11,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Ratgeber
- Sprache: Englisch
Abolish stress. Rediscover joy. Replenish your energy. In Crazy Busy acclaimed psychologist Thijs Launspach examines why we often work ourselves to the bone and what we can do to prevent this. He explains how to cope with stress and create more peace and calm in your life. He draws on the latest scientific knowledge, the methods used by experts and the stories told by those who have learned the hard way what stress can do to both body and mind. All to provide you with the answer to the question: how can you free yourself from a life of stress? A full diary and no time to think; the feeling that you are always playing catch-up and never quite hitting the mark: our lives today are almost invariably crazy busy. Being busy is one of the hallmarks of the modern era. But the pressure is taking its toll on us. The number of burnouts has risen dramatically over the past ten years. In fact, it has now reached epidemic proportions: approximately one in seven of all workers suffers badly from stress or has been forced to take a break from work because of stress-related complaints. And even if you don't reach the actual burnout stage, stress can still make your life a lot less enjoyable. Why are our lives so hectic? Have we all become workaholics? Why are we so susceptible to FOMO (the Fear Of Missing Out)? And most importantly, what can you do to cope with the stress in your life and prevent a burnout? * Do you find yourself rushing to get things finished more than once a week? * Do others often offer you well-intentioned advice on 'how to slow things down a little'. * Do you ever suspect that the stress you feel prevents you from being as happy as you would like to be? * Are you more addicted to your smartphone than you would care to admit? Is it the first thing you reach for when you wake up in the morning? * Do you often find yourself longing to stop and take a break from it all? If your answer to one or more of these questions is 'Yes', then this is the book for you.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 327
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
10 Ways to Lower Your Stress Levels – A Quick Guide
1 WE'RE ALL WORKAHOLICS NOW
#LoveMyJob
Continuous change
Committed to the cause
Always on
The terrible tale of e‐mail
The need to switch off
Notes
2 ALWAYS IN A HURRY
FOMO
Overclocking
Choice overload
The dictator in your pocket
Organising stuff
Tackling the symptoms
Notes
3 BEING BUSY IS A CHOICE
Have to
versus
want to
Being busy versus being under pressure
Procrastination
Perfectionism
Not my patch, sorry!
Setting boundaries
Choosing a more relaxed life
Note
4 YOUR BOSS IS A BEAR
Hormones and the nervous system
Fight or flight
Cave dweller with an office job
Stressors
Baseline stress level
Breathe
5 BURNOUT
What is a burnout?
How do you recognise a burnout?
Past the shame
Recovering from burnout
Hello body, are you okay?
After a burnout
Note
Intermezzo: relax!
6 WARNING!
Essential maintenance
Recognising your warning signs
Taking action
Contingency plan
Note
7 PEACE OF MIND
Make time for yourself
An empty mind
Goals
Priorities
Planning for professionals
Pulling rank on e‐mail
The power of habit
On becoming a robot
Note
8 FOCUSED ON THE JOB
Mindfulness
Deep work
The pomodoro method
From source of stress to source of solace
Your attention is yours alone
2030 BURNOUT‐FREE – A MANIFESTO
When you are worried about someone
At work
Drastic measures
Two scenarios
Note
THE DARK ARTS OF STRESS RELIEF
References
Introduction
1 We're All Workaholics Now
2 Always in a Hurry
3 Being Busy is a Choice
4 Your Boss is a Bear
5 Burnout
6 Warning!
7 Peace of Mind
8 Focused on the Job
2030 Burnout‐free – A Manifesto
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
10 Ways to Lower Your Stress Levels – A Quick Guide
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
2030 Burnout‐free – A Manifesto
The Dark Arts of Stress Relief
References
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
Pages
iii
iv
ix
x
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
107
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
130
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
149
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
Crazy Busy
Keeping Sane in a Stressful World
Thijs Launspach
This edition first published 2022
Copyright © 2022 by Thijs Launspach. All rights reserved.
