Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks E-Book

Sharief M. A. Oteafy

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 190

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

In this title, the authors leap into a novel paradigm of scalability and cost-effectiveness, on the basis of resource reuse. In a world with much abundance of wirelessly accessible devices, WSN deployments should capitalize on the resources already available in the region of deployment, and only augment it with the components required to meet new application requirements. However, if the required resources already exist in that region, WSN deployment converges to an assignment and scheduling scheme to accommodate for the new application given the existing resources. Such resources are polled from many fields, including multiple WSNs already in the field, static networks (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular, etc) in addition to municipal, industrial and mobile resources.The architecture, framework and pricing policy, as well as approaches for backward compatibility with existing deployments, are presented in this book. We elaborate on the formalization of the problem, and contrast with existing work on coverage. This paradigm adopts optimal assignments in WSNs and exploits dynamic re-programming for boosting post-deployment and backward compatible protocols.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

List of Acronyms

List of Notations

1 Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks

1.1. The progression of wireless sensor networks

1.2. Remote sensing: in retrospect

1.3. Inherited designs and protocols from MANets

1.4. Book outline

1.5. Summary

1.6. Bibliography

2 Shifting to Dynamic WSN Paradigms

2.1. The hurdle of static operation

2.2. Versatile operating systems

2.3. Dynamic reprogramming

2.4. The rise of service-oriented WSNs

2.5. Crowd sensing

2.6. Bibliography

3 Resilience and Post-Deployment Maintenance

3.1. Impact of harsh environments on network design

3.2. High failure proneness (of nodes and communication)

3.3. Post-deployment maintenance

3.4. Re-deployment

3.5. Self-re-distributing SNs and mobility

3.6. Bibliography

4 Current Hindrances in WSNs

4.1. Lack of consensus

4.2. Resource underutilization in the black-box paradigm

4.3. Redundant deployments

4.4. Single-application paradigm

4.5. Redundancy to boost resilience

4.6. IPv6 and enabling internet connectivity

4.7. Bibliography

5 Cloud-Centric WSNs

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The evolution of cloud-centric architectures

5.3. SOA and SODA

5.4. Hindrances in adopting cloud-centric WSNs

5.5. Future directions

5.6. Bibliography

6 The Resource-Reuse WSN Paradigm

6.1. Contributions of the RR-WSN paradigm

6.2. RR-WSN: system model

6.3. Bibliography

7 Component-Based WSNs: A Resilient Architecture

7.1. Component-based DWSN architecture

7.2. WDSN in operation: the synergy of dynamic sensing

7.3. Resilience model

7.4. Bibliography

8 Dynamic WSNs – Utilizing Ubiquitous Resources

8.1. System model and assumptions

8.2. Optimal mapping

8.3. BIP formulation

8.4. Novel performance evaluation metrics

8.5. A note on tractability

8.6. Bibliography

9 Realizing a Synergetic WSN Architecture for All Resources

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Motivation and background

9.3. System model – arbitrators for WSNs with transient resources

9.4. Resource attributes

9.5. Transient resources – a special case

9.6. Mobility models

9.7. Usage cost

9.8. On maximal matching and construed equality between resource providers

9.9. Bibliography

10 Future Directions in Sensor Networks

10.1. Why applications should not be the sole drive

10.2. Ode to formal design over mere analysis

10.3. The call for synergy

10.4. The rise of biosensors, nano-networks and intelligent prostheses

10.5. Bibliography

Index

To my father, Dr. Mohamed Atef, with much love.

Sharief

To my loving family.

Hossam

First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKwww.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2014

The rights of Sharief M.A. Oteafy and Hossam S. Hassanein to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941615

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISSN 2051-2481 (Print)ISSN 2051-249X (Online)ISBN 978-1-84821-531-3

Preface

The rapid evolvement of telecommunications has created a significant drift in views and definitions. Desperate attempts at defining systems in this domain have often yielded either vague or sparse statements. This is especially true of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are the subject of this book.

