Electric Vehicle Technology Explained E-Book

James Larminie

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 538

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Fully updated throughout, Electric Vehicle Technology, Second Edition, is a complete guide to the principles, design and applications of electric vehicle technology. Including all the latest advances, it presents clear and comprehensive coverage of the major aspects of electric vehicle development and offers an engineering-based evaluation of electric motor scooters, cars, buses and trains.

This new edition includes:

• important new chapters on types of electric vehicles, including pickup and linear motors, overall efficiencies and energy consumption, and power generation, particularly for zero carbon emissions
• expanded chapters updating the latest types of EV, types of batteries, battery technology and other rechargeable devices, fuel cells, hydrogen supply, controllers, EV modeling, ancillary system design, and EV and the environment
• brand new practical examples and case studies illustrating how electric vehicles can be used to substantially reduce carbon emissions and cut down reliance on fossil fuels
• futuristic concept models, electric and high-speed trains and developments in magnetic levitation and linear motors
• an examination of EV efficiencies, energy consumption and sustainable power generation.

MATLAB® examples can be found on the companion website www.wiley.com/go/electricvehicle2e

Explaining the underpinning science and technology, this book is essential for practicing electrical, automotive, power, control and instrumentation engineers working in EV research and development. It is also a valuable reference for academics and students in automotive, mechanical, power and electrical engineering.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

About the Author

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Symbols

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 A Brief History

1.2 Electric Vehicles and the Environment

1.3 Usage Patterns for Electric Road Vehicles

Chapter 2: Types of Electric Vehicles—EV Architecture

2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles

2.2 The IC Engine/Electric Hybrid Vehicle

2.3 Fuelled EVs

2.4 EVs using Supply Lines

2.5 EVs which use Flywheels or Supercapacitors

2.6 Solar-Powered Vehicles

2.7 Vehicles using Linear Motors

2.8 EVs for the Future

Chapter 3: Batteries, Flywheels and Supercapacitors

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Battery Parameters

3.3 Lead Acid Batteries

3.4 Nickel-Based Batteries

3.5 Sodium-Based Batteries

3.6 Lithium Batteries

3.7 Metal–Air Batteries

3.8 Supercapacitors and Flywheels

3.9 Battery Charging

3.10 The Designer's Choice of Battery

3.11 Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles

3.12 Battery Modelling

3.13 In Conclusion

Chapter 4: Electricity Supply

4.1 Normal Existing Domestic and Industrial Electricity Supply

4.2 Infrastructure Needed for Charging Electric Vehicles

4.3 Electricity Supply Rails

4.4 Inductive Power Transfer for Moving Vehicles

4.5 Battery Swapping

Chapter 5: Fuel Cells

5.1 Fuel Cells—A Real Option?

5.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells—Basic Principles

5.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics—An Introduction

5.4 Connecting Cells in Series—The Bipolar Plate

5.5 Water Management in the PEMFC

5.6 Thermal Management of the PEMFC

5.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System

5.8 Practical Efficiency of Fuel Cells

Chapter 6: Hydrogen as a Fuel—Its Production and Storage

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Hydrogen as a Fuel

6.3 Fuel Reforming

6.4 Energy Efficiency of Reforming

6.5 Hydrogen Storage I—Storage as Hydrogen

6.6 Hydrogen Storage II—Chemical Methods

Chapter 7: Electric Machines and their Controllers

7.1 The ‘Brushed’ DC Electric Motor

7.2 DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion

7.3 Brushless Electric Motors

7.4 Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass

7.5 Electric Machines for Hybrid Vehicles

7.6 Linear Motors

Chapter 8: Electric Vehicle Modelling

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Tractive Effort

8.3 Modelling Vehicle Acceleration

8.4 Modelling Electric Vehicle Range

8.5 Simulations—A Summary

Chapter 9: Design Considerations

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Aerodynamic Considerations

9.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance

9.4 Transmission Efficiency

9.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass

9.6 Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design

9.7 General Issues in Design

Chapter 10: Design of Ancillary Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Heating and Cooling Systems

10.3 Design of the Controls

10.4 Power Steering

10.5 Choice of Tyres

10.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks

10.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems

Chapter 11: Efficiencies and Carbon Release Comparison

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Definition of Efficiency

11.3 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Chemical Energy in Fuel

Chapter 12: Electric Vehicles and the Environment

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Vehicle Pollution—The Effects

12.3 Vehicle Pollution in Context

12.4 The Role of Regulations and Lawmakers

Chapter 13: Power Generation for Transport—Particularly for Zero Emissions

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Power Generation using Fossil Fuels

