Electrokinetics for Petroleum and Environmental Engineers E-Book

G. V. Chilingar

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 340

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Electrokinetics is a term applied to a group of physicochemical phenomena involving the transport of charges, action of charged particles, effects of applied electric potential and fluid transport in various porous media to allow for a desired migration or flow to be achieved. These phenomena include electrokinetics, electroosmosis, ion migration, electrophoresis, streaming potential and electroviscosity. These phenomena are closely related and all contribute to the transport and migration of different ionic species and chemicals in porous media. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of a porous medium and the pore fluid, and the magnitudes of the applied electrical potential all impact the direction and velocity of the fluid flow. Also, an electrical potential is generated upon the forced passage of fluid carrying charged particles through a porous medium.

The use of electrokinetics in the field of petroleum and environmental engineering was groundbreaking when George Chilingar pioneered its use decades ago, but it has only been in recent years that its full potential has been studied. This is the first volume of its kind ever written, offering the petroleum or environmental engineer a practical "how to" book on using electrokinetics for more efficient and better oil recovery and recovery from difficult reservoirs.

This groundbreaking volume is a must-have for any petroleum engineer working in the field, and for students and faculty in petroleum engineering departments worldwide.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Foreword

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction to Electrokinetics

1 Introduction

1.1 Factors Influencing Electrokinetic Phenomena

1.2 Zeta Potential and the Electric Double Layer Interaction

1.3 Coehn’s Rule

1.4 Combined Flow Rate Equation

1.5 Dewatering of Soils

1.6 Use of Electrokinetics for Stabilization of Week Grounds

1.7 Bioelectroremediation

1.8 Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR)

1.9 Improving Acidizing of Carbonates

1.10 Economic Feasibility

1.11 Releasing Stuck Drillpipe

1.12 Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 2: Reduction of Contaminants in Soil and Water By Direct Electric Current

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Overview of Direct Electric Current in Subsurface Environmental Mitigation

2.3 Electrokinetically-Aided Environmental Mitigation

2.4 Transport and Extraction of Crude Oil

2.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Application of Electrokinetics for Enhanced Oil Recovery

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries

3.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation

3.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery

3.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery

3.6 DCEOR and Energy Storage

3.7 Electro-chemical Basis for DCEOR

3.8 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer

3.9 DCEOR Field Operations

3.10 DCEOR Field Demonstrations

3.11 Produced Fluid Changes

3.12 Laboratory Measurements

3.13 Technology Comparisons

3.14 Summary

Nomenclature

References

Websites

Chapter 4: EEOR in Carbonate Reservoirs

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Electrically Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) – EK Assisted WF

4.3 SMART (Simultaneous/Sequential Modified Assisted Recovery Techniques)

4.4 (SMART EOR) Electrokinetic-Assisted Nano-Flooding/Surfactant-Flooding

4.5 Electrokinetics-Assisted Waterflooding with Low Concentration of HCl

4.6 Effect of EEOR and SMART EOR in Carbonate Reservoirs at Reservoir Conditions

4.7 Economics

Conclusions

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 5: Mathematical Modeling of Electrokinetic Transport and Enhanced Oil Recovery In Porous Geo-Media

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Basics of EK Transport Modeling

5.3 Fundamental Governing Equations

5.4 Mathematical Model and Solution of Ek Transport

5.5 EK Mass Transport Models

5.6 Coupling of Electrical and Pressure Gradients

5.7 Mathematical Modeling of EKEOR

5.8 Fundamental Governing Equations for EKEOR Model

5.9 Solution Strategy

5.10 Numerical Implementation

5.11 Summary

References

Index

Electrokinetics for Petroleum and Environmental Engineers

Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-84269-0

Dedication

This book is also dedicated to the memory of the founding father of the U.A.E., H.H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, whose leadership and vision have been instrumental in driving his ambitious dreams into reality.The authors would also like to dedicate this book to:

H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the president of the U.A.E., who has guided this wisdom into all disciplines of our society, making the U.A.E. a world class major educational hub for nurturing our young talent into experts that support the needs of the economy.

H.H. Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, for his genuine support for the advancement of science and technology, through his endeavors in education and nation building.

Dedication

To Dr. and Mrs. Henry Chuang whose contributions were invaluable in writing this book. Dr. Chuang Yueheng (Henry) is Executive Chairman of the Board of Willie International Holdings Limited. As my former star graduate student and teaching assistant, he was very active in the USC Electrokinetics Laboratory. His contributions for advanced scholarship are helping USC students in Petroleum Engineering. He reflects great honor upon himself and the petroleum industry. We are proud of You!

The principal author dedicates this book to Dr. John Mork, President and Chief Executive of Energy Corporation of America (ECA), who’s passion for academic excellence is witnessed by his generous contributions promoting advanced scholarship here at USC in the area of Petroleum Engineering. As one of my former stellar graduate students at USC he shined and now is a recognized pioneer and giant in the petroleum industry. We are proud of You!

