2: Solutions for Example 13.10

Appendix 3: Answers to Exercises

Answers to Exercise 1.1

Answers to Exercise 2.1

Answers to Exercise 4.1

Answers to Exercise 7.1

Answers to Exercise 8.1

Answers to Exercise 9.1

Answers to Exercise 10.1

Answers to Exercise 12.1

Answers to Exercise 13.1

Answers to Exercise 14.1

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Atomic numbers of some elements.

Table 2.2

Table 2.3 Symbols of elements.

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Effect of the atmosphere on some metals.

Table 3.2 The electrochemical series.

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 Electrical resistivity for some metals/materials.

Table 4.2

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Typical values of bearing capacity.

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Coefficients of linear expansion.

Table 7.2

Table 7.3 Thermal conductivity of some building materials.

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Thermal conductivity of some building materials.

Table 8.2

Table 8.3 Standard thermal resistances.

Table 8.4

Table 8.5 Recommended allowances for air infiltration.

Table 8.6 Heat output of compact radiators.

Table 8.7 Relative humidity (%).

Table 8.8 Saturated vapour pressure.

Table 8.9 Typical values of vapour resistivity/resistance.

Chapter 09

Table 9.1

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Effective length for compression members.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Velocity of sound.

Table 13.2

Table 13.3 Absorption coefficients.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Reflectance of building materials.

Table 14.2 Maintained illuminance. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.

Table 14.3 Utilisation factors for 664 × 599 mm recessed modular luminaires (Quattro C Body 4 × 18 W T26 lamps. Flux = 1350 lumens/lamp).

Table 14.4 Utilisation factors for 610 × 600 mm recessed modular luminaires (Quattro T Body 2 × 40 W TC‐L lamps. Flux = 3500 lumens/lamp).

Table 14.5 Utilisation factors for 610 × 600 mm recessed modular luminaires (Quattro T Body 2 × 34 W TC‐L lamps. Flux = 2800 lumens/lamp).

Table 14.6 Utilisation factors for 1515 × 217 × 90 mm surface‐mounted and suspended fluorescent luminaires (College 2 × 49 W T16 lamps. Flux = 4350 lumens/lamp).

Table 14.7 Utilisation factors for 597 x 597 x 63 recessed modular luminaires (Elevation LED 3700 HFLI MPT 37 W lamps. Flux = 3700 lumens/lamp). Reproduced by permission of Thorn Lighting Company.

Table 14.8 Typical values of LLMF. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.

Table 14.9 Typical values of LMF. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.

Table 14.10 Typical values of RSMF. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.

Table 14.11 Luminaire categories and environmental conditions. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Typical dry resultant temperatures.

Table 15.2 Extract ventilation rates.

Table 15.3 Recommended maximum noise levels.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2 Properties of the main constituents of cement.

Table 16.3

Table 16.4 Comparison of some properties of mild steel, aluminium and copper.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4 Dynamic compaction.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3 Electron configuration of aluminium.

Figure 2.4 Electron configuration of (a) carbon; (b) oxygen; and (c) calcium.

Figure 2.5 Formation of compound potassium chloride.

Figure 2.6 Covalent bond.

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Oxidation (rusting) of iron nails in: (a) water and air; (b) boiled water; (c) dry air.

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4 The simple cell.

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6 Impressed current cathodic protection.

Figure 3.7 Electroplating.

Figure 3.8 Electrolysis of bauxite.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2 Rheostat

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5 Resistors in series.

Figure 4.6 Resistors in parallel.

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9 Transformer.

Figure 4.10 (a) Step‐up and (b) step‐down transformers.

Figure 4.11 Distribution of electricity.

Figure 4.12 Alternating current.

Figure 4.13 Domestic electric installation.

Figure 4.14

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Vertical stress under foundations: (a) under a strip foundation; (b) under a pad foundation.

Figure 5.2 Strip foundations.

Figure 5.3 Reinforced concrete raft foundation.

Figure 5.4 Pad foundation.

Figure 5.5 Cellular construction.

Figure 5.6 Cross‐wall construction.

Figure 5.7 Framed construction.

Figure 5.8 Portal frames.

Figure 5.9 Transfer of load from superstructure to substructure.

Figure 5.10 Cavity wall.

Figure 5.11 Suspended timber upper floor.

Figure 5.12 Roof shapes.

Figure 5.13 Structural forms of roofs.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Water supply to a dwelling and indirect cold water system.