Originally published as Fokking druk: Het ultieme anti‐stressboek by Uitgeverij Unieboek | Het Spectrum bv in 2018.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Thijs Launspach to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
Wiley‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, 1 Fusionopolis Walk, #06‐01 Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628
Editorial Office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
1 Fusionopolis Walk, #06‐01 Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data is Available:
ISBN 9780857089458 (Paperback)
ISBN 9780857089472 (ePub)
ISBN 9780857089465 (ePDF)
Translation: Danny Guinan
Cover design: Eric Huijsen / Moker Ontwerp
Photography: Nanda Hagenaars
Original illustrations: Elgraphic
Introduction
Given the incredibly hectic lives we lead today, is it even possible to find enough time to relax and unwind? Can you reduce the amount of stress you experience without your life becoming boring? How can you avoid a burnout while staying productive at the same time?
Meetings, deadlines, breaking news, e‐mail notifications, social media updates, a thousand consumer choices per day, our free time filled to the brim with social activities – the life we lead nowadays can be incredibly busy. And we seem to like it that way. We like to feel productive. We value hard work. We enjoy our leisure activities. All things considered, we regard a busy life as a good life.
There may not be a lot wrong with leading a busy life, if you're able to manage the excesses and find ways to recover from the busyness, that is. If you're not careful, however, being ‘nicely busy’ can easily tip over into being ‘crazy busy’. And if you're crazy busy all of the time, this can lead to all kinds of trouble: exhaustion, anxiety and even burnout.
Burnout is a huge and growing problem. Approximately half of all employees in the US say they experience dangerously high levels of stress because of their work. In the UK, one in five employees complains of being on the verge of burning out because they are no longer able to handle the pressure of work. For certain groups (women, 25 to 35‐year‐olds, people who work in the health care sector or in education) these numbers are even higher. In the UK, one in three of all cases of absenteeism are directly related to burnout.
While your body and mind are quite able to process normal day‐to‐day stress, prolonged stress can result in you suffering a burnout. Up until quite recently, complaints related to stress and burnout were often dismissed as nonsense. We considered burnout to be something that only ever affected perfectionists who were unable to handle the ‘normal’ pressure of work. People who suffered from stress were thought of as ‘weak’ and labelled as drama queens. Fortunately, we now know better: given how busy our lives are these days, everyone is a potential victim of burnout. And that's all down to the way in which we live and work.
Not only are the people who burn out are feeling the heat. Even if you never reach the burnout stage, an excess of stress can easily diminish your quality of life. This ‘everyday’ kind of stress can cause you to enjoy life less and pay too little attention to others. It can make you feel like you are a slave to the machine. It can give you the feeling that you are always playing catch‐up and are never on time with your work, a bit like the White Rabbit in Alice in Wonderland who is always ‘too late!’ Stress has a negative effect on how you interact with others and it makes you less outgoing. It prevents you from being fully present in the moment because your mind is always elsewhere. And in the long term, stress can lead to many negative health outcomes, such as heart problems. In other words, a high level of stress often comes at a very high price.
There is no need to let it come to that, however, and there are a number of basic principles you can use to prevent stress from ruling your life. Of course, it is impossible to avoid stress completely – it's a simple fact of life – but this does not mean you are condemned to suffer interminably from its slings and arrows. There are plenty of things you can do to minimise the effect busyness has on your life and to prevent excessive levels of stress. And you don't have to wait until the last moment, either, before intervening. You can take steps now that will prevent you from falling victim to stress. You don't have to be wealthy or privileged to be able to enjoy a more relaxed life and experience less stress. Nor does your life have to become boring. It is possible to be as productive as you have always been and to enjoy doing interesting things, but then with a much lower level of stress.
Beating stress requires a bit more effort than engaging in a few wellness sessions, drinking cups of chamomile tea and taking out a subscription to Happiful Magazine (although all of these can help, too). If you want a more peaceful life, you might need to rethink the way you live and work. There are a couple of adjustments, techniques and exercises that can help you to deal with the inevitable stress in your work and life. And this book will show you how to use them.
My interest in the subject of stress is not purely academic. Stress has been a recurring theme in my own life, too. Unlike many of my friends and colleagues I (touch wood) have never suffered a burnout. Like many of us, however, I have had periods in my life where stress affected me in negative ways. I wasn't much fun to be around. I felt overwhelmed, anxious and depressed. My mind was always preoccupied with work. I lashed out frequently at the people closest to me. The busier I was, the shorter my fuse became. Sometimes I failed to notice what was going on right in front of my nose because my mind was simply miles away. Stress put an enormous strain on my relationship with family and friends. It spoiled holidays, too, because I would spend them running around like a headless chicken. In the past, stress has turned me into a less likable person on more than one occasion. This, I felt, was not the way I wanted to live my life.
