38,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Prepare with the only official study guide for the CWNA-106 The CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator OfficialStudy Guide: Exam CWNA-106 is the officially endorsed CWNA testprep for the leading wireless certification. Expert authors andCWNEs David D. Coleman and David A. Westcott guide readers throughthe skills and concepts candidates need to know for the exam, usinghands-on methods to convey an in-depth understanding of wirelessnetwork administration. Readers should have a basic knowledge ofRadio Frequency behavior, experience with WLAN hardware peripheralsand protocols, and an interest in designing, installing, andmanaging wireless networks. Wireless technology is taking over the tech industry, and thedemand for competent, certified professionals is far outpacing thesupply. A CWNA certification denotes advanced-level proficiency inthe field, with a complete understanding of wireless LANcomponents, features, and function--but the only way to passthe exam is to truly understand the material, not just the talkingpoints. The CWNA: Certified Wireless Network AdministratorOfficial Study Guide thoroughly covers each exam objective, andincludes review questions, assessment tests, and exercises to testyour skills. Topics include: * Radio Frequency technologies, regulations, and standards * 802.11 protocols * Network implementation and security * 802.11 RF site surveying Readers also get access to a suite of study tools including anelectronic test engine with hundreds or practice test questions,electronic flashcards, exercise peripherals, and industry WhitePapers, which serve as valuable backup references. In preparing forthe CWNA-106 exam, the ideal study guide should cover all of theexam topics in depth--CWNA: Certified Wireless NetworkAdministrator Official Study Guide does just that, making it anexcellent, comprehensive study guide.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 1365
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Publisher's Note
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Foreword
Introduction
CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Exam (CWNA-106) Objectives
Assessment Test
Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals
History of WLAN
Standards Organizations
Core, Distribution, and Access
Communications Fundamentals
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals
What Is a Radio Frequency Signal?
Radio Frequency Characteristics
Radio Frequency Behaviors
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics
RF Components
Units of Power and Comparison
RF Mathematics
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts
Azimuth and Elevation Charts (Antenna Radiation Envelopes)
Interpreting Polar Charts
Beamwidth
Antenna Types
Visual Line of Sight
RF Line of Sight
Fresnel Zone
Earth Bulge
Antenna Polarization
Antenna Diversity
Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output
Antenna Connection and Installation
Antenna Accessories
Regulatory Compliance
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11 Standards
Original IEEE 802.11 Standard
IEEE 802.11-2007 Ratified Amendments
IEEE Std 802.11-2012
Post-2012 Ratified Amendments
IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments
Defunct Amendments
802.11m Task Group
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 6: Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands
3.6 GHz Band
4.9 GHz Band
Future Wi-Fi Frequencies
Narrowband and Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Packet Binary Convolutional Code
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
2.4 GHz Channels
Throughput vs. Bandwidth
Communication Resilience
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies
Wireless Networking Topologies
802.11 Topologies
802.11 Configuration Modes
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 8: 802.11 Medium Access
CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD
Collision Detection
Distributed Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function
Hybrid Coordination Function
Block Acknowledgment
Wi-Fi Multimedia
Airtime Fairness
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 9: 802.11 MAC Architecture
Packets, Frames, and Bits
Data-Link Layer
Physical Layer
802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability
Three 802.11 Frame Types
Beacon Management Frame
Authentication
Association
ACK Frame
Fragmentation
Protection Mechanism
Data Frames
Power Management
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 10: WLAN Architecture
Wireless LAN Client Devices
Management, Control, and Data Planes
WLAN Architecture
Specialty WLAN Infrastructure
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 11: WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets
Deployment Considerations for Commonly Supported WLAN Applications and Devices
Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility
Network Extension to Remote Areas
Bridging: Building-to-Building Connectivity
Wireless ISP: Last-Mile Data Delivery
Small Office/Home Office
Mobile Office Networking
Branch Offices
Educational/Classroom Use
Industrial: Warehousing and Manufacturing
Retail
Healthcare: Hospitals and Offices
Municipal Networks
Hotspots: Public Network Access
Stadium Networks
Transportation Networks
Law Enforcement Networks
First-Responder Networks
Fixed Mobile Convergence
WLAN and Health
WLAN Vendors
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 12: WLAN Troubleshooting and Design
Layer 2 Retransmissions
802.11 Coverage Considerations
Capacity vs. Coverage
Voice vs. Data
Performance
Weather
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 13: 802.11 Network Security Architecture
802.11 Security Basics
Legacy 802.11 Security
Robust Security
Traffic Segmentation
Infrastructure Security
VPN Wireless Security
Guest WLAN Security
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 14: Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy
Wireless Attacks
Intrusion Monitoring
Wireless Security Policy
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 15: Radio Frequency Site Survey Fundamentals
WLAN Site Survey Interview
Documents and Reports
Vertical Market Considerations
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 16: Site Survey Systems and Devices
Site Survey Defined
Site Survey Tools
Coverage Analysis
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 17: Power over Ethernet (PoE)
History of PoE
An Overview of PoE Devices
Planning and Deploying PoE
802.11n or 802.11ac and PoE
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 18: 802.11n
802.11n-2009 Amendment
Wi-Fi Alliance Certification
MIMO
HT Channels
HT PHY
HT MAC
HT Operation
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 19: Very High Throughput (VHT) and 802.11ac
802.11ac-2013 Amendment
5 GHz Only
20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz Channels
256-QAM Modulation
Modulation and Coding Schemes
Single-User MIMO
802.11ac Data Rates
VHT MAC
Beamforming
Quality of Service
Infrastructure Requirements
802.11ac in a SOHO or Home
Wi-Fi Alliance Certification
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 20: Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
Mobile Device Management
Guest WLAN Access
Network Access Control (NAC)
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals
Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals
Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics
Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts
Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11 Standards
Chapter 6: Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies
Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies
Chapter 8: 802.11 Medium Access
Chapter 9: 802.11 MAC Architecture
Chapter 10: WLAN Architecture
Chapter 11: WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets
Chapter 12: WLAN Troubleshooting and Design
Chapter 13: 802.11 Network Security Architecture
Chapter 14: Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy
Chapter 15: Radio Frequency Site Survey Fundamentals
Chapter 16: Site Survey Systems and Devices
Chapter 17: Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Chapter 18: 802.11n
Chapter 19: Very High Throughput (VHT) and 802.11ac
Chapter 20: Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Certifications
Organizations and Regulations
Measurements
Technical Terms
Appendix C: About the Additional Study Tools
Additional Study Tools
System Requirements
Using the Study Tools
Troubleshooting
Free Online Study Tools
End User License Agreement
Pages
v
vi
vii
xxvii
xxviii
xxix
xxx
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
xxxiv
xxxv
xxxvi
xxxvii
xxxviii
xxxix
xl
xli
xlii
xliii
xliv
xlv
xlvi
xlvii
xlviii
xlix
l
li
lii
liii
liv
lv
lvi
lvii
lviii
lix
lx
lxi
lxii
lxiii
lxiv
lxv
lxvi
lxvii
lxviii
lxix
lxx
lxxi
lxxii
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
783
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
604
603
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1 ISOC hierarchy
Figure 1.2 Wi-Fi logo
Figure 1.3 Wi-Fi Interoperability Certificate
Figure 1.4 The seven layers of the OSI model
Figure 1.5 This drawing shows the wavelength and amplitude of a wave
Figure 1.6 This drawing shows two waves that are identical; however, they are 90 degrees out of phase with each other.