Figure 6.2 Hot water (indirect) system.

Figure 6.3 Two‐pipe semi gravity system.

Figure 6.4 Wet underfloor heating system.

Figure 6.5 Below‐ground drainage systems.

Figure 6.6 Protection of drains penetrating walls.

Figure 6.7 Primary ventilated stack system.

Figure 6.8 Integration of building services.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 (a) Mercury and (b) electronic thermometers.

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3 Heating curve for ice.

Figure 7.4 Determination of linear expansion.

Figure 7.5 Joints in concrete roads: (a) a contraction joint; (b) an expansion joint.

Figure 7.6 Bridge bearings.

Figure 7.7 Thermostat.

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9 Comparison of thermal conductivities.

Figure 7.10 Transfer of heat by convection.

Figure 7.11 Convection currents in a hot water system.

Chapter 08

Figure 8.1 Typical heat loss for an uninsulated single‐glazed house.

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5 Cross‐section of a cavity wall.

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8 Structural temperature profile (or gradient).

Figure 8.9 (a) Whirling hygrometer; (b) Regnault’s hygrometer.

Figure 8.10 Electronic hygrometer.

Figure 8.11 Condensation.

Figure 8.12 The psychrometric chart.

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 Types of force.

Figure 9.2 Internal and external forces.

Figure 9.3 Deflection of a simply supported beam.

Figure 9.4 Failure of beams in shear.

Figure 9.5 Deflection in cantilevers and beams with fixed ends.

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7 Types of loading.

Figure 9.8 Section through a cavity wall.

Figure 9.9 Timber floor.

Figure 9.10 Proof of Hooke’s law by loading a spring.

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12 Stress–strain relationship for mild steel.

Figure 9.13 Shape of samples after failure.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3 Rotational tendency due to 5 kN force.

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7 Simply supported beam.

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11 Rotational tendency of the forces about B.

Figure 10.12 Rotational tendency of the forces about A.

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14 U.d.l. converted into a point load.

Figure 10.15 Beam failure due to shear force.

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Figure 10.22

Figure 10.23

Figure 10.24 Bending moment at C.

Figure 10.25 Bending moment at D.

Figure 10.26 Bending moment at E.

Figure 10.27 Bending moment at B.

Figure 10.28

Figure 10.29

Figure 10.30

Figure 10.31

Figure 10.32 Bow’s notation.

Figure 10.33

Figure 10.35

Figure 10.36

Figure 10.34

Figure 10.37

Figure 10.38

Figure 10.39

Figure 10.40

Figure 10.41

Figure 10.42

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2 Vertical shear in beams.

Figure 11.3 Horizontal shear in beams.

Figure 11.4 Horizontal and vertical shear in beams.

Figure 11.5 Cracks in concrete beams due to shear.

Figure 11.6 Deflection.

Figure 11.7 Lateral buckling in beams.

Figure 11.8 R.C. beam.

Figure 11.9 Steel reinforcement to resist tensile stress.

Figure 11.10 Shear reinforcement.

Figure 11.11 Structural steel sections.

Figure 11.12 Lever arm in beams.

Figure 11.13 Failure of structural steel sections.

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15 Failure due to shear.

Figure 11.16 Variation in timber strength.

Figure 11.17 Failure in timber joists.

Figure 11.18 Solid timber strutting.

Figure 11.19 One‐way concrete slab.

Figure 11.20 Flat slab floor.

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22 Effective length of columns.

Figure 11.23 Eccentricity of column load.

Figure 11.24 Structural steel sections for columns.

Figure 11.25 Typical reinforcement in R.C. columns.

Figure 11.26 Strip foundation.

Figure 11.27 Failure in shear.

Figure 11.28 Bending in concrete strip foundation.

Figure 11.29 Wide strip foundation.

Figure 11.30 Pad foundation.

Figure 11.31 Combined column rectangular foundation.

Figure 11.32 Combined column trapezoidal foundation.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2 Variation of liquid pressure with depth.

Figure 12.3 Concrete dam.

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5 Molecular arrangement (2D) in (a) a solid; (b) a liquid; (c) a gas.

Figure 12.6 Centre of pressure.

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8 (a) Laminar and (b) turbulent flow.

Figure 12.9 Flow through pipework with two cross‐sections.

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11 Total energy of liquid flow in pipework.

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13 Venturimeter.

Figure 12.14 Flow in an open channel.