13.3 Alternative and Sustainable Energy

13.4 Nuclear Energy

13.5 In Conclusion

Chapter 14: Recent Electric Vehicles

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Low-Speed Rechargeable Battery Vehicles

14.3 Battery-Powered Cars and Vans

14.4 Hybrid Vehicles

14.5 Fuel-Cell-Powered Bus

14.6 Conventional High-Speed Trains

14.7 Conclusion

Chapter 15: The Future of Electric Vehicles

15.1 Introduction

15.2 The Tesla S

15.3 The Honda FCX Clarity

15.4 Maglev Trains

15.5 Electric Road–Rail Systems

15.6 Conclusion

Appendices

Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV1

Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles

Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle

Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car

Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling

Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation

Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots

Index

This edition first published 2012

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book's use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Larminie, James

Electric vehicle technology explained / James Larminie, John Lowry.—

Second Edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-94273-3 (cloth)

1. Electric vehicles–Technological innovations. 2. Electric vehicles–

Design and construction. I. Lowry, John. II. Title.

TL220.L37 2012

629.22′93— dc23

2012006649

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9781119942733

About the Author

John Lowry is a professional engineer who graduated in Mechanical Engineering from Imperial College, London University. He holds a PhD from Queen Mary College, London University. He was formerly a university lecturer and is currently a consultant engineer. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Institute of Energy and the Institute of Engineering and Technology.

Preface

Electric vehicle technology is now in its third century of development and is likely to advance rapidly in the coming years.

Electric trains are widely used and modern high-speed trains are competitive with air travel in terms of journey speed over shorter land routes. In energy terms they use less than 10% of the fuel per passenger kilometre than air transport.

Electric road vehicles have not achieved the commercial success that internal combustion engine vehicles have; however, battery technology has now developed to the point where electric vehicles are being commercially produced. Future battery developments are likely to accelerate the use of electric road vehicles in the next few years.

Small electric vehicles such as golf buggies and personnel carriers in airports have become well established. Electric bicycles are becoming increasingly popular and are considered one of the fastest ways to move about crowded cities.

Potential environmental benefits which can result from the use of electric vehicles are substantial when the vehicles use electricity that is generated from sources which use highly efficient modern generating stations or which use nuclear or sustainable energy. Environmental benefits include zero exhaust emissions in the vicinity of the vehicles, reduced dependence on fossil fuels and reduced overall carbon emissions.

This book explains both the technology of electric vehicles and how they affect the environment. The book is designed for engineers and scientists who require a thorough understanding of electric vehicle technology and its effects on the environment.

John Lowry

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to put on record their thanks to the following companies and organisations that have made this book possible:

Ballard Power Systems Inc., Canada

DaimlerChrysler Corp., USA and Germany

The Ford Motor Co., USA

FreeGo Electric Bikes Ltd, UK

General Motors Corp., USA

GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH, Germany

Groupe Enerstat Inc., Canada

Hawker Power Systems Inc., USA

The Honda Motor Co. Ltd

Johnson Matthey Plc, UK

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, Germany

MES-DEA SA, Switzerland

Micro Compact Car Smart GmbH

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

National Motor Museum Beaulieu

Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd

Parry People Movers Ltd, UK

Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland

Peugeot SA, France

Powabyke Ltd, UK

Richens Mobility Centre, Oxford, UK

Saft Batteries, France

SR Drives Ltd, UK

Tesla Motors Inc.

Toyota Motor Co. Ltd

Wamfler GmbH, Germany

Varta/Johnson Controls

Zytek Group Ltd, UK

In addition we would like to thank friends and colleagues who have provided valuable comments and advice. We are also indebted to our families who have helped and put up with us while we devoted time and energy to this project. Special thanks are also due to Dr Peter Moss, formerly of The Defence Academy, Cranfield University, for reading and commenting on the draft manuscript.

Abbreviations

ABS

  Anti-lock brake system

AC

  Alternating current

AFC

  Alkaline fuel cell

BLDC

  Brushless DC (motor)

BOP

  Balance of plant

CAD

  Computer-aided design

CAM

  Computer-aided manufacturing

CARB

  California Air Resources Board

CCGT

  Combined cycle gas turbine

CFD

  Computational fluid dynamics

CHP

  Combined heat and power

CJR

  Central Japan Railway

CNG

  Compressed natural gas

CPO

  Catalytic partial oxidation

DC

  Direct current

DMFC

  Direct methanol fuel cell

DOH

  Degree of hybridisation

DOHC

  Double overhead cam

ECCVT

  Electronically controlled continuous variable transmission

ECM

  Electronically commutated motor

EFTC

  Electric Fuel Transportation Company

EMF

  Electromotive force

EPA

  Environmental Protection Agency

EPS

  Electric power steering

ETSU

  Energy Technology Support Unit (a UK government organisation)

