Enabling the Internet of Things E-Book

Muhammad Azhar Iqbal

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 369

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

LEARN MORE ABOUT FOUNDATIONAL AND ADVANCED TOPICS IN INTERNET OF THINGS TECHNOLOGY WITH THIS ALL-IN-ONE GUIDE Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications delivers a comprehensive starting point for anyone hoping to understand the fundamentals and design of Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The book's distinguished academics and authors offer readers an opportunity to understand IoT concepts via programming in an abstract way. Readers will learn about IoT fundamentals, hardware and software components, IoT protocol stacks, security, IoT applications and implementations, as well as the challenges, and potential solutions, that lie ahead. Readers will learn about the social aspects of IoT systems, as well as receive an introduction to the Blockly Programming Language, IoT Microcontrollers, IoT Microprocessors, systems on a chip and IoT Gateway Architecture. The book also provides implementation of simple code examples in Packet Tracer, increasing the usefulness and practicality of the book. Enabling the Internet of Things examines a wide variety of other essential topics, including: * The fundamentals of IoT, including its evolution, distinctions, definitions, vision, enabling technologies, and building blocks * An elaboration of the sensing principles of IoT and the essentials of wireless sensor networks * A detailed examination of the IoT protocol stack for communications * An analysis of the security challenges and threats faced by users of IoT devices, as well as the countermeasures that can be used to fight them, from the perception layer to the application layer Perfect as a supplementary text for undergraduate students taking computer science or electrical engineering courses, Enabling the Internet of Things also belongs on the bookshelves of industry professionals and researchers who regularly work with and on the Internet of Things and who seek a better understanding of its foundational and advanced topics.

Leseprobe

Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications

Muhammad Azhar Iqbal

Southwest Jiaotong University, China

Sajjad Hussain

University of Glasgow, UK

Huanlai Xing

Southwest Jiaotong University, China

Muhammad Ali Imran

University of Glasgow, UK

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Muhammad Azhar Iqbal, Sajjad Hussain, Huanlai Xing, and Muhammad Ali Imran to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products

visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that

appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Iqbal, Muhammad Azhar, author. | Hussain, Sajjad,

 author. | Huanlai, Xing, author. | Imran, Muhammad Ali, author.

Title: Enabling the internet of things : fundamentals, design, and applications / Muhammad Azhar Iqbal, Sajjad Hussain, Huanlai Xing, Muhammad Ali Imran.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Series: Wiley ‐ IEEE | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020040726 (print) | LCCN 2020040727 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119701255 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119701477 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119701484 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Internet of things.

Classification: LCC TK5105.8857 .I77 2021 (print) | LCC TK5105.8857 (ebook) | DDC 004.67/8‐‐dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040726

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040727

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © ivanastar/Getty Images

About the Authors

Muhammad Azhar Iqbal received his MS degree in Computer Software Engineering from the National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan, in 2007 and completed his PhD in Communication and Information Systems from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, in 2012. Currently, he is working as Lecturer in School of Information Science and Technology at Southwest Jiaotong University, China. Previously, he has served as Associate Professor in Computer Science department at Capital University of Science and Technology, Pakistan. He has experience of teaching various basic and advanced courses related to the domain of computing and mobile/wireless communication and networks. His research interests include wireless ad hoc networks, Internet of Things (IoT), and large‐scale simulation modeling and analysis of computer networks in Cloud.

Sajjad Hussain is a Senior Lecturer in Electronics and Electrical Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He has served previously at Electrical Engineering Department, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan as Associate Professor. Sajjad Hussain did his masters in Wireless Communications in 2006 from Supelec, Gif‐sur‐Yvette and PhD in Signal Processing and Communications in 2009 from University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France. His research interests include 5G self‐organizing networks, industrial wireless sensor networks and machine learning for wireless communications. Sajjad Hussain is a senior member IEEE and fellow Higher Education Academy.

Huanlai Xing, received his B.Eng. degree in communications engineering from Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in 2006; his M.Eng. degree in electromagnetic fields and wavelength technology from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 2009; and his PhD degree in computer science from University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, in 2013. He is an Associate Professor with School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University. His research interests include edge and cloud computing, network function virtualization, software defined networking, and evolutionary computation.