Figure 1.7 An example of amplitude-shift keying (ASCII code of an uppercase
K
)
Figure 1.8 An example of frequency-shift keying (ASCII code of an uppercase
K
)
Figure 1.9 An example of phase-shift keying (ASCII code of an uppercase
K
)
Figure 1.10 An example of multiple phase-shift keying (ASCII code of an uppercase
K
)
Figure 2.1 Electromagnetic spectrum
Figure 2.2 A sine wave
Figure 2.3 Wavelength
Figure 2.4 750 KHz wavelength and 252 GHz wavelength
Figure 2.5 2.45 GHz wavelength and 5.775 GHz wavelength
Figure 2.6 Wavelength formulas
Figure 2.7 Frequency
Figure 2.8 Amplitude
Figure 2.9 Phase relationships
Figure 2.10 Propagation analogy
Figure 2.11 Reflection analogy
Figure 2.12 Scattering analogy
Figure 2.13 Refraction
Figure 2.14 Diffraction analogy
Figure 2.15 Multipath
Figure 2.16 RF signal measurement tools
Figure 3.1 RF components
Figure 3.2 Signal-to-noise ratio
Figure 3.3 Link budget components
Figure 3.4 Point-to-point link budget gain and loss
Figure 3.5 Office link budget gain and loss
Figure 4.1 Azimuth and elevation charts
Figure 4.2 Logarithmic/linear comparison
Figure 4.3 Omnidirectional polar chart (E-plane)
Figure 4.4 Directional polar chart (E-plane)
Figure 4.5 Antenna beamwidth
Figure 4.6 Beamwidth calculation
Figure 4.7 Vertical radiation patterns of omnidirectional antennas
Figure 4.8 Half-wave dipole antenna
Figure 4.9 Improperly installed omnidirectional antenna
Figure 4.10 The exterior of a patch antenna and the internal antenna element
Figure 4.11 The exterior of a Yagi antenna and the internal antenna element
Figure 4.12 Radiation pattern of a typical semidirectional panel antenna
Figure 4.13 Grid antenna
Figure 4.14 Sectorized array
Figure 4.15 Static beamforming—indoor sectorized array
Figure 4.16 Dynamic beamforming—adaptive antenna array
Figure 4.17 Fresnel zone
Figure 4.18 Fresnel zone clearances of 60 percent and 100 percent
Figure 4.19 Point-to-point communication with potential obstacle
Figure 4.20 Calculating antenna height
Figure 4.21 Coaxial cable attenuation
Figure 4.22 Installation of lightning protection equipment
Figure 4.23 Grounding ring
Figure 5.1 802.11d settings
Figure 5.2 Mesh points, mesh APs, and mesh portal
Figure 5.3 Seamless roaming
Figure 5.4 Roaming-distribution system medium
Figure 6.1 Proposed U-NII bands
Figure 6.2 WiGig certification logo
Figure 6.3 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz tri-band radio card
Figure 6.4 Overlay of narrowband and spread spectrum frequency use
Figure 6.5 Multipath diagram
Figure 6.6 FHSS components
Figure 6.7 802.11 Channels and OFDM subcarriers
Figure 6.8 Subcarrier signal overlay
Figure 6.9 16-QAM constellation diagram
Figure 6.10 2.4 GHz channel overlay diagram
Figure 6.11 HR-DSSS center frequencies
Figure 6.12 IEEE 802.11b transmit spectrum mask
Figure 6.13 Sideband carrier frequency interference
Figure 6.14 U-NII channels
Figure 6.15 U-NII channel overview
Figure 6.16 U-NII 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels
Figure 6.17 Potential U-NII-1 through U-NII-4 20 MHz channels
Figure 6.18 Potential 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels
Figure 6.19 OFDM spectrum mask
Figure 7.1 Distribution system medium
Figure 7.2 Wireless distribution system, single radio
Figure 7.3 Wireless distribution system, dual radios
Figure 7.4 Repeater cell
Figure 7.5 WDS frame header
Figure 7.6 Service set identifier
Figure 7.7 Basic service set
Figure 7.8 Basic service set identifier
Figure 7.9 Basic service area
Figure 7.10 Extended service set, seamless roaming
Figure 7.11 Extended service set, nomadic roaming
Figure 7.12 Extended service set, colocation
Figure 7.13 SSID and BSSIDs within an ESS
Figure 7.14 Independent basic service set
Figure 7.15 Mesh basic service set
Figure 7.16 Access point configuration modes
Figure 7.17 Client station configuration modes
Figure 8.1 Unicast acknowledgment
Figure 8.2 SIFS and DIFS
Figure 8.3 Duration/ID field
Figure 8.4 Duration value of SIFS + ACK
Figure 8.5 Virtual carrier sense
Figure 8.6 Contention window length
Figure 8.7 EDCA and 802.1D priority tags
Figure 8.8 Immediate Block acknowledgment
Figure 8.9 Airtime fairness example