While researching the material for this book I read countless studies and publications. I also spoke with many experts in the areas of stress and burnout. And I even subjected myself to some rigorous self‐study. I attempted to cure my Facebook addiction. I made drastic changes to the way in which I work (and the way I think about work). I signed up for a mindfulness trainer programme. I hired a personal assistant to see what effect that would have on my stress levels. I even took Ritalin to find out how it would affect my concentration. In an attempt to banish stress I tried different kinds of yoga, learned how to slow my heart rate down with the help of breathing techniques and signed up for different types of massages and wellness treatments (hard work, I know, but someone's got to do it).
What I found out was this: learning how to cope with stress is not rocket science. The most effective ways of dealing with stress are, in fact, pretty self‐evident. They involve listening to what your body tells you, setting priorities for yourself and being able to say ‘no’ when required. It's all about finding the right balance between availability and rest, about training your attention and working more efficiently. The challenge lies not so much in knowing what you should do, but in maintaining consistency in how you do things: how do you take care of yourself while people are constantly demanding something from you? In order to manage the stress in your life, you need to take care of yourself first, even if others are demanding your attention. The choice for a less busy life is yours and yours alone, but to be able to make that choice you need to be armed with sufficient self‐confidence and self‐knowledge.
In this book we will examine the ‘stress problem’. Which aspects – of our work, our personal life and our mind – cause stress? Why do we feel the need to be busy every waking moment of the day? How have we come to accept a busy life as the normal state of affairs? We will examine what stress is exactly, what constitutes a burnout and what you can do to deal with the stress in your life. The book also contains lots of tips on how to prevent stress and boost your concentration and attention. These tips will help you to bring more calm to your life and relieve stress. Take it from me: all of this can make your life a lot more enjoyable.
When you are reading this book you may sometimes have to pause and think about how it applies to your own specific situation. In places I may use the word ‘he’ where I could just as easily have used ‘she’. Remove and replace as you see fit.
You will also encounter the phrases ‘your work’ or ‘your job’ frequently, while you may in fact be your own boss or still a student. I also use the word ‘task’ regularly to describe everything from a conversation with a client or writing an article to performing a surgical procedure. Feel free to use the words and phrases that best suit your own situation.
Remember, you are the one who decides how to live your life. And how you manage the stress in your life is your choice, too. But if you don't choose, others will force their decisions upon you. If you're unable to make the hard choices, you will be left with a diary that is permanently full to bursting, an eternally hectic life and a perpetual feeling of haste. I cannot guarantee that after reading this book your life will be completely free of stress. But I can promise you that the tips in this book will help you handle stress more effectively. Not a bad prospect, really, considering how crazy busy we all are these days.
10 Ways to Lower Your Stress Levels – A Quick Guide
Okay, great, a book that will help you to deal with stress, but chances are that right now you don't have the time to read a whole book about how to live a more relaxed life. So, to start with, here are a few tips that will help you to quickly lower your stress levels; a kind of first aid kit for stress. These tips summarise the main ideas addressed in the individual chapters in the book. To explore the tips in more detail, you can go straight to the relevant chapter.
Take care of yourself (sleep, eat, rest)
Do you get enough sleep and at the right times? Do you eat well? Do you get enough exercise? Do you have enough time to relax, to ‘switch off’? If you answer ‘no’ to any of these questions, you need to change your lifestyle. Your physical fitness has a major effect on how you feel. If you don't take care of your body, you will automatically experience more stress than when you are rested and fit. That's why one of the first steps when tackling stress is: take good care of your body, especially when you feel like you don't have the time to do so.
(Chapter 6: Warning!; Essential maintenance)
Just breathe
Breathing, you do it all day long. However, by becoming more conscious of how you breathe you can lower your stress level in a matter of minutes. Breathing deeply slows down your heart rate and lowers your blood pressure, which results in a less troubled mind. You can delay or even eliminate your stress response simply by doing a few breathing exercises. It helps just to breathe calmly in through your nose and out through your mouth for a few minutes. For a deeper form of relaxation try breathing in less frequently but more deeply using the 4‐7‐8 technique: inhale for four seconds, hold your breath for seven seconds and exhale for eight seconds. Sounds simple, but it works like a charm.