Figure 12.15 Gradient of a channel.

Figure 12.16

Figure 12.17

Figure 12.18

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2 Addition of decibel levels.

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8 Raking of rows of seats to give an unobstructed path for direct sound.

Figure 13.9 Sound paths in a room.

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 13.12

Figure 13.13 Sound‐level meter.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 14.2 Dispersion of light.

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4 The radian

Figure 14.5 The steradian.

Figure 14.6 The lumen.

Figure 14.7 Summary of definitions.

Figure 14.8 Inverse square law.

Figure 14.9 Cosine law of illuminance.

Figure 14.10

Figure 14.11

Figure 14.12 Lamps and luminaires.

Figure 14.13

Figure 14.14 Reflection of light.

Figure 14.15 Spacing of 600 × 600 mm modular luminaires (shaded squares).

Figure 14.16 Spacing of 1515 × 217 mm modular luminaires.

Figure 14.17 Light meter.

Figure 14.18

Figure 14.19 Components of the daylight factor.

Figure 14.20 Daylight factor contours.

Figure 14.21 Visible sky angle.

Figure 14.22

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Thermoregulation.

Figure 15.2 Globe thermometer.

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4 (a) Noise criterion curves; (b) noise rating curves. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Brick manufacturing process.

Figure 16.2 Brick spalling.

Figure 16.3 Brick efflorescence.

Figure 16.4 Cement manufacturing process.

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6 Blast furnace.

Figure 16.7 Cross‐section of a tree trunk.

Figure 16.8 Glass manufacturing process.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Appendix 3

Figure A8.1‐1

Figure A9.1‐1

Figure A10.1‐1

Figure A10.1‐2

Figure A10.1‐3

Figure A10.1‐4

Figure A10.1‐5

Figure A10.1‐6

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Construction Science and Materials

Second Edition

Surinder Singh Virdi

Lecturer in ConstructionSouth and City College Birmingham

Visiting lecturerCity of Wolverhampton College

With contribution fromRobert Waters

Lecturer in ConstructionSouth and City College Birmingham

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom.

Editorial Offices9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom.The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom.

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell.

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for

ISBN: 9781119245056

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: MACIEJ NOSKOWSKI/Gettyimages

How to Use This Book

All students should spend some time studying the first seven chapters.

Students pursuing Level 2 courses should focus additionally on Chapters 9, 10 and 16.

Students pursuing Level 3/4/5 courses should study all chapters in this book.

Specimen assignment tasks are given in Chapter 17, which the students can try once they have studied the relevant topics. The model answers are given on the companion website http://www.wiley.com/go/virdiconstructionscience2e.

The website also includes solutions for the end‐of‐chapter exercises, information on the use of a scientific calculator, information on units, information on settlement and consolidation, the design of building foundations, the design of timber joists, daylight calculations and PowerPoint presentations on some topics.

Preface to the Second Edition

This book has been written for students pursuing full‐time/part‐time studies in level 2, 3, 4 and 5 programmes in Construction, Civil Engineering and Building Services. The book should also be informative for students on level 2/3 construction craft courses. The topics included cover most of the syllabus of the core subject of Construction Science and Materials. The syllabi cover a wide range of topics, and since Construction Materials is a subject on its own, the discussion in this book is focussed on a selection of nine materials that are used widely in building and civil engineering projects. Structural Mechanics is complex and is also a subject on its own; I have tried to include information on some of the basic concepts that students need to learn to achieve the relevant grading criteria.

The learning material has been divided among the first sixteen chapters, which provide information on construction science, construction materials and structural mechanics for the above courses. Two chapters from the first edition have been moved to the companion website, and two new chapters – Chapter 6 (Introduction to building services) and Chapter 11 (Forces and structures 3) – have been included in the second edition. Each chapter gives detailed explanations of the topics involved, and the text in the second edition is supported by a large number of illustrations and worked examples. To reinforce students' learning, almost all chapters have end‐of‐chapter exercises, and if a student has difficulty in obtaining the right answer, help is at hand in the form of solutions available on the companion website.

My thanks are due to my family, my students and colleagues for the interest they have shown in this project, and a special thank you to Robert Waters for his contribution towards the development of new material for this edition.

A big thank you to: Madeleine Metcalfe, Viktoria Vida (Editorial Assistant), Blesy Regulas (Project Editor) and Rajitha Selvarajan (Production Editor) for their support during the publication of this book.

Surinder Singh Virdi