Figure 9.1 802.11 MPDU
Figure 9.2 Data-Link and Physical layers
Figure 9.3 802.11 MAC header
Figure 9.4 Passive scanning
Figure 9.5 Active scanning
Figure 9.6 Authentication and association states
Figure 9.7 Reassociation process
Figure 9.8 ACK control frame
Figure 9.9 Frame fragmentation
Figure 9.10 RTS/CTS duration values
Figure 9.11 RTS/CTS frame exchange
Figure 9.12 Legacy power management
Figure 9.13 WMM-PS
Figure 10.1 PCMCIA adapter/PC card
Figure 10.2 ExpressCard radio
Figure 10.3 802.11 USB NIC
Figure 10.4 Mini PCI and Mini PCI Express radios
Figure 10.5 Bar code scanner
Figure 10.6 Embedded 802.11 radio
Figure 10.7 Google Glass
Figure 10.8 Integrated OS client utility for Windows 8
Figure 10.9 Wireless diagnostic tool for Mac OS 10.8
Figure 10.10 Integrated OS client utility for iOS 7.0
Figure 10.11 Enterprise-class client utility
Figure 10.12 Third-party client utility
Figure 10.13 Simple wireless network using an autonomous architecture
Figure 10.14 NMS diagnostic utilities
Figure 10.15 NMS client monitoring
Figure 10.16 Centralized WLAN architecture: WLAN controller
Figure 10.17 WLAN controller and IP tunneling—core layer
Figure 10.18 WLANs, multiple BSSIDs, and VLANs
Figure 10.19 Centralized data forwarding
Figure 10.20 Distributed data forwarding
Figure 10.21 Distributed WLAN architecture
Figure 10.22 Wireless workgroup bridge
Figure 10.23 Point-to-point WLAN bridging
Figure 10.24 Point-to-multipoint WLAN bridging
Figure 10.25 Common bridging challenge
Figure 10.26 Wireless LAN mesh network
Figure 10.27 WLAN array
Figure 10.28 Active 802.11 RFID tag
Figure 10.29 RTLS application
Figure 10.30 VoWiFi phone (SpectraLink 8030)
Figure 10.31 Vocera communications badge
Figure 11.1 Ekahau Vision RTLS software
Figure 11.2 D-Link wireless SOHO router
Figure 11.3 Retail analytics
Figure 11.4 Welch Allyn Propaq
Figure 11.5 Example of a captive portal
Figure 11.6 FMC network design
Figure 12.1 Layer 2 retransmission statistics
Figure 12.2 Narrowband RF interference
Figure 12.3 Wideband RF interference
Figure 12.4 All-band RF interference
Figure 12.5 Multipath analysis troubleshooting tool
Figure 12.6 2.4 GHz nonoverlapping channels
Figure 12.7 5 GHz nonoverlapping channels
Figure 12.8 Signal-to-noise ratio
Figure 12.9 High and low signal-to-noise ratio
Figure 12.10 Mismatched AP and client power
Figure 12.11 The near/far problem
Figure 12.12 Hidden node—obstruction
Figure 12.13 Hidden node—large coverage cell
Figure 12.14 Hidden node—distributed antenna system
Figure 12.15 Hidden node and RTS/CTS
Figure 12.16 Dynamic rate switching
Figure 12.17 Data rate coverage zones
Figure 12.18 Frame transmission time
Figure 12.19 Roaming
Figure 12.20 Cell overlap
Figure 12.21 AirPcap provides multichannel monitoring and roaming analysis.
Figure 12.22 Layer 3 roaming boundaries
Figure 12.23 Mobile IP
Figure 12.24 Co-channel interference
Figure 12.25 Adjacent channel interference
Figure 12.26 2.4 GHz multiple-channel architecture
Figure 12.27 Clients and co-channel interference
Figure 12.28 5 GHz multiple-channel architecture
Figure 12.29 Three-dimensional channel reuse
Figure 12.30 40 MHz channels
Figure 12.31 40 MHz channel reuse
Figure 12.32 Single-channel architecture
Figure 12.33 Zero handoff time
Figure 12.34 RF coverage of a building using three APs with few wireless stations
Figure 12.35 Cell sizing—multiple-channel architecture
Figure 12.36 Band steering to 5 GHz
Figure 12.37 Band steering for frequency balancing
Figure 12.38 Load balancing between APs
Figure 12.39 Upper-layer networking diagnostic tools
Figure 13.1 Static WEP encryption key and initialization vector
Figure 13.2 Transmission key
Figure 13.3 WEP encryption process
Figure 13.4 Client configured with static passphrase
Figure 13.5 Proprietary PSK
Figure 13.6 802.1X comparison—standalone vs. controller-based access points
Figure 13.7 WLAN bridging and 802.1X
Figure 13.8 802.1X/EAP authentication
Figure 13.9 Wireless VLANs
Figure 13.10 VPN established from a public hotspot
Figure 13.11 Site-to-site VPN
Figure 13.12 Logon section of a captive web portal
Figure 13.13 You can customize the captive web portal.
