Digital Filters E-Book

Fred Taylor

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 432

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The book is not an exposition on digital signal processing (DSP) but rather a treatise on digital filters. The material and coverage is comprehensive, presented in a consistent that first develops topics and subtopics in terms it their purpose, relationship to other core ideas, theoretical and conceptual framework, and finally instruction in the implementation of digital filter devices. Each major study is supported by Matlab-enabled activities and examples, with each Chapter culminating in a comprehensive design case study.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

INTRODUCTION

ORIGINS OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP)

SIGNAL DOMAINS

SIGNAL TAXONOMY

DSP: A DISCIPLINE

CHAPTER 2 SAMPLING THEOREM

INTRODUCTION

SHANNON’S SAMPLING THEOREM (AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY)

SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION

SHANNON INTERPOLATION

SAMPLING MODALITIES

MULTICHANNEL SAMPLING

MATLAB AUDIO OPTIONS

CHAPTER 3 ALIASING

INTRODUCTION

ALIASING

CIRCLE CRITERIA

IF SAMPLING

CHAPTER 4 DATA CONVERSION AND QUANTIZATION

DOMAIN CONVERSION

ADC TAXONOMY

ADC ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

DSP DATA REPRESENTATION

QUANTIZATION ERROR

MAC UNITS

MATLAB SUPPORT

CHAPTER 5 THE Z-TRANSFORM

INTRODUCTION

Z-TRANSFORM

PRIMITIVE SIGNALS

Z-TRANSFORM: LINEAR SYSTEMS

Z-TRANSFORMS PROPERTIES

MATLAB Z-TRANSFORM SUPPORT

SYSTEM STABILITY

INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM

HEAVISIDE EXPANSION METHOD

MATLAB INVERSE Z-TRANFORM SUPPORT

CHAPTER 6 FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

INTRODUCTION

FIR FILTERS

IDEAL LOW-PASS FIR

FIR DESIGN

STABILITY

LINEAR PHASE

GROUP DELAY

FIR ZERO LOCATIONS

ZERO-PHASE FIR

MINIMUM PHASE FILTERS

CHAPTER 7 WINDOW DESIGN METHOD

FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (FIR) SYNTHESIS

WINDOW-BASED DESIGN

DETERMINISTIC DESIGN

DATA WINDOWS

MATLAB WINDOW FIR DESIGN

KAISER WINDOW

TRUNCATED FOURIER TRANSFORM DESIGN METHOD

FREQUENCY SAMPLING DESIGN METHOD

CHAPTER 8 LMS DESIGN METHOD

FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (FIR) SYNTHESIS

LEAST-SQUARES METHOD

LEAST-SQUARES FIR DESIGN

MATLAB LMS DESIGN

MATLAB DESIGN COMPARISONS

PRONY’S METHOD

CHAPTER 9 EQUIRIPPLE DESIGN METHOD

EQUIRIPPLE CRITERION

REMEZ EXCHANGE ALGORITHM

WEIGHTED EQUIRIPPLE FIR DESIGN

HILBERT EQUIRIPPLE FIR

EQUIRIPPLE ORDER ESTIMATE

MATLAB EQUIRIPPLE FIR

LP FIR DESIGN

MATLAB LP DESIGN

CHAPTER 10 FIR: SPECIAL CASES

INTRODUCTION

MOVING AVERAGE (MA) FIR

COMB FIR

L-BAND FILTERS

MIRROR FIR

COMPLEMENT FIR

FREQUENCY SAMPLING FILTER BANK

SAVITZKY–GOLAY (SG) FIR

NONLINEAR PHASE FIR

FARROW FIR

CHAPTER 11 FIR IMPLEMENTATION

FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER (FIR) IMPLEMENTATION

DIRECT-FORM FIR

TRANSPOSE ARCHITECTURE

SYMMETRIC FIR ARCHITECTURES

LATTICE FIR ARCHITECTURE

DISTRIBUTED ARITHMETIC (DA)

CANONIC SIGNED DIGIT (CSD)