The principal author is pleased to dedicate this book to Dr. Erle C. Donaldson with whom he has enjoyed many professional adventures (trips to conferences in foreign lands) and endeavors that have culminated in the birth of the “Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering” and books on unique topics such as microbial enhanced oil recovery, subsidence, and petrophysics.

Foreword

I am pleased to write the foreword to the book by Dr. G. V. Chillingar, and Dr. M. Haroun. Electrokinetics for Petroleum and Environmental Engineers addresses the advances made in the science of electrokinetics (EK) as it applies to environmental and petroleum engineering. What was once a technology for dewatering clays and soils is now being positioned for use in environmental remediation and enhanced oil recovery. This reference book includes chapters by the foremost researchers in the world conducting research in the area. Top academic researchers from USC, Lehigh University, the University of Vermont and the Petroleum Institute of Abu Dhabi contributed to the book. You will learn about the most recent advances for the use of EK to assist in the cleanup of contamination in soil and ground water. You will also learn about the application of the EK technology for extracting oil as an innovative Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Process.

Electrokinetics was introduced to the US by Leo Casagrande, of Harvard University, in the 1950s. He had used the technology extensively in Europe, for construction site soils stabilization, prior to, and during World War II. In the 1950s, Dr. G. V. Chilingar, and his students at USC conducted a series of laboratory experiments, which suggested that electrokinetics could be utilized to increase flow in permeable formations and for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). About the same time, researchers at a General Electric (GE) facility were conducting field investigation, which indicated that electrokinetics could be an effective and efficient EOR technology. Later, some of these researchers left GE, taking the EK technology with them, founded Electro-Petroleum, Inc. (EPI), and have continued to develop an understanding of EK field implementation.

Electrokinetics is a simple concept to move fluids through rocks and soil under a unidirectional electrical current flow. Current research has extended this technology to move contaminants and oil under the same stressors. The application of Electrokinetics commercially, to date, has been limited to the soil dewatering and soil stabilization and should be extended by those who read this book. Previous field studies have suffered from a lack of knowledge relating to issues which are being defined and addressed in the chapters in this book. The understanding of the transport of heavy metals having different oxidation states and mobility and organic molecules having different adsorbent coefficients are elucidated in the chapters. The volume of research from laboratory studies is large and the hundreds of research papers published in the scientific literature were reviewed to understand the issues surrounding the complexity of EK technology. This basic understanding of the variables surrounding the technology field can be used to design meaningful field tests.

By reading this book you will learn about the most recent laboratory results for the transport of contaminants in soil and ground water, be exposed to research in the use of EK for oil recovery in the previously unexplored use in carbonate rocks. In Chapter three, Dr. D. G. Hill evaluates the use of the EK process in the oilfield showing the potential of the process for releasing previously unrecoverable oil resources around the world.

Finally great strides are being made in the transferring of the laboratory results into a series of models which can be used to predict the transport phenomena in all types of substrates.

The simple and straight forward style of this book will be of useful to the academic researcher following EK technology development, the environmental remediation engineer looking for a state of the art technology for cleaning up contaminated sites and the petroleum executive looking at the next breakthrough in Enhanced Oil Recovery.

J. Kenneth Wittle, Ph.D. Electro-Petroleum, Inc. Williamsburg, VA 23185

List of Contributors

DONALD HILL Petroleum Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA

EHSAN GHAZANFARI Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont

SIBEL PAMUKCU Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University

SANGHEE SHIN Environmental Engineering, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Seoul, S. Korea

HASAN SHOJAEI Petroleum Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA

KENNETH WITTLE Electro Petroleum Inc., Williamsburg, VA

MENGFEI LIU Petroleum Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA

Chapter 1

Introduction to Electrokinetics

By George V. Chilingar, Mohammed Haroun, Hasan Shojaei and Sanghee Shin

1 Introduction

Electrokinetics is a term applied to a group of physicochemical phenomena involving the transport of charges, action of charged particles, effects of applied electric potential and fluid transport in various porous media to allow for a desired migration or flow to be achieved. These phenomena include electrokinetics, electroosmosis, ion migration, electrophoresis, streaming potential and electroviscosity. These phenomena are closely related and all contribute to the transport and migration of different ionic species and chemicals in porous media. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of a porous medium and the pore fluid, and the magnitudes of the applied electrical potential all impact the direction and velocity of the fluid flow. Also, an electrical potential is generated upon the forced passage of fluid carrying charged particles through a porous medium.

These electrokinetic effects have been recognized for a considerable period of time, with the effects of electroosmosis and electroviscosity being studied and evaluated by many researchers.

1.1 Factors Influencing Electrokinetic Phenomena

The theoretical development of electrokinetic phenomena and electro-chemical transport has been studied historically as far back as 1879 by Helmholtz that led to the introduction of the first analytical equation. Helmholtz described the motion of the charged ionic solution from the anode to the cathode and explained it by the presence of a double layer. This double-layer theory is illustrated in figure 1-1, where the negatively charged surface of the clay attracts the positive ions of aqueous medium, forming the immobile double layer. This immobile double layer is followed by a thick mobile layer with a predominance of positively-charged ions (cations), with a few diffused negatively-charged ions (anions).