Figure 14.1 Rogue access point
Figure 14.2 Bridged ad hoc WLAN
Figure 14.3 Client isolation
Figure 14.4 MetaGeek inSSIDer
Figure 14.5 WiFiFoFum WLAN discovery tool
Figure 14.6 WEP-cracking utility
Figure 14.7 Offline dictionary attack
Figure 14.8 MAC spoofing software utility
Figure 14.9 Wireless hijacking/man-in-the-middle attack
Figure 14.10 Wireless intrusion detection system (WIDS)
Figure 14.11 WIDS management console
Figure 14.12 Wireless rogue containment
Figure 14.13 Mobile WIDS locator tool
Figure 15.1 Typical Floor Plan
Figure 15.2 Topographic map
Figure 15.3 NEMA enclosure
Figure 15.4 Indoor enclosure
Figure 16.1 Wi-Spy DBx 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz PC-based spectrum analyzer
Figure 16.2 Microwave oven spectrum use
Figure 16.3 Starting coverage cell
Figure 16.4 Second AP location
Figure 16.5 Signal-to-noise ratio
Figure 16.6 VoWiFi cell recommendations
Figure 16.7 Legacy use of semidirectional antennas
Figure 16.8 Omnidirectional and semidirectional antenna combination
Figure 16.9 WLAN mobile site survey mast
Figure 16.10 Signal generator and wattmeter
Figure 16.11 Macintosh detailed Wi-Fi information
Figure 16.12 Commercial coverage analysis application
Figure 16.13 Fluke AirCheck Wi-Fi Tester
Figure 17.1 Aerohive SR2048P: 48-port Gigabit Ethernet access switch with PoE
Figure 17.2 An Aruba 7010 wireless controller with PoE
Figure 17.3 10BaseT/100BaseTX endpoint PSE, Alternative A
Figure 17.4 1000BaseT endpoint PSE, Alternative A
Figure 17.5 10BaseT/100BaseTX endpoint PSE, Alternative B
Figure 17.6 1000BaseT endpoint PSE, Alternative B
Figure 17.7 10BaseT/100BaseTX midspan PSE, Alternative A
Figure 17.8 1000BaseT midspan PSE, Alternative A
Figure 17.9 10BaseT/100BaseTX midspan PSE, Alternative B
Figure 17.10 1000BaseT midspan PSE, Alternative B
Figure 17.11 PowerDsine power injector and PoE hubs
Figure 17.12 Three PSE solutions
Figure 17.13 Port level PoE budgeting
Figure 17.14 Power budget monitoring
Figure 17.15 Fluke NetTool Series II inline network tester
Figure 18.1 MIMO operation and multipath
Figure 18.2 2×3 and 3×3 MIMO
Figure 18.3 Multiple spatial streams
Figure 18.4 Maximal ratio combining (MRC)
Figure 18.5 Transmit beamforming data
Figure 18.6 20 MHz non-HT (802.11a/g) channel
Figure 18.7 20 MHz HT (802.11n) channel
Figure 18.8 40 MHz HT (802.11n) channel
Figure 18.9 Channel bonding
Figure 18.10 Channel bonding—5 GHz U-NII bands
Figure 18.11 Channel bonding—2.4 GHz ISM band
Figure 18.12 Guard interval
Figure 18.13 802.11n PPDU formats
Figure 18.14 802.11 unicast frame overhead
Figure 18.15 A-MSDU
Figure 18.16 A-MPDU
Figure 18.17 Block acknowledgments
Figure 18.18 Non-HT duplicate format
Figure 19.1 20 MHz non-HT (802.11a) channel
Figure 19.2 20 MHz HT (802.11n) channel
Figure 19.3 40 MHz HT (802.11n) channel
Figure 19.4 Channel bonding
Figure 19.5 80 MHz VHT (802.11ac) channel
Figure 19.6 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels
Figure 19.7 Single AP 160 MHz channel plan
Figure 19.8 Two APs, 160 MHz channel plan
Figure 19.9 64-QAM constellation chart
Figure 19.10 256-QAM constellation chart
Figure 19.11 Example target
Figure 19.12 Interfering laptops
Figure 19.13 Dynamic bandwidth operation using RTS/CTS
Figure 19.14 Dynamic bandwidth operation using RTS/CTS
Figure 19.15 Single-user beamform sounding process
Figure 19.16 Multiuser MIMO
Figure 19.17 Multiuser beamform sounding process
Figure 19.18 Beamformed transmissions in a MU-MIMO environment
Figure 19.19 MU-MIMO block acknowledgments
Figure 19.20 MU-MIMO and QoS
Figure 20.1 Personal mobile devices with Wi-Fi radios
Figure 20.2 Device restrictions
Figure 20.3 MDM enrollment—initial steps
Figure 20.4 MDM server—enrollment captive web portal—step 4
Figure 20.5 Certificate and MDM profile installation—step 5
Figure 20.6 Mobile device exits the walled garden–final steps
Figure 20.7 MDM profile settings
Figure 20.8 MDM agent application
Figure 20.9 Device information
Figure 20.10 Over-the-air management
Figure 20.11 Mobile device applications
Figure 20.12 MDM distribution of the
CWNA Study Guide eBook
Figure 20.13 GRE tunneling guest traffic to a DMZ
Figure 20.14 Guest firewall policy
Figure 20.15 Application firewall policy
Figure 20.16 Captive web portal—DNS redirect
Figure 20.17 Captive web portal logon pages
Figure 20.18 Guest management and monitoring
Figure 20.19 Guest credential delivery methods
Figure 20.20 Kiosk mode
Figure 20.21 Employee sponsorship registration
Figure 20.22 Employee sponsorship confirmation email
Figure 20.23 Social login
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Five generations of Wi-Fi
Table 2.1 Attenuation comparison of materials
Table 2.2 Attenuation due to free space path loss
Table 3.1 dB Loss and gain (−10 through +10)
Table 3.2 dBm and milliwatt conversions
Table 3.3 Receive sensitivity thresholds (example)
Table 3.4 Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) metrics (vendor example)
Table 3.5 Link budget calculations
Table 4.1 Antenna beamwidth
Table 4.2 Signal loss caused by VSWR
Table 5.1 Original 802.11 amendments comparison
Table 5.2 Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
Table 5.3 802.11 clause numbers
Table 6.1 The 5 GHz U-NII bands
Table 6.2 The new 5 GHz U-NII bands
Table 6.3 DSSS and HR-DSSS encoding and modulation overview
Table 6.4 802.11a and 802.11g data rate and modulation comparison
Table 6.5 2.4 GHz frequency channel plan
Table 6.6 IEEE adjacent and overlapping channels
Table 8.1 Wi-Fi multimedia access categories
Table 9.1 Beacon frame contents
Table 10.1 Vendor bridge configuration modes
Table 12.1 Applications and TCP throughput consumption
Table 12.2 IP voice and IP data comparison
Table 13.1 Security standards and certifications comparison