FIR FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS

ARITHMETIC ERRORS

SCALING

MULTIPLE MAC ARCHITECTURES

CHAPTER 12 CLASSIC FILTER DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIC ANALOG FILTERS

PROTOTYPE ANALOG FILTERS

BUTTERWORTH PROTOTYPE FILTER

CHEBYSHEV PROTOTYPE FILTER

ELLIPTIC (CAUER) PROTOTYPE FILTER

PROTOTYPE TO FILTER CONVERSION

OTHER IIR FILTER FORMS

PRONY’S (PADÉ) METHOD

YULE–WALKER

CHAPTER 13 IIR DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

IMPULSE INVARIANCE

IMPULSE INVARIANT DESIGN

BILINEAR Z-TRANSFORM

WARPING

MATLAB IIR DESIGN

IMPULSE INVARIANCE VERSUS BILINEAR IIRS

OPTIMIZATION

CHAPTER 14 STATE VARIABLE FILTER MODELS

STATE-DETERMINED SYSTEMS

STATE VARIABLES

SIMULATION

MATLAB SIMULATIONS

STATE VARIABLE MODEL

CHANGE OF BASIS

MATLAB STATE SPACE

TRANSPOSE SYSTEMS

MATLAB STATE-SPACE ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 15 DIGITAL FILTER ARCHITECTURE

FILTER ARCHITECTURE

DIRECT I AND II ARCHITECTURES

DIRECT I AND II MATLAB IIR SUPPORT

MATLAB DIRECT I AND II STRUCTURES

CASCADE ARCHITECTURE

FIRST- AND SECOND-ORDER SUBFILTERS

MATLAB FIRST-AND SECOND-ORDER SECTIONS

PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE

CASCADE/PARALLEL MATLAB SUPPORT

LADDER/LATTICE IIRS

CHAPTER 16 FIXED-POINT EFFECTS

BACKGROUND

FIXED-POINT SYSTEMS

OVERFLOW (SATURATION) EFFECTS

ARITHMETIC ERRORS

COEFFICIENT SENSITIVITY

SECOND-ORDER SECTIONS

NORMAL IIR

SCALING

LIMIT CYCLING

CHAPTER 17 IIR ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS

OVERFLOW PREVENTION

LP NORM BOUNDS

L2 OVERFLOW PREVENTION

L2 NORM DETERMINATION

L2 NORM CAVEAT

L∞ NORM BOUNDS

L1 NORM BOUND

NOISE POWER GAIN

STATE-DETERMINED NOISE ANALYSIS

SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION

CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIRATE SYSTEMS

BACKGROUND

DECIMATION

INTERPOLATION

SAMPLE RATE CONVERSION

POLYPHASE REPRESENTATION

SUB-BAND FILTERS

MATLAB

CHAPTER 19 MULTIRATE FILTERS

INTRODUCTION

DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM (DFT) FILTER BANK

L BAND FILTERS (REVISITED)

QUADRATURE MIRROR FILTER (QMF)

POLYPHASE REPRESENTATION

FREQUENCY MASKING FILTERS

CASCADED INTEGRATOR-COMB (CIC) FILTER

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

MATLAB

GLOSSARY

INDEX

IEEE PRESS SERIES ON DIGITAL AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION

John B. Anderson, Series Editor

University of Lund

1. Wireless Video Communications: Second to Third Generation and Beyond

Lajos Hanzo, Peter Cherriman, and Jurgen Streit

2. Wireless Communications in the 2lst Century

Mansoor Sharif, Shigeaki Ogose, and Takeshi Hattori

3. Introduction to WLLs: Application and Deployment for Fixed and Broadband Services

Raj Pandya

4. Trellis and Turbo Coding

Christian Schlegel and Lance Perez

5. Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication

Kamil Sh. Zigangirov

6. Digital Transmission Engineering, Second Edition

John B. Anderson

7. Wireless Broadband: Conflict and Convergence

Vern Fotheringham and Shamla Chetan

8. Wireless LAN Radios: System Definition to Transistor Design

Arya Behzad

9. Millimeter Wave Communication Systems

Kao-Cheng Huang and Zhaocheng Wang

10. Channel Equalization for Wireless Communications: From Concepts to Detailed Mathematics

Gregory E. Bottomley

11. Handbook of Position Location: Theory, Practice, and Advances

Edited by Seyed (Reza) Zekavat and R. Michael Buehrer

12. Digital Filters: Principle and Applications with MATLAB

Fred J. Taylor

Forthcoming Titles

Fundamentals of Convolutional Coding, Second Edition

Rolf Johannesson and Kamil Zigangirov

Non-Gaussian Statistical Communication Theory

David Middleton

Copyright © 2012 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Taylor, Fred J., 1940-