Muhammad Ali Imran Fellow IET, Senior Member IEEE, Senior Fellow HEA is Dean University of Glasgow UESTC and a Professor of Wireless Communication Systems with research interests in self organised networks, wireless networked control systems and the wireless sensor systems. He heads the Communications, Sensing and Imaging CSI research group at University of Glasgow and is the Director of Glasgow‐UESTC Centre for Educational Development and Innovation. He is an Affiliate Professor at the University of Oklahoma, USA and a visiting Professor at 5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, UK. He has over 20 years of combined academic and industry experience with several leading roles in multi‐million pounds funded projects. He has filed 15 patents; has authored/co‐authored over 400 journal and conference publications; has edited 7 books and authored more than 30 book chapters; has successfully supervised over 40 postgraduate students at Doctoral level. He has been a consultant to international projects and local companies in the area of self‐organised networks.

Preface

Objectives

The emerging paradigm of Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) plays a consequential role to improve almost all aspects of human life, i.e. domestic automation, transportation, education, health, agriculture, industry, etc. The simple conception of IoT as a network of identifiable connected smart things is fundamentally based on the integration of various diversified technologies including pervasive computing, sensor technology, embedded system, communication technologies, sensor networking, Internet protocols, etc. for the provisioning of intelligent computing services. In our experience we have noticed that although the simple idea of IoT is easy to comprehend, at the undergraduate level, students are unable to describe the importance and placement of IoT components in an IoT system. This book tries to provide the basic, precise, and accurate demonstration of IoT building blocks as well as their role in various IoT systems. The objective of this book is to provide a good starting point for undergraduate students who have basic prior knowledge of Internet architecture. At an abstract level, this book is an effort to partially fill the gap associated with the understanding of IoT concepts through the designing of the IoT system prototypes in Packet Tracer. We believe that after implementing IoT system prototypes in Packet Tracer, students will find it easier to grasp complete details of IoT systems.

Key Feature

Concerning the building of IoT foundations, this book can be used as a textbook at the undergraduate level. The key feature of this book is that it targets core aspects of IoT and provides its readership a better perspective both in terms of basic understanding of IoT technologies as well as the designing of IoT systems in Packet Tracer. To the best of our knowledge, this book can be considered as the first attempt to design simple IoT systems using Blockly programming language.

Audience

This book is suitable for undergraduate students enrolled in the IoT course. This book assumes that the reader has a good understanding of Computer Networks and basic programming concepts. Students are comprehensively facilitated in this book to explain IoT essentials besides the guidance of designing IoT systems in Packet Tracer.

Approach

At the end of each chapter, review questions in the form of case studies have been asked to explore students' clarity about IoT concepts discussed in that particular chapter. In this book, the design and implementation of IoT systems at an abstract level are presented in Blockly language.

Organization of the Book

To address the issues related to the understanding of IoT fundamentals at the undergraduate level, this book is structured as follows:

Chapter 1

is exclusively written to introduce the evolution, vision, definition, characteristics, enablers, architectures of the IoT paradigm, and its distinction from other related technologies. This chapter builds the foundation for the understanding of IoT systems and is considered a prerequisite for the following chapters.

The primary focus of

Chapter 2

is to establish an understanding of the IoT building blocks along with the necessary details related to various IoT hardware and software technologies. Besides, this chapter also provides a concise design and implementation perspective of IoT systems in Packet Tracer.

The contents of

Chapter 3

are oriented along the lines of sensing principles and understanding of various aspects related to the design and implementation of wireless sensors and sensor networks. The layer‐level functionality of wireless sensor networks in this chapter explains the effective communication requirements of sensors in IoT systems.

Chapter 4

describes the basics of IoT gateways in terms of its architecture and functionalities. In addition, this chapter also elaborates how IoT gateways having advanced features of data filtering and analytics support Edge computing and how Edge computing‐based solutions provide benefits to specific IoT‐based real‐life applications.

Chapter 5

discusses the mapping of IoT protocols to layered IoT architecture and provides in‐depth details of various infrastructure, service discovery, and application layer protocols of IoT protocol stack in terms of their functionality and usage in a real‐life scenario.

Chapter 6

focuses on the description and explanation of components and employment of Cloud and Fog architectures in different IoT systems.

Chapter 7

introduces real‐life application domains (i.e. domestic automation, smart transportation, smart agriculture and farming, smart manufacturing and industry automation, energy conservation, etc.) where the IoT technologies play a vital role to improve the standard of human life through the automation of these systems.

In

Chapter 8

, the classification of IoT attacks, as well as constraints and requirements of IoT systems, are discussed. Moreover, the discussion about security threats at each layer of IoT architecture is also the part of this chapter.

Chapter 9

illustrates the nature of social relationships between IoT devices, explains the functionality of the components of social IoT architecture, and provides an understanding of the applicability of social aspects of smart devices in IoT applications.