Table 13.2 EAP comparison table
Table 16.1 WLAN data cell—vendor recommendations
Table 17.1 PD pinout
Table 17.2 PD classification signature measured electrical current values
Table 17.3 PD power classification and usage
Table 17.4 PSE power
Table 17.5 PSE pinout alternatives
Table 18.1 Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n baseline requirements
Table 18.2 Mandatory modulation and coding schemes—20 MHz channel
Table 18.3 MCS—20 MHz channel, four spatial streams
Table 18.4 MCS—40 MHz channel, one spatial stream
Table 18.5 MCS—40 MHz channel, four spatial streams
Table 18.6 MCS—40 MHz channel, four spatial streams, unequal modulation
Table 19.1 Comparison of 802.11n and 802.11ac
Table 19.2 VHT MCS, modulation, code rate, and data rate
Table 19.3 802.11ac data rate factors
Table 19.5 Wi-Fi CERTIFIED ac baseline requirements (phase 1)
CWNA®
Certified Wireless Network AdministratorOfficial Study Guide
Fourth Edition
David A. Westcott, CWNE #7
David D. Coleman, CWNE #4
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Kellum
Development Editor: Mary Ellen Schutz
Technical Editors: Andrew von Nagy and Marcus Burton
Production Editor: Eric Charbonneau
Copy Editor: Judy Flynn
Editorial Manager: Pete Gaughan
Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley
Associate Publisher: Chris Webb
Media Project Manager 1: Laura Moss-Hollister
Media Associate Producer: Josh Frank
Media Quality Assurance: Doug Kuhn
Book Designer: Judy Fung
Proofreader: Nancy Bell
Indexer: Jack Lewis
Project Coordinator, Cover: Patrick Redmond
Cover Designer: Wiley
Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-1-118-89370-8
ISBN: 978-1-118-89636-5 (ebk.)
ISBN: 978-1-118-89612-9 (ebk.)
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014935748
TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. CWNA is a registered trademark of Alliance Services Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Dear Reader,
Thank you for choosing CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator, Fourth Edition. This book is part of a family of premium-quality Sybex books, all of which are written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching.
Sybex was founded in 1976. More than 30 years later, we're still committed to producing consistently exceptional books. With each of our titles, we're working hard to set a new standard for the industry. From the paper we print on to the authors we work with, our goal is to bring you the best books available.
I hope you see all that reflected in these pages. I'd be very interested to hear your comments and get your feedback on how we're doing. Feel free to let me know what you think about this or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at contactus@sybex.com. If you think you've found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com. Customer feedback is critical to our efforts at Sybex.
Best regards,Chris WebbAssociate Publisher, Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley
Acknowledgments
When we wrote the first edition of the CWNA Study Guide, David Coleman's children, Brantley and Carolina, were young teenagers. David would like to thank his now adult children for their years of support and for making their dad very proud. David would also like to thank his mother, Marjorie Barnes, and his stepfather, William Barnes, for many years of support and encouragement.
David Coleman would also like to thank the entire Aerohive Networks training department: Paul Levasseur, Bryan Harkins, Metka Dragos, Gregor Vucajnk, Roslyn Rissler, and Yuki Fraher. We have built a fantastic team! David Coleman would also like to thank Abby Strong and all of his co-workers at Aerohive Networks (www.aerohive.com). It has been one wild ride the past four years!
David Westcott would like to thank his parents, Kathy and George, who have provided so much support and love and from whom he has learned so much. He would also like to thank Janie, Jennifer, and Samantha for their patience and understanding of life on the road and for their support throughout the writing of this book. And special thanks to Savannah Grace, for providing me with the joy of seeing and experiencing life from a new perspective.
David Westcott also would like to thank the training department at Aruba Networks. More than 10 years ago, Chris Leach hired him as a contract trainer. Much has changed over the years, but thanks to Chris, Carolyn Cutler, Susan Wells, Kevin Hamilton, Ramon Pastor, and Stewart Trammell, it has been a fun and exciting journey.
Together, we must first thank Sybex acquisitions editor Jeff Kellum for initially finding us and bringing us to this project. Jeff is an extremely patient and understanding editor who has now survived publishing six books with us. We would also like to thank our development editor, Mary Ellen Schutz. Mary Ellen did a great job keeping us focused and motivated. We also need to send special thanks to our editorial manager, Pete Gaughan; our production editor, Eric Charbonneau; Judy Flynn, our copyeditor; Nancy Bell, our proofreader; and Jack Lewis, our indexer.
We also need to give a big shout-out to our technical editor, Marcus Burton of Ruckus Networks (www.ruckuswireless.com). The feedback and input provided by Marcus was invaluable. Special thanks also goes to Andrew vonNagy of Revolution Wi-Fi (www.revolutionwifi.net) for his feedback and content review. Andrew is a well-known Wi-Fi superstar who writes the best vendor-neutral Wi-Fi blog.
Thanks very much to Matthew Gast for the heartfelt foreword. Matthew, an author himself, has written numerous books about 802.11 technology. A simple Google search on Matthew Gast's name reveals why he is considered an utmost authority on 802.11 technology.