(Chapter 4: Your Boss is a Bear; Breathe)
Turn off all notifications on your devices
One of the main sources of stress is the many different devices we use throughout the day. Our telephones, laptops and tablets overload us with information, even when we're not looking for it. Once you receive a notification it will stay in your head until you do something with it – that's just the way our brains are wired – including when you are busy doing something else. Turning off all notifications will result in fewer interruptions, less switching and consequently less stress. You will still have access to all the information, but only when you decide to access it yourself.
(Chapter 2: Always in a Hurry; The dictator in your pocket)
Check your e‐mail no more than three times a day
Research has shown that people who check their mail only three times a day are happier, more efficient and less stressed than people who check their e‐mail continuously throughout the day. This suggests that you can cut your stress level dramatically simply by checking your mail less often: for example, early in the morning, after lunch and at the end of the day. Let's be honest, before the invention of e‐mail no one spent the entire day in the hall waiting for the post to drop through the door.
(Chapter 1: We're All Workaholics Now; The terrible tale of e‐mail)
Recognise and react to warning signs
Stress does different things to different kinds of people. While one person may suffer headaches, another will experience pain in their neck and shoulders. Others have trouble sleeping or feel like they are always in a hurry. Some become cynical or develop a temper. It is essential that you learn to recognise your own warning signs and react appropriately when required. It is only when you know how stress affects you that you can react in an effective manner.
(Chapter 6: Warning!; Recognising your warning signs)
Keep your head as empty as possible
What things are currently fighting for attention inside your head? Most of us have a lot going on in our minds at any given moment. If there are too many bits of information demanding your attention, it can result in a permanent kind of background noise, like when there are too many tabs open in your internet browser. With a mind full of stuff it's easy to get overwhelmed. So, to avoid descending further into chaos, it is a good idea to keep your head as empty as possible. Train yourself to write down things that occupy your mind instead of storing them in your memory. The emptier your head, the more space you will have for the stuff that really counts.
(Chapter 2: Always in a Hurry; Organising stuff)
Plan like a boss
There is a lot more to planning than simply making a list or adding dates to a calendar. A good plan involves creating an overview, setting priorities and making sure the most important things always get done. Ideally, it allows you to concentrate fully on whatever you are doing at the moment. And that helps immensely when it comes to keeping a clear head.
(Chapter 7: Peace of Mind; Planning for professionals)
‘Good enough’ is good enough
Stress is often the result of feeling overwhelmed by your work. This is especially true if you happen to be a perfectionist: it is impossible to do everything perfectly and extremely quickly at the same time. Try experimenting with lowering the bar in terms of what you demand of yourself. Chances are that others will not even notice – if you're a perfectionist, your personal standards are probably a lot higher than what others generally expect from you. ‘Good enough’ is good enough: this is true more often than you might think.
(Chapter 3: Being Busy is a Choice; Perfectionism)
Train your attention
When the pressure is on it is essential that you can concentrate on whatever happens to be your top priority at that particular moment. In these days of constant distraction, being able to focus your attention is like a superpower. Luckily, there are ways to train your ability to focus. Mindfulness exercises can be a great help. Here's one simple exercise: go to the window and sit and stare outside for ten minutes. When you find yourself becoming distracted by your own thoughts, refocus your attention on whatever it was you were looking at.
(Chapter 8: Focused on the Job; Mindfulness)
Do NOTHING more often
If you're not careful, your week will have filled itself in the blink of an eye with important, enjoyable and interesting things to do. And if you feel you have no choice but to stick to all those plans – even when you have neither the energy nor the inclination to do so – you will soon end up in trouble. Try experimenting with the noble art of cancelling stuff. You don't have to stick to your appointments simply because they are in your diary. It's okay to cancel things, as long as you do this diplomatically and in a timely manner. And who knows, the other person might be just as relieved as you are when you do…
(Chapter 6: Warning!; Taking action)
1WE'RE ALL WORKAHOLICS NOW
Back in the 1930s the economist John Maynard Keynes had a vision. He predicted that in the future we would only have to work 15 hours a week. At the time, technology was changing fast and much of the manual labour was being taken over by machines, with the result that the same amount of money could be made in less time and with a lot less effort. Where workers once needed a whole day to complete a certain task, it now only required a few hours of their time.