Chapters 10

and

11

are devoted to the design and implementation details of IoT projects in Packet Tracer exploiting constructs of Blockly programming language.

Acknowledgments

We want to appreciate the efforts of the reviewing team at Wiley publishers for providing us the feedback and opportunity to publish this book. We would like to acknowledge the cooperation extended by our colleagues at Southwest Jiaotong University, China and the University of Glasgow, United Kingdom. We would also like to thank our students Sana Aurengzeb and Muhammad Talha (at Capital University of Science and Technology, Pakistan) for providing their support for the implementation of IoT system prototypes in Packet Tracer, which are part of Chapters 10 and 11 of this book. Finally, we want to acknowledge the most important contribution of our families for showing patience and understanding for the time we spent away from them while writing this book.

1Internet of Things (IoT) Fundamentals

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, students will be able to:

describe the evolution of the IoT concept.

state the vision and definition of IoT.

explain the basic characteristics of IoT.

distinguish the IoT from other related technologies.

elaborate the IoT enablers.

explain the IoT architectures.

articulate the pros and cons of IoT.

apply the IoT architecture concepts for specific IoT applications.

understand the implementation aspect of IoT architecture.

1.1 Introduction

In our daily lives, the augmented practice of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) plays a paramount role in the development of emerging information societies. In developed countries, ICT is being employed to develop various innovative applications and services to address the challenges of sustainable societies, thus improving the quality of human lives. In the modern era, a plethora of things are being connected to each other using underlying network technologies with an aim to promote the paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is a network of uniquely identifiable connected things (also known as devices, objects, and items) offering intelligent computing services [1]. Things in IoT are also known as Smart Things that provide feasibility in performing the execution of daily life operations in a rational way. Moreover, IoT also positively assists the communication process among human beings. IoT comprises diversified technologies including pervasive computing, sensor technology, embedded system, communication technologies, sensor networking, Internet protocols, etc. which eventually underpin the economic growth of modern societies. The fundamental notion behind IoT is the provision of seamless ubiquitous connectivity among things and human beings. The basic idea of IoT can be conceived as a representation of various As and Cs, as shown in Figure 1.1 [2]. In Figure 1.1, the As reflect the concept of ubiquity or globalization (i.e. any device, anywhere, anytime, any network etc.) and the Cs mirror the main characteristics of IoT (i.e. connectivity, computing, convergence, etc.). IoT, in essence, can be seen as an addition of the third dimension named “Thing” to the plane of ICT world, which is fundamentally based on two dimensions of Place and Time as shown in Figure 1.2. This “anything” dimension ultimately boosts the ubiquity by enabling new forms of communication of humans and things and between things themselves [3].

Figure 1.1 The concept of As and Cs in the IoT.

Figure 1.2 Thing as a new dimension to endorse IoT.

Source: Peña‐López [3].

1.2 Evolution of IoT Concept

The concept of ubiquitous computing through smart devices dates back to the early 1980s when a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University was connected to the Internet and able to report its inventory of cold drinks [4, 5]. Similarly, Mark Weiser in 1991 [6] provided the contemporary vision of IoT through the terminologies of ubiquitous computing and pervasive computing. Raji in 1994 elaborated the concept of home appliance automation to entire factories [7]. In 1999, Bill Joy presented six web frameworks wherein device‐to‐device communication could be formed [8]. Neil Gershenfeld in 1999 used a similar notion in his popular book When Things Start to Think [9]. In the same year, the term “Internet of Things” was promoted by Kevin Ashton during his work on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) infrastructure at the Auto‐ID Center of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) [10]. In 2002, Kevin was quoted in Forbes Magazine with his saying “We need an Internet for things, a standardized way for computers to understand the real world” [11]. The article was entitled as The Internet of Things, which was the first‐ever official document with the use of this term in a literal sense.

The evolution of IoT with reference to the technological progress in Internet conception is shown in Figure 1.3. The typical Internet introduced in the early 1990s was only concerned with the generation of static and dynamic contents on the World Wide Web (WWW). Later on, large‐scale production and enterprise‐level business collaborations initiated the creation of web services which laid the foundation of Web 2.0. Nevertheless, with the proliferation of affordable smartphones and tablets, social network apps become dominant on the Internet. In current situation, advancements in embedded system, Machine‐to‐Machine (M2M) communication, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and Web of Things (WoT) technology enabled the communication of things over the Internet. The overall technological progression related to IoT is shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 Technological progression in IoT.