We would also like to thank Brad Crump, Tom Carpenter, and Julia Baldini of the CWNP program (www.cwnp.com). All CWNP employees, past and present, should be proud of the internationally renowned wireless certification program that sets the education standard within the enterprise Wi-Fi industry. It has been a pleasure working with all of you for over a decade.
Andrew Crocker has again provided us with wonderful photographs and some amazing editing of some not so wonderful photographs that we provide him. You can see much more of his work and talent at www.andrew-crocker.com.
Thanks to Proxim and to Ken Ruppel (kenruppel@gmail.com) for allowing us to include the video Beam Patterns and Polarization of Directional Antennas with the book's online resources, which can be accessed at www.sybex.com/go/cwna4e.
Special thanks goes to Andras Szilagyi, not only for creating the EMANIM software program but for all the extra assistance he provided over the past eight years by creating customized versions of the program for the different editions of the book.
We would also like to thank the following individuals and companies for their support and contributions to the book:
Caster Tray
(
www.castertray.com
) —Joel Baldevarona
Divergent Dynamics
(
www.divergentdynamics.com
) —Devin Akin
Ekahau
(
www.ekahau.com
) —Jussi Kiviniemi
Fluke Networks
(
www.flukenetworks.com
) —Dilip Advani, Karthik Krishnaswamy
Metageek
(
www.metageek.com
) —Mark Jensen
WLAN Professionals
(
www.wlanpros.com
) —Keith Parsons
Welch Allyn
(
www.welchallyn.com
) —Jeffrey Walker
Wi-Fi Alliance
(
www.wi-fi.org
) —Trisha Campbell
Xirrus
(
www.xirrus.com
) —Bruce Miller
About the Authors
David D. Coleman is the Global Training Manager for Aerohive Networks, www.aerohive.com, creators of the award-winning cooperative control wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture. David is in charge of Aerohive training programs for all partners and customers. He has instructed IT professionals from around the globe in wireless networking administration, wireless security, and wireless frame analysis. David has written multiple books, blogs, and white papers about wireless networking. Prior to working at Aerohive, he specialized in corporate and government Wi-Fi training, In the past, he provided WLAN training for numerous private corporations, the US Army, the US Navy, the US Air Force, and other federal and state government agencies. When he is not traveling, David resides in Atlanta, Georgia. David is CWNE #4, and he can be reached via email at mistermultipath@gmail.com. You can also follow David online via Twitter at www.twitter.com/mistermultipath.
David Westcott is an independent consultant and technical trainer with more than 25 years of experience in information technology, specializing in wireless networking and security. In addition to providing advice and direction to corporate clients, David has been a certified trainer for more than 21 years, providing training around the world to government agencies, corporations, and universities. He has provided training on six continents and in over 45 US states. David was an adjunct faculty member for Boston University's Corporate Education Center for more than 10 years. He has co-authored six books about wireless networking as well as numerous white papers and best practices documents. He has also developed courseware and training videos for clients on wireless networking, wireless mesh networking, wireless packet analysis, wired networking, and security. David especially enjoys providing custom onsite training, which focuses on teaching his clients how to apply product and technical knowledge to address their support and troubleshooting needs.
Since installing his first wireless network in 1999, David has become a Certified Wireless Network Trainer, Administrator, Security Professional, and Analysis Professional. He has earned certifications from Cisco, Aruba Networks, Microsoft, EC-Council, CompTIA, and Novell. When not traveling, David lives in Concord, Massachusetts. David is CWNE #7 and can be reached via email at [email protected].
Table of Exercises
Exercise 2.1
Visual Demonstration of Absorption
Exercise 2.2
Visual Demonstration of Multipath and Phase
Exercise 3.1
Step-by-Step Use of the Rule of 10s and 3s
Exercise 3.2
Rule of 10s and 3s, Example 1
Exercise 3.3
Rule of 10s and 3s, Example 2
Exercise 3.4
Rule of 10s and 3s, Example 3
Exercise 3.5
Rule of 10s and 3s, Example 4
Exercise 3.6
Link Budget and Fade Margin
Exercise 9.1
Viewing Beacon Frames
Exercise 9.2
Understanding Probe Requests and Probe Responses
Exercise 9.3
Using Open System Authentication
Exercise 9.4
Understanding Association
Exercise 9.5
Understanding Reassociation
Exercise 9.6
Understanding Acknowledgment
Exercise 9.7
Using Data Frames
Exercise 13.1
Using Unencrypted and Encrypted Data Frames
Exercise 13.2
802.1X/EAP and 4-Way Handshake Process
Exercise 16.1
Cable Loss Calculations
Foreword
My first formative experience with networking was installing Linux on a 386 laptop. In the days before PC Cards, getting computers on a network was not a plug-and-play task. My first experience with Wi-Fi required going to war with Windows device drivers, and I expended all that effort so I could walk up to my co-workers and ask them, “What is your favorite website?” and then proceed to call it up without having the computer plugged into anything. Such a simple shtick is what passed for a Wi-Fi demo at the time, and the novelty delighted and amazed people more than many demos I have done since.
The years since then have been an interesting journey. I didn't know it at the time, but my after-hours fighting with that old beat-up laptop had nudged me in a new direction. As I traveled the world volunteering in industry groups that were developing the technology, I would visit many interesting locations, hoping that our protocols would stand the test of time while wandering the Acropolis in Athens or lost in the back streets of Venice, wondering whether the jumbled Venetian streets were more or less confusing than the Wi-Fi security architecture, and reveling in the electronic culture of Tokyo while contemplating the obvious challenges to building Wi-Fi networks in such a dense and thriving city.
Providing freely flowing connectivity is a challenge, and many technologies contended to be the prime mover of that ubiquitous connectivity. Wi-Fi provided such a blend of high speeds and good capacity with good economics that it became the default way to connect to a network.