This meant that workers would no longer be required to spend most of their day in the factory, Keynes reasoned, and they would have more time left over for the really important stuff: relaxing, studying, spending time with their families and generally enjoying life.
This prediction did not turn out to be entirely correct, however, and we all know what happened instead. Factory owners discovered that the opportunity to scale up using the same number of workers meant that they could actually produce more. They expanded their factories and invested in modern machines. They split the production process up into smaller tasks and gave workers the responsibility for one of those tasks. Workers went from being makers of products to just cogs in a machine, responsible for a single sub‐task in a much larger production process. As a result, goods began rolling off the conveyor belt at lightning speed and productivity went through the roof. And the poor workers? They were condemned to working increasingly longer shifts, raising their production goals and dealing with micromanaging oversight. Instead of enjoying more free time, they ended up working even longer hours.
Today we are facing a similarly momentous change in the way we work: a digital revolution. Only 20 years ago the internet was the exclusive domain of nerds who dialled into the network using a modem. Now we are all connected to the web – and that has major implications for almost every aspect of our lives. The internet has changed work drastically. Messages are sent and received in the blink of an eye. Everyone is online and available all of the time. You don't even need to be on the same continent, never mind in the same room, as other people anymore in order to collaborate – a fact that entire industries were quick to embrace during the COVID crisis. In the modern era, you can work at any time of the day or night you like. But there are also drawbacks, such as the blurring of the line between your personal and professional life (especially when ‘working remotely’ from your own couch or bedroom) and the many extra hours of work you put in as a consequence.
The West is becoming more of a knowledge economy, as the actual production of goods continues to be farmed out to countries where the cost of labour is low. At work we now use our hands sparingly, but our minds all the more. Much of our time is spent on managing information. For many people, work involves staring at a computer screen for a significant portion of their day. Even the more traditional professions (teachers, plumbers, care workers) are becoming more digital.
The digital revolution was supposed to make our lives more relaxed and more enjoyable, at least that was what they promised us. However, just like the previous period of great change – the industrial revolution – things haven't exactly worked out the way we thought they would. In fact, our lives have become more complex and busier than ever before, as our jobs have become more demanding. The increasing amount of time we devote to our work is often at the cost of the hours we could be spending on other things, such as family and friends and caring for others. No wonder we are now more restless and stressed out than ever before.
Which is not to say that our attitude towards work hasn't changed. Nowadays, we rarely have factory managers or snarky supervisors bossing us around. Mostly, we actually like our work, at least to a certain extent. It is the source of our sense of purpose and self‐worth. You are what you do, and that is why we work long and hard. But if you're not careful, work can become addictive as well and you can end up living in order to work, instead of the other way around.
Work, like other addictions, can actively harm you and those around you as well.
In the 80s and 90s there was a word for people who worked too much: workaholics. The tell‐tale signs of workaholism included devoting an extraordinary amount of time to work and being preoccupied with it even when not working, all to the detriment of other activities in your life. Today the term ‘workaholic’ has all but vanished from our vocabulary. However, I don't think that's because workaholism itself has disappeared. I think it's because we're all inclined to be workaholics now. Being a workaholic has become so normal that it is no longer regarded as strange or out of the ordinary.
In this chapter we will be examining our addiction to work. We will look at those aspects of work that make our lives crazy busy. We will study the major changes that have taken place in the work arena over the past few decades and examine the psychological consequences of those changes.
#LoveMyJob
If you find yourself striking up a conversation with someone you don't know at a party, the first thing you are likely to ask them after exchanging names is: ‘So, what do you do?’ Everyone has their own stock answer to this question, and it usually involves our work. My own answer to this inevitable question varies slightly depending on the occasion. Sometimes I say I'm a psychologist, sometimes a trainer or a teacher and sometimes, when I want to sound interesting, I introduce myself as a writer. The person posing the question would probably be very surprised if I said something like, ‘Oh, I collect stamps’ or ‘I eat lots of crackers’. That would be outside the rules of the game.
The fact that we in the West immediately jump to our occupation when introducing ourselves is not surprising. But it is not a universal phenomenon. There are lots of countries and cultures where you wouldn't even mention your job when meeting someone new. You may be more likely to say something like, ‘Do you have a family?’, ‘Where do you come from?’ or ‘Who are your parents?’