1.3 IoT Vision

The conventional WWW offers the convenience of information searching, e‐mail conversation, and social networking. The emerging trend of IoT comes up with a vision of expanding these abilities through interactions with a wide spectrum of electronic appliances. In general, the IoT vision can be seen in terms of things centric and Internet centric. The things‐centric vision encompasses the advancements of all technologies related to the notion of “Smart Things.” On the other hand, the Internet‐centric vision involves the advancement of network technologies to establish the connection of interactive smart things with the storage, integration, and management of generated data. Based on these views, the IoT system can be seen as a dynamic distributed network of smart things to produce, store, and consume the required information [12]. The IoT vision demands significant advances in different fields of ICT (i.e. digital identification technology, communication technology, networking technology, computing technology, and distribution system technology), which are in fact the enabling technologies or fundamental elements of IoT [13, 14]. More specifically, the IoT paradigm can be envisioned as the convergence of three elementary visions, i.e. Things‐oriented vision, Network‐oriented vision, and Semantic‐oriented vision [15, 16]. This convergence of three visions with abilities and technologies is shown in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4 IoT as convergence of three visions.

Source: Adapted from Atzori et al. [15].

Things‐oriented vision at the initial level promotes the idea of things network through unique identifiable Electronic Product Code (EPC). Things‐oriented vision in the present form is evolved into smart sensor networks. In Internet‐oriented vision, Internet Protocol for Smart Object (IPSO) communities is formed to realize the challenging task of smart sensor communication. Considering unique identification through Internet Protocol (IP) addressing, IPSO communities are working for the interoperability of smart things (having sensors) to IP protocol technologies. Finally, the Semantic‐oriented vision provides the solution to deal with the huge amount of data generated by the IoT devices. IoT architectural layers and associated protocols have been structured in these three envisions [17].

1.4 IoT Definition

Considering the facts of similarity with peer technologies and envision the convergence of three different visions, it is not an easy job to provide a precise definition of IoT. In simple words, IoT could be deemed as a system wherein things are connected in such a manner that they can intelligently interact with each other as well as to humans. However, to better comprehend IoT, a number of standard organization and development bodies have provided their own definitions [13, 15, 18, 19]. A few IoT definitions presented by different standard organizations are illustrated in Table 1.1 [20].

Table 1.1 IoT definitions by standard organizations.

Standard organization

IoT definition

Institute of Electronic and Electric Engineering

(

IEEE

)

“The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework in which all things have a representation and a presence in the Internet. More specifically, the IoT aims at offering new applications and services bridging the physical and virtual worlds, in which Machine‐to‐Machine (M2M) communications represents the baseline communication that enables the interactions between Things and applications in the Cloud.”

Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards

(

OASIS

)

“System where the Internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.”

National Institute of Standards and Technology

(

NIST

)

“Cyber Physical systems (CPS) – sometimes referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) – involves connecting smart devices and systems in diverse sectors like transportation, energy, manufacturing, and healthcare in fundamentally new ways. Smart Cities/Communities are increasingly adopting CPS/IoT technologies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their operation and improve the quality of life.”

International Standard Organization

(

ISO

)

“It is an infrastructure of interconnected objects, people, systems, and information resources together with intelligent services to allow them to process information of the physical and the virtual world and react.”

Internet Engineering Task Force

(

IETF

)

“In the vision of IoT, “things” are very various such as computers, sensors, people, actuators, refrigerators, TVs, vehicles, mobile phones, clothes, food, medicines, books, etc. These things are classified as three scopes: people, machines (for example, sensor, actuator, etc.) and information (for example, clothes, food, medicine, books, etc.). These ‘things’ should be identified at least by one unique way of identification for the capability of addressing and communicating with each other and verifying their identities. In here, if the ‘thing’ is identified, we call it the ‘object’.”

International Telecommunication Unit

(

ITU

)

“IoT is type of network that is available anywhere, anytime, by anything and anyone.”

1.5 IoT Basic Characteristics

Considering all perspectives of modern‐day IoT systems, a few generic and vital characteristics are shown in Figure 1.5 and explained in Table 1.2 [21, 22].

Figure 1.5 Fundamental IoT characteristics.

Table 1.2 Description of fundamental characteristics of IoT.