Wi-Fi has grown from an interesting curiosity used by the networking elite into a technology so woven into the fabric of our lives that it has erased Ethernet from our collective memory. Starting with the introduction of the first MacBook Air in 2008, everything became connected primarily by Wi-Fi. Without the ability to offer continuous connectivity, rich media experiences on phones would not have happened. Tablets are possible because so much content and data is accessible through networks that the mass storage can be held outside the device, accessible through a robust network connection.
Our first great wave of connectivity is now coming to a close. Wi-Fi's first act—connecting people—is over. We turned desktops into laptops and then turned laptops into bulky accessories that we used only when our phones and tablets would not suffice. It is now time for the second act—connecting everything else. Making the world around us more aware and responsive requires that new sensors just power up, tune in, and start reporting on the world around them. Instrumenting everything will unleash a flood of data, and tomorrow's Wi-Fi networks need to handle that data without a hitch. Underpinning every API, every service, and all of the instrumentation needed to make it all work is a solid foundation of connectivity. Interacting with and controlling the world requires a bigger network than we have ever seen, and Wi-Fi will be one of the pillars of our brave new data-driven world.
The only thing worse than missing the last decade of innovation in Wi-Fi would be to miss the next innovation. Reading this book is an excellent first step in participating in the decade yet to come. As you take those first steps, halting as they may seem, trust in your guides. Both David and Dave have been in Wi-Fi as long as I have, and their practical knowledge and expertise are the best introduction to the technology you could ask for.
—Matthew Gast
Former chair, 802.11-2012 & Wi-Fi Alliance task group leader
San Francisco, California
April 2014
Introduction
If you have purchased this book or if you are thinking about purchasing this book, you probably have some interest in taking the CWNA® (Certified Wireless Network Administrator) certification exam or in learning more about what the CWNA certification exam encompasses. We would like to congratulate you on this first step, and we hope that our book can help you on your journey. Wireless networking is one of the hottest technologies on the market. As with many fast-growing technologies, the demand for knowledgeable people is often greater than the supply. The CWNA certification is one way to prove that you have the knowledge and skills to support this growing industry. This Study Guide was written with that goal in mind.
This book was written to help teach you about wireless networking so that you have the knowledge needed not only to pass the CWNA certification test but also to be able to design, install, and support wireless networks. We have included review questions at the end of each chapter to help you test your knowledge and prepare for the test. We have also included labs, videos, and presentations on the book's website (www.sybex.com/go/cwna4e) to further facilitate your learning.
Before we tell you about the certification process and requirements, we must mention that this information may have changed by the time you take your test. We recommend that you visit www.cwnp.com as you prepare to study for your test to determine what the current objectives and requirements are.
Do not just study the questions and answers! The practice questions in this book are designed to test your knowledge of a concept or objective that is likely to be on the CWNA exam. The practice questions will be different from the actual certification exam questions. If you learn and understand the topics and objectives, you will be better prepared for the test.
About CWNA® and CWNP®
If you have ever prepared to take a certification test for a technology that you are unfamiliar with, you know that you are not only studying to learn a different technology but probably also learning about an industry that you are unfamiliar with. Read on and we will tell you about CWNP.
CWNP is an abbreviation for Certified Wireless Network Professional. There is no CWNP test. The CWNP program develops courseware and certification exams for wireless LAN technologies in the computer networking industry. The CWNP certification program is a vendor-neutral program.
The objective of CWNP is to certify people on wireless networking, not on a specific vendor's product. Yes, at times the authors of this book and the creators of the certification will talk about, demonstrate, or even teach how to use a specific product; however, the goal is the overall understanding of wireless, not the product itself. If you learned to drive a car, you had to physically sit and practice in one. When you think back and reminisce, you probably do not tell someone you learned to drive a Ford; you probably say you learned to drive using a Ford.
There are seven wireless certifications offered by the CWNP program:
CWTS: Certified Wireless Technology Specialist
CWTS is an entry-level WLAN certification exam (PW0-071). This certification is geared specifically toward both WLAN sales and support staff for the enterprise WLAN industry. The CWTS certification verifies that sales and support staff are specialists in WLAN technology and have all the fundamental knowledge, tools, and terminology to more effectively sell and support WLAN technologies.
CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator
The CWNA certification is a foundation-level Wi-Fi certification; however, it is not considered an entry-level technology certification. Individuals taking this exam (CWNA 106) typically have a solid grasp on network basics such as the OSI model, IP addressing, PC hardware, and network operating systems. Many candidates already hold other industry-recognized certifications, such as the CompTIA Network+ or Cisco CCNA, and are looking for the CWNA certification to enhance or complement existing skills.
CWSP: Certified Wireless Security Professional
The CWSP certification exam (PW0-204) is focused on standards-based wireless security protocols, security policy, and secure wireless network design. This certification introduces candidates to many of the technologies and techniques that intruders use to compromise wireless networks and that administrators use to protect wireless networks. With recent advances in wireless security, WLANs can be secured beyond their wired counterparts.
CWDP: Certified Wireless Design Professional
The CWDP certification exam (PW0-250) is a professional-level career certification for networkers who are already CWNA certified and have a thorough understanding of RF technologies and applications of 802.11 networks. This certification prepares WLAN professionals to properly design wireless LANs for different applications to perform optimally in different environments.
CWAP: Certified Wireless Analysis Professional
The CWAP certification exam (PW0-270) is a professional-level career certification for networkers who are already CWNA certified and have a thorough understanding of RF technologies and applications of 802.11 networks. This certification provides an in-depth look at 802.11 operations and prepares WLAN professionals to be able to perform, interpret, and understand wireless packet and spectrum analysis.
CWNE: Certified Wireless Network Expert
The CWNE certification is the highest-level certification in the CWNP program. By successfully completing the CWNE requirements, you will have demonstrated that you have the most advanced skills available in today's wireless LAN market. The CWNE certification requires CWNA, CWAP, CWDP, and CWAP certifications. To earn the CWNE certification, a rigorous application must be submitted and approved by CWNP's review team.
