Electrostatic Encyclopedia E-Book

Wolfgang Schubert

• Herausgeber: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 806

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

The dictionary explains around 2,300 electrostatic terms with 340 illustrations and approximately 5,400 cross-references. These cross-references to facts, standards, and 270 references provide a basic understanding of electrostatic phenomena. The encyclopedia lists the evaluation criteria and metrological possibilities, methods, devices and systems and their applications. It also covers electrostatic charges as a cause of fires and explosions in many areas of industry, as well as environmental phenomena. You will also find the most important mathematical formulas, 170 data on flammable gases and vapors with details of CAS number up to their LEL/UEL, ignition temperature and conductivities, as well as data on about 50 common plastics. A table of permittivities of commonly used materials completes the encyclopedia.

Leseprobe

[1]Electrostatic Encyclopedia

Wolfgang Schubert

Günter Lüttgens

[3]Electrostatic Encyclopedia

[4]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24053/9783381117024

© 2025 · expert verlag– A company of Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co. KGDischingerweg 5 · D-72070 Tübingen

The work, including all its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use outside the narrow limits of copyright law without the consent of the publisher is prohibited and punishable by law. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming and storage and processing in electronic systems.

All information in this book has been compiled with great care. Nevertheless, errors cannot be completely ruled out. Neither the publisher nor the authors or editors therefore accept any liability for the correctness of the content and are not liable for incorrect information and its consequences. This publication may contain links to external third-party content over which neither the publisher, authors nor editors have any influence. The respective providers or operators of the sites are always responsible for the content of the linked sites.

Internet: www.narr.deeMail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-3-381-11702-4 (ePDF)ISBN 978-3-381-11703-1 (ePub)

[5]Contents

Foreword

Preliminary remark and thanks

User notes

A–Z

M

Mathematic toolbox

M.1

Field constants

M.1.1

Permittivity

ε

M.1.2

Permittivity number of a material

ε

r

M.1.3

Electric susceptibility

χ

e

M.1.4

Permeability

μ

M.2

Force

F,

F

→

M.3

Charge

Q

M.3.1

Coulomb’s law

M.3.1.1

Attraction of two point-charges

M.3.1.2

Field of point charge

M.3.1.3

Specific charge

Q

spec

M.3.1.4

Volume charge density

ρ

M.3.2

Surface charge density

σ

M.3.3

Breakdown field strength

E

M.4

Voltage

U

M.5

Homogeneous field between planar plates

M.6

Capacitance

C

M.6.1

Energy

W

stored in capacitor

M.6.1.1

Minimum ignition energy

W

MIE

M.6.1.2

Correlation energy–power

M.6.1.3

Electric power

P

M.6.2

Charging voltage

U

c

(

t

) and discharging voltage

U

d

(

t

) at the capacitor

M.6.3

Time constant

τ

M.6.3.1

Time constant τ (in RC combination)

M.6.4

Configuration of some capacities

M.6.4.1

Plate–plate (same size)

M.6.4.2

Sphere across a conductive area

M.6.4.3

Conductive sphere in space

M.6.4.4

Cylinder (wire) over surface

M.6.4.5

Coaxial cable / cylinder capacitance

M.6.4.6

Circuits of capacitances

M.6.4.6.1

Parallel connection (shunt) of single capacitors

M.6.4.6.2

Series connection of single capacitors

M.6.4.6.3

Series connection of two single capacitors

M.6.4.7

Impedance of a capacitance

R

C

M.7

Resistance–conductivity

M.7.1

Resistances

M.7.1.1

Resistance

R

of a material

M.7.1.2

Leakage resistance

R

L

(object or material)

M.7.1.3

Surface resistance

R

S

(object or material)

M.7.1.4

Volume resistivity

ρ

v

(object or material)

M.7.1.5

Circuits of resistors

M.7.1.5.1

Parallel connection (shunt) of single resistors

M.7.1.5.2

Parallel connection (shunt) of two single resistors

M.7.1.5.3

Series connection of single resistors

M.7.1.5.4

Series connection of impedances

M.7.1.5.5

Parallel connection (shunt) of impedances

M.7.2

Conductivity

κ

M.7.2.1

Conductivity unit cu

M.7.2.2

Conductance

G

(applied electrical engineering)

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Bibliography

Laws and Regulations

Rules and Information

Standards (Status 2024)

[7]Foreword

“I can’t believe you’re reading a real book! Everything’s on the internet these days and it’s far more up to date. Yet here you are with an encyclopaedic dictionary in your hand! Why not just go online? It’s far more practical.”

As you haven’t stopped reading by now, I assume you have your reasons. If you’ve ever found yourself heading somewhere in an unfamiliar town without the aid of a GPS, you’ll understand the value of reliable resources. If we get lost, we usually seek guidance from a local. If they point us in the right direction, we should reach our destination. If not, the search continues, sometimes leading us further astray.