IoT characteristic

Description

Sensor Data Acquisition, Storage, Filtering and Analysis

The plethora of distributed Sensors (or smart things) gather observation of physical environment/entity and direct to Cloud for storage and analytics with an ultimate objective to improve business workflow

Connectivity

IoT has made possible the interconnectivity of Physical and Virtual things with the help of the Internet and global communication infrastructure (that is built using wired and wireless technologies)

Device Heterogeneity and Intelligence

The interoperability of devices (based on different hardware and network platforms) with the provisioning of ambient intelligence at the hardware/software level supports intelligent interactions

Scalability

The plethora of IoT devices connectivity shifts human interactions to device interactions

Security

The security paradigm is required to be implemented at the network level as well as the end‐devices level to ensure the security of data

1.6 IoT Distinction

From the evolutionary perspective of IoT, it seems that IoT in different eras has been regarded as another name of a particular technology. Therefore, the term IoT is associated with other technologies in literature, i.e. embedded system, M2M communication, CPS, WSN, and WoT. However, the IoT concept is not attributable to any single technology.

1.6.1 IoT Versus Embedded Systems

Table 1.3 shows the differences between embedded systems and IoT.

Table 1.3 Difference between embedded systems and IoT.

Embedded system

IoT

Embedded systems include electronic devices that are usually standalone in nature and independently run on the Internet

IoT is a system that includes Internet connectivity‐reliant devices for communication

Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software (firmware)

IoT systems are a combination of computer hardware, software, and networking capabilities that are embedded into things of our daily lives

Embedded systems firmware mostly needs no modifications once the device is delivered to the clients

IoT requires continuous update

Example: ECG machine in a healthcare service that analyzes health parameters associated with humans is an example of embedded systems

Example: ECG machine connected to the Internet and able to transfer human health parameters on a remote server is an example of IoT devices

Embedded systems are a subset of IoT

IoT is a broader term including different technologies, i.e. embedded systems, networking, and information technology

1.6.2 IoT Versus M2M

Table 1.4 shows the differences between M2M and IoT.

Table 1.4 Difference between M2M and IoT.

M2M

IoT

In M2M, mostly communication type is point to point

In IoT, communication takes place at IP networks

Middleware not necessarily required for data delivery

Middleware is responsible for data delivery

Mostly, M2M devices do not rely on Internet Connection

In IoT, most of the devices require Internet connectivity

M2M devices have limited options to integrate with other devices due to corresponding communication standard requirements

In IoT, multiple communications demand unlimited integration options

M2M is a subset of IoT

IoT is a broader term which includes M2M as well as various other technologies

1.6.3 IoT Versus CPS

CPS and IoT are highly overlapped; therefore, it is very difficult to demarcate the boundary between their differences. Both IoT and CPS encompass embedded devices that are able to transmit physically sensed data over the network. However, the use of these terms has been exploited by different communities on the basis of perceived criteria. Table 1.5 shows the differences between CPS and IoT.

Table 1.5 Difference between CPS and IoT.

CPS

IoT

The term CPS is usually preferred over IoT by the engineering communities. The computer scientists working with an embedded system also used this term

The term IoT is frequently preferred over CPS by the network and telecommunications communities and the computer scientists doing research in the areas of next‐generation networks and future Internet advancements

In the United States, the CPS term is preferred over IoT

In the European Union, the term IoT is preferred over CPS

CPS is considered as a system

IoT is considered as devices on the Internet

Development of effective, reliable, accurate, and real‐time control system is the primary goal of CPS

BigData collection, storage, management, analysis, and sharing over Quality of Service (QoS) networks are primary goals of IoT

1.6.4 IoT Versus WSN

Table 1.6 shows the differences between WSN and IoT.

Table 1.6 Difference between WSNs and IoT.

WSN

IoT

WSN refers to a set of dedicated sensors to monitor, record, and transmit physical parameters of an entity or environment to a central location

IoT system includes all uniquely identifiable physical things/devices (i.e. home appliances, vehicles, etc.) embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and actuators, with ubiquitous connectivity to each other over the Internet. Moreover, sensor data processing and analysis is also part of IoT

WSN is a subset of IoT

IoT is a broader term and includes various technologies other than WSNs

Example: A large collection of sensors (optionally connected) used to monitor the moisture in a field likely to be considered as WSNs

Example: A fridge having the capability of sensing and transmitting the temperature reading to the Internet is an example of a smart device in the IoT system

1.6.5 IoT Versus WoT

Table 1.7 shows the differences between WoT and IoT.

Table 1.7 Difference between WoT and IoT.

WoT

IoT

WoT system involves the incorporation of IoT entities over the web

IoT is a network of smart things/objects/devices, people, systems, and applications

WoT includes web‐based applications over the network layer of IoT architecture

IoT applications include all sorts of applications such as web‐based, android‐based applications

Example: Embedded systems to connect objects over the web for communication with other objects