EUDC

  Extra-Urban Driving Cycle

EV

  Electric vehicle

FC

  Fuel cell

FCV

  Fuel cell vehicle

FHDS

  Federal Highway Driving Schedule

FUDS

  Federal Urban Driving Schedule

GM

  General Motors

GM EV1

  General Motors Electric Vehicle 1

GNF

  Graphitic nanofibre

GRP

  Glass reinforced plastic

GTO

  Gate turn-off

HEV

  Hybrid electric vehicle

HHV

  Higher heating value

HSR

  High-speed rail

HSST

  High-speed surface train

IC

  Internal combustion

ICE

  Internal combustion engine

IEC

  International Electrotechnical Commission

IGBT

  Insulated gate bipolar transistor

IMA

  Integrated Motor Assist

IPT

  Inductive power transfer

JET

  Joint Euorpean Torus

kph

  Kilometres per hour

LH

2

  Liquid (cryogenic) hydrogen

LHV

  Lower heating value

LIB

  Lithium ion battery

LPG

  Liquid petroleum gas

LSV

  Low-speed vehicle

MCFC

  Molten carbonate fuel cell

MeOH

  Methanol

MEA

  Membrane electrode assembly

MOSFET

  Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

mph

  Miles per hour

NASA

  National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NEDC

  New European Driving Cycle

NiCad

  Nickel cadmium (battery)

NiMH

  Nickel metal hydride (battery)

NL

  Normal litre, 1 litre at NTP

NOx

  Nitrous oxides

NTP

  Normal temperature and pressure (20 °C and 1 atm or 1.013 25 bar)

OCV

  Open-circuit voltage

PAFC

  Phosphoric acid fuel cell

PEM

  Proton exchange membrane OR polymer electrolyte membrane (different names for the same thing which fortunately have the same abbreviation)

PEMFC

  Proton exchange membrane fuel cell OR polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

PM

  Permanent magnet OR particulate matter

POX

  Partial oxidation

ppb

  Parts per billion

ppm

  Parts per million

PROX

  Preferential oxidation

PSA

  Pressure swing absorption

PTFE

  Polytetrafluoroethylene

PZEV

  Partial zero-emission vehicle

RRIM

  Reinforced reaction injection moulding

SAE

  Society of Automotive Engineers

SFUDS

  Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule

SL

  Standard litre, 1 litre at STP

SLI

  Starting, lighting and ignition

SMC

  Sheet moulding compound

SOC

  State of charge

SOFC

  Solid oxide fuel cell

SRM

  Switched reluctance motor

STP

  Standard temperature and pressure

SULEV

  Super ultra-low-emission vehicle

SUV

  Sports utility vehicle

TDI

  Toyota Direct Ignition

TGV

Train à grande vitesse

VOC

  Volatile organic compound

VRLA

  Valve-regulated (sealed) lead acid (battery)

WOT

  Wide open throttle

ZEBRA

  Zero Emissions Battery Research Association

ZEV

  Zero-emission vehicle

Symbols

Letters are used to stand for variables, such as mass, and also as chemical symbols in chemical equations. The distinction is usually clear from the context, but for even greater clarity italics are used for variables and ordinary text for chemical symbols, so H stands for enthalpy, whereas H stands for hydrogen.

In cases where a letter can stand for two or more variables, the context always makes it clear which is intended.

Chapter 1

Introduction

Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly important as not only do they reduce noise and pollution, but also they can be used to reduce the dependence of transport on oil—providing that the power is generated from fuels other than oil. Electric vehicles can also be used to reduce carbon emissions. Production of zero release of carbon dioxide requires that the energy for electric vehicles is produced from non-fossil-fuel sources such as nuclear and alternative energy.

The worst scenario is that we have only 40 years supply of oil left at current usage rates. In practice, of course, increasing scarcity will result in huge price rises and eventually the use of oil and other fossil fuels will not be economically viable, hence oil will be conserved as usage will decrease. Oil can also be produced from other fossil fuels such as coal. Traditionally oil produced in this way was considered to be around 10% more expensive, but with current oil prices production from coal is starting to become economic. Coal is more abundant than oil and there is in excess of 100 years of coal left, though it is still a finite resource.

Increasing worries about global warming continue. Global warming is blamed on the release of carbon dioxide when fossil fuels are burnt and it is believed to give rise to a myriad of problems including climate change and rising sea levels which could destroy many of the world's coastal cities.