Since you’re continuing to read this book, I assume you’re interested in electrostatics. And whether by luck or judgement, you’ve certainly hit upon very capable authors, Günter and Sylvia Lüttgens, the founders of this encyclopaedic dictionary. They dedicated their careers to exploring electrostatic phenomena, not only to fully understand those themselves, but also with a view to helping others understand their complexity. The current author, Wolfgang Schubert, was so fascinated by electrostatics during his early days in the printing industry that he’s been keenly solving electrostatic problems ever since. His involvement in this dictionary was truly fortuitous for the Lüttgens – and now for you as well.

When revising and enlarging this encyclopedia, Wolfgang Schubert meticulously reviewed and updated the content of each and every entry to keep the wording precise and succinct. Moreover, he also made every effort to show how different terms are interlinked. How do I know this? I, too, was directly involved – through countless emails and phone conversations – as he combed through original literature, studied definitions and standards in textbooks and reference works, and honed the entries to ensure they were accessible to lay readers, yet remained accurate.

Look up any term, and you’ll quickly perceive Wolfgang Schubert’s passion for electrostatics as you follow references to other entries. You’ll soon find yourself captivated by the contents, despite merely holding a reference book. Whether you’re seeking specific knowledge or are just inquisitive, congratulations – you’ve come to the right place!

Dr. Oswald Losert

[9]Preliminary remark and thanks

My dear companion and advisor, Dipl.-Ing. Günter Lüttgens, with whom his wife Sylvia and I had written two books together, asked me at the end of 2019 whether I could imagine revising his encyclopedia “Static Electricity”, which had already been published in several editions. At that time, I had no idea of the great challenges I was facing.

Electrostatics has become a hobby I’ve loved for over 27 years. In the spring of 2020, we started to revise the first terms together and realized that the structure of the lexicon also needed to be redesigned. Future users should get a tool that can be used in practice. For example, if you are looking for measuring electrodes, you can now find a large number of them in one place. Due to the geographical distance, we spent many hours on the phone, exchanged numerous emails and struggled to describe the terms as perfectly as possible. Nothing was invented, but found, researched, checked, sorted, and translated into hopefully understandable language.

Unfortunately, our collaboration came to an abrupt end in March 2021 with the sudden death of the 87-year-old. The vast knowledge of Günter was no longer available to me.

In order to complete the work on electrostatics, I looked for experts whom I knew from my previous work and whom I found while researching on the Internet. Other people interested in the book and consultants from related fields also helped me in many ways with their knowledge. I would like to thank all of them, although I can only name a few here: Dr. Ulrich von Pidoll, Dr. Oswald Losert, Dr. Maciej Noras, Hermann Künzig, Christian Vogel, Christian Hinz, Dr. Florian Baumann.

Without the intensive support of my wife Beate, the lexicon would not have come into being. With great patience, precision, and untiring persistence, she accompanied me on my way and created the space for it.

This encyclopedia is also intended as a memorial to Günter Lüttgens, who, together with his wife Sylvia, has held seminars and lectures on the subject in Germany and abroad for many years, has written expert reports, and has worked in many standards committees. Years ago, the couple founded the “↑Elstatik-Stiftung”, a foundation, which promotes young scientists for services in the field of electrostatics and energy efficiency.

Wolfgang SchubertTaucha in December 2024

[11]User notes

This lexicon is an extensively revised and supplemented translation of the German edition of 2022, attempting to follow international standards.

The terms have been translated in accordance with the terminology of the IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission (www.iec.ch or electropedia.org).

However, important German regulations have been retained so that foreign users of the dictionary can also refer to them when working with this book. Some international regulations have been researched and added, but without any claim to completeness.

The lexicon contains not only static electricity terms, but also terms that contribute to a deeper understanding of the subject. To ensure that the lexicon can be used fully and without disappointment, here are some tips on how to use it.

An essential term in electrostatics is ‘influence’, which in English is translated as ‘induction’. In German, the term influencing as electrostatic influence has become established as a more precise term due to the Latin origin of the word. For this reason, the dictionary’s translation retains the term influence.

The term ‘earth’ is used internationally with the noun earth and refers to ‘the planet earth with all its physical matter’. [IEC 60050] Only in American usage is the term ‘ground’ used. We have therefore decided to use only the noun earth and the verb earth.

Cross-references are intended to help open up the content of the encyclopedia in all directions. The reference arrow ↑ suggests that you look up the term behind it to find more information or cross-references.

Among many others, two references are fundamental to electrostatics:

DGUV-Information: TRGS 727, Avoidance of Ignition Hazards due to Electrostatic Charges, (free download: https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Regelwerk/TRGS/TRGS-727)

This is cited in the text, along with the relevant chapter, where applicable. (Example [TRGS 727 Section 4]) TRGS 727 is the German version of [IEC/TS 60079-32-1].

Textbook: Lüttgens, G., Schubert, W., Lüttgens, S., Pidoll, U.v., Emde, S., (2020) Statische Elektrizität, Durchschauen – Überwachen – Anwenden. Unfortunately, this is not available as an English translation. Nevertheless, the reference to this source is retained in the text so that those interested can use it. It is mentioned in the text in connection with the respective chapter. (Example [SE Section 2])