The fact that we in the West like to highlight our career when we meet someone says a lot about how much we value our work. This is not unusual, however, because we often measure our value as a human being in terms of our performance on the work floor. It is our job that gives us status – the amount of respect we are afforded – and naturally we want that status to be as high as possible.
Whereas long ago it was generally assumed that a person who was born poor would remain poor for the rest of their life, today the situation is quite different. We now assume that our position in society is no longer determined on the basis of our social‐economic background or status but on the basis of suitability. If you manage to climb the ladder of success, it is not because your parents are rich but because you are smart and work hard – or at least that's the idea. This means that, in theory, everyone can reach the top of the heap if they are clever enough and willing to put in the effort. This idea is central to the myth of the American Dream in particular: with enough dedication and sheer graft, even the penniless paperboy can become a rich and famous media tycoon. (Unfortunately, that's not the whole story. Being successful also requires plenty of good fortune and there are very real limits to what we can achieve based on our ethnicity, gender and background – things that have very little to do with our skills, grit or ability).
Today we are told we can become whatever we want and that we ought to aspire to reaching the very top. We base our self‐worth, our confidence and our value as a human being on the achievements in our careers. And we evaluate others according to the same standards as well. We admire those who have already climbed high on the ladder of success and look down on those who are still stuck on the first rung.
Our work is an important part of our identity. It is not just what we do but also what we are. Our work is not just one of the many activities we engage in during the week. It is supposed to be our ‘passion’, the thing that gives us meaning and purpose. And the thing that makes us happy, too, if possible.
According to the philosopher Alain de Botton, this is what characterises working in the twenty‐first century more than anything else: the idea that work is a tool for making us happy. This notion, one that we generally accept as being true, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Down through history work was mostly seen as something unpleasant that could not be avoided – almost a kind of punishment (‘by the sweat of your brow…’). You traded your time and energy for a fitting reward: a salary. If you had a choice, however, you would much prefer to spend your time doing something else, but because you needed to eat you had to spend your days doing these unpleasant but necessary tasks. Today, however, we are not encouraged to view our work as a necessary evil but as a means towards self‐fulfilment. In fact, it is not unusual to speak of work in terms of a ‘mission’, an opportunity to leave your mark on this mortal coil.
Some people believe that the ideal outcome is finding work that is so gratifying and important we would probably still do it even if we didn't get paid: ‘Find a job you love and you'll never have to work another day in your life.’ The idea is that once you have found your dream job, the one that meets all of your expectations, it will not feel like a job at all but more like your favourite hobby. #LoveMyJob.
This idea is also evident in the popular management speak of today. We believe it is important to ‘make full use of our potential’ and ‘to get the best out of ourselves’. We engage in ‘personal branding’ and work on our own ‘unique selling point’. We are ‘passionate’ about our work because it matches our ‘core values’. And when our work doesn't quite ‘feel’ the way it should, we can hire a job coach to help us find a job that is more suited to our needs.
The modern employer is a so‐called ‘absorptive corporation’, an organisation that is prepared to go the extra mile to satisfy its employees' demands. Today, organisations pay a lot of attention to the happiness of their workers (as long as it doesn't tamper with their profit margins). After all, employees turn up each day not only to work but also to socialise. Sporting events and courses are organised on a regular basis and many organisations have their own training academy and a bar for drinks after work. The latest trend is to appoint a Chief Happiness Officer whose job is to enhance the ‘employee experience’, ensure that workers are happy in their work and offer them coaching when that is not the case.
The result is a further blurring of the line between our professional and private lives. We no longer regard work as a punitive thing; it is the source of our self‐confidence and enhances our self‐realisation. However, all this meaningful work comes at a considerable price: complete and utter dedication to the cause, even at the expense of our own health.
Continuous change
It is not only our perspective on work that has changed, but also the actual work we do. Our jobs have also become more digitalised and far more complex. And that's not only true for influencers, coders and webshop entrepreneurs but also for more traditional jobs.
Not so long ago the job of a bicycle mechanic primarily involved repairing bicycles. Today it demands a lot more, such as an understanding of social media marketing, the ability to process a digital order for spare parts, excellent people skills and an up‐to‐date knowledge of sales techniques to boot.
