Engineering Satellite-Based Navigation and Timing E-Book

John W. Betz

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1150

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This book describes the design and performance analysis of satnav systems, signals, and receivers, with a general approach that applies to all satnav systems and signals in use or under development. It also provides succinct descriptions and comparisons of each satnav system. * Clearly structured, and comprehensive depiction of engineering satellite-based navigation and timing systems, signals, and receivers * GPS as well as all new and modernized systems (SBAS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, IRNSS) and signals being developed and fielded * Theoretical and applied review questions, which can be used for homework or to obtain deeper insights into the material * Extensive equations describing techniques and their performance, illustrated by MATLAB plots * New results, novel insights, and innovative descriptions for key approaches and results in systems engineering and receiver design If you are an instructor and adopted this book for your course, please email [email protected] to get access to the instructor files for this book.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial BoardTariq Samad, Editor in Chief

George W. Arnold   Vladimir Lumelsky    Linda ShaferDmitry Goldgof        Pui-In Mak               Zidong WangEkram Hossain        Jeffrey Nanzer         MengChu ZhouMary