 Digital filters : principles and applications with MATLAB / Fred J. Taylor.—1st ed.

p. cm.—(IEEE series on digital & mobile communication ; 30)

 Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-77039-9 (hardback)

 1. Electric filters, Digital. 2. Signal processing–Digital techniques–Mathematics. 3. MATLAB. I. Title.

 TK7872.F5T39 2012

 621.3815'324–dc23

2011021434

oBook ISBN: 9781118141151

ePDF ISBN: 9781118141120

ePub ISBN: 9781118141144

eMobi ISBN: 9781118141137

To my angel, Lori

PREFACE

The history of digital filters essentially began in the mid-1970s, concurrent with the advent of the field of study called digital signal processing (DSP). Over the ensuing 30 something years, digital filters have become both a facilitating and enabling technology. They serve as analog replacements as well as serving in unique DSP roles in a host of application domains including communications, control, defense, audio, biomedicine, geophysics, radar, entertainment, and others. I have been blessed to be able to witness and participate in all of these phases of digital filter evolution.

A digital filter is a device that can modify the attributes of a signal using digital means. Required filter attributes can be assumed or defined in terms of published standards that specify amplitude and phase behavior as a function of frequency. Besides altering a signal’s attributes, digital filters must often meet a host of other constraints such as speed, complexity, power consumption, cost, and other factors. In the pantheon of digital filters, the majority are identified as being finite impulse response (FIR), infinite impulse response (IIR), or multirate systems. The book’s primary goal is to provide the needed understanding of both design and analysis strategies as they apply to mainstream digital filters.

In the normal course of an engineer’s career, regardless of their disciplinary training, they will be called upon to design or analyze a mainstream filter. Unfortunately, many engineers and technologists have little to no formal digital filter experience. Fortunately, today’s workplace is abundant with filter design software packages with various levels of sophistication. One of the leaders in this field is Mathwork’s MATLAB™. Today, both practicing engineers and students of engineering exhibit a growing reliance on these tools with MATLAB being a de facto standard. However, after observing how these tools are being used in the workplace and classroom, concerns arise in that users are often overwhelmed with a plethora of filter design options, often developing a filter solution that may not be best for the target application. In addition, users often have insufficient experience or understanding of filter theory to be able to make even minor enhancements to a MATLAB-produced filter outcome. This too is a motivation for developing this book, which elevates the reader’s understanding of how to characterize a digital filter, to make proper design choices, and to enhance a computer-generated design into a well-crafted outcome.

In reality, using tools such as MATLAB to design a mainstream digital filter is the easiest step in a solution process that ends with a successfully implemented digital filter. Implementation, whether in software or hardware, is generally the more challenging problem. Tools, such as MATLAB, provide the user with some basic implementation support. Unfortunately, most engineers have no, or only a rudimentary, understanding of the implementation choices offered by MATLAB. This provides additional motivation to develop filter implementation awareness skills, providing content that is generally missing in the current collection of digital filter books and monographs.

The book has been organized to support the stated objectives. The presentation begins with the fundamentals, including sampling, data acquisition, data conversion and quantization, and transforms. Next, the design, implementation, and analysis of an FIR filter are presented. Topics include FIR attributes, types, special cases, and implementation. Following FIRs, the design, implementation, and analysis of an IIR filter are presented. Like FIRs, topics include IIR attributes, types, special cases, and implementation. Additional attention is given to understanding state variables as an IIR architectural description language. Finally, multirate systems are explored, ranging from a discussion of their properties to case studies. In most cases, each topic is supported with MATLAB examples and exhibits.

The study of filters is supported with a number of examples, many involving the use of MATLAB. In an attempt to actively engage the reader, the MATLAB script used to generate the MATLAB examples and graphics are available from John Wiley & Sons Supplemental Book Material site at http://booksupport.wiley.com. The MATLAB scripts can be easily copied into MATLAB’s Command Window and reparameterized to reflect the reader’s filter applications and needs. Many of the scripts were polished by Mr. Rajneesh Bansal, to whom I owe a great debt.

FRED J. TAYLOR

IEEE Fellow

Professor Emeritus, University of Florida

Board Chairman and Senior Scientist, The Athena Group Inc.