CWNT: Certified Wireless Network Trainer
Certified Wireless Network Trainers are qualified instructors certified by the CWNP program to deliver CWNP training courses to IT professionals. CWNTs are technical and instructional experts in wireless technologies, products, and solutions. To ensure a superior learning experience for our customers, CWNP Education Partners are required to use CWNTs when delivering training using official CWNP courseware. More information about becoming a CWNT is available on the CWNP website.
How to Become a CWNA
To become a CWNA, you must do the following two things: agree that you have read and will abide by the terms and conditions of the CWNP Confidentiality Agreement and pass the CWNA certification test.
A copy of the CWNP Confidentiality Agreement can be found online at the CWNP website.
When you sit to take the test, you will be required to accept this confidentiality agreement before you can continue with the test. After you have agreed, you will be able to continue with the test, and if you pass it, you are then a CWNA.
The information for the exam is as follows:
Exam name:
Wireless LAN Administrator
Exam number:
CWNA 106
Cost:
$175 (in US dollars)
Duration:
90 minutes
Questions:
60
Passing score:
70 percent (80 percent for instructors)
Available languages:
English
Availability:
Register at Pearson VUE (
www.vue.com/cwnp
)
When you schedule the exam, you will receive instructions regarding appointment and cancellation procedures, ID requirements, and information about the testing center location. In addition, you will receive a registration and payment confirmation letter. Exams can be scheduled weeks in advance or, in some cases, even as late as the same day. Exam vouchers can also be purchased at the CWNP website.
After you have successfully passed the CWNA exam, the CWNP program will award you a certification that is good for three years. To recertify, you will need to pass the current CWNA exam, the CWSP exam, the CWDP exam, or the CWAP exam that is current at that time. If the information you provided to the testing center is correct, you will receive an email from CWNP recognizing your accomplishment and providing you with a CWNP certification number. After you earn any CWNP certification, you can request a certification kit. The kit includes a congratulatory letter, a certificate, and a wallet-sized personalized ID card. You will need to log in to the CWNP tracking system, verify your contact information, and request your certification kit.
Who Should Buy This Book?
If you want to acquire a solid foundation in wireless networking and your goal is to prepare for the exam, this book is for you. You will find clear explanations of the concepts you need to grasp and plenty of help to achieve the high level of professional competency you need in order to succeed.
If you want to become certified as a CWNA, this book is definitely what you need. However, if you just want to attempt to pass the exam without really understanding wireless, this Study Guide is not for you. It is written for people who want to acquire hands-on skills and in-depth knowledge of wireless networking.
How to Use This Book and the Companion Website
We have included several testing features in the book and on the book's website (www.sybex.com/go/cwna4e). These tools will help you retain vital exam content as well as prepare you to sit for the actual exam.
Before You Begin
At the beginning of the book (right after this introduction) is an assessment test that you can use to check your readiness for the exam. Take this test before you start reading the book; it will help you determine the areas that you may need to brush up on. The answers to the assessment test appear on a separate page after the last question of the test. Each answer includes an explanation and a note telling you the chapter in which the material appears.
Chapter Review Questions
To test your knowledge as you progress through the book, there are review questions at the end of each chapter. As you finish each chapter, answer the review questions and then check your answers. You can go back and reread the section that deals with each question you answered incorrectly to ensure that you answer correctly the next time you are tested on the material.
Electronic Flashcards
You will find flashcard questions on the book's website (
www.sybex.com/go/cwna4e
). These are short questions and answers, just like the flashcards you probably used in school. You can answer them on your PC or download them onto a smartphone for quick and convenient reviewing.
Test Engine
The book's website (
www.sybex.com/go/cwna4e
) also contains the Sybex Test Engine. With this custom test engine, you can identify weak areas up front and then develop a solid studying strategy that includes each of the robust testing features described previously. Our thorough ReadMe file will walk you through the quick, easy installation process.
In addition to the assessment test and the chapter review questions, you will find three bonus exams. Use the test engine to take these practice exams just as if you were taking the actual exam (without any reference material). When you have finished the first exam, move on to the next one to solidify your test-taking skills. If you answer more than 95 percent of the questions correctly, you are ready to take the certification exam.
Labs and Exercises
Several chapters in this book have labs that use software, spreadsheets, and videos that are also provided on the book's website (
www.sybex.com/go/cwna4e
). These labs and exercises will provide you with a broader learning experience by supplying hands-on experience and step-by-step problem solving.
White Papers
Several chapters in this book reference wireless networking white papers that are available from the referenced websites. These white papers serve as additional reference material for preparing for the CWNA exam.
CWNA Exam (CWNA-106) Objectives
The CWNA exam measures your understanding of the fundamentals of RF behavior, your ability to describe the features and functions of wireless LAN components, and your knowledge of the skills needed to install, configure, and troubleshoot wireless LAN hardware peripherals and protocols.
The skills and knowledge measured by this exam were derived from a survey of wireless networking experts and professionals. The results of this survey were used in weighing the subject areas and ensuring that the weighting is representative of the relative importance of the content.
The following chart provides the breakdown of the exam, showing you the weight of each section:
Subject area
% of exam
Radio frequency (RF) technologies
21%
IEEE 802.11 regulations and standards
17%
IEEE 802.11 protocols and devices
17%
IEEE 802.11 network implementation
25%
IEEE 802.11 network security
8%
IEEE 802.11 RF site surveying
12%
Total
100%
Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies—21%
1.1. RF Fundamentals
1.1.1. Define and explain the basic concepts of RF behavior.
Gain and loss
Reflection, refraction, diffraction, and scattering
VSWR
Return loss
Amplification
Attenuation
Absorption
Wave propagation including free space path loss (FSPL) and delay spread