Instead of listing what WSNs are and what they are not, we emphasize an alternative to dated and stalled definitions. This book adopts a progressive view of what WSNs encompass and represent, and their evolvement and dependence on different research domains from their realization, to this date, and the projected future.

In our pursuit to summarize substantial research domains contributing to WSN literature, we assume some liability in background for this book’s readership. Although the emphasis of this book is presenting self-explanatory topics, it is important to note that a background in telecommunications is of significant aid. The material of this book is non-introductory, and is not typical of undergraduate courses.

Having said that, we address researchers and practitioners alike. The impact and growth of WSNs is evident in everyday technologies. The disparately growing literature of ten places all interested parties in a state of confusion. As a technology, WSNs were primarily developed under an application-specific tailoring paradigm. Recent efforts to generalize their application and standardize approaches in design and maintenance have yielded significant compatibility issues. More importantly, the practitioner today is often faced with contradicting designs and results, so that resorting to application-specific practices seems the only reasonable alternative.

In this book, we adopt a modular approach in understanding the evolution of WSNs, and how different technologies have aided and advanced the current status quo. More importantly, we draw upon current trends and manifestations of WSN literature, to project the future of sensing systems at large; especially as we move into an era of the Internet of things (IoT) and information centric networks (ICNs).

As such, this book is organized to progress with readership through this evolution track, to present a chronological order for advancements and technologies impacting WSNs. The book is organized into three core components. Namely, introduction and evolution, co-existing and potentiating technologies, and finally an encompassing dynamic resource reuse paradigm. We conclude this book with a chapter dedicated to the most promising future outlooks in WSN development; most notably in synergy with the prominent tides of IoT and ICNs.

List of Acronyms

BAN

Body Area Network

BLE

bluetooth low energy

BMI

brain-machine interface (in control of dynamic prosthesis)

CSMA

carrier sense multiple access

CSMA/CA

carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance

dB

power relative to 1 mW (for RF transceivers)

DCN

dynamic core node

DLNA

digital living network alliance

DTN

delay tolerant network

DWSN

dynamic wireless sensor network

FPS

frames per second (for a camera)

GPS

global positioning system

ICN

information centric networks (also known as CCN)

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

INS

inertial navigation system

IoT

Internet of Things

IPv6

internet protocol (IP) version 6 (replacing IPv4)

LoS

line of sight

LP

linear programming

MANet

mobile

ad hoc

network

MCU

micro-controller unit

MEMS

micro electro-mechanical systems

MILP

mixed integer linear programming

MTTF

mean time to failure (mean uptime of system)

MULE

mobile ubiquitous LAN extensions

OAP

over the air programming (of SNs)

P2P

peer to peer (network communication)

PoF

potential functions (in RR-WSN)

QoR

quality of resource

QoS

Quality of Service

ReP

resource pool (in RR-WSN)

RFID

radio frequency identification

RR

resource reuse

RR-WSN

resource reuse – in wireless sensor networks

RSSI

received signal strength indicator

Rx

receiver/receive

SLA

service level agreement

SN

sensor node

SODA

service-oriented device architecture (SODA)

Tx

transceiver/transmit

ULS

ultra large scale

VH

vertical handoff (over wireless access technologies)

VoR

value of resource

WASN

wireless actuator sensor network

WDC

wireless dynamic component

WMSN

wireless multimedia sensor network

WSN

wireless sensor network

ZED

ZigBee end device (under a ZigBee protocol stack)

ZR

ZigBee router (under a ZigBee protocol stack)

List of Notations

1

Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks

“What a heavy burden is a name that has become too famous”

– Voltaire

We have come quite far since cavemen utilized fire to detect lions approaching their caves. Fire, serving both as a deterrent and a detector (via resulting shadows), was one of man’s earliest sensing mechanisms. Thousands of years later, we have the technology to detect traces of pheromones, intrusion of malaria-mosquitoes, send biological sensors down the blood stream and report forest fires by harvesting power from the pH imbalance surrounding tree roots. Not long after the emergence of wireless networks, practitioners integrated wireless tethering to deliver sensing into regions never thought possible; both in the extremities of the Earth, and within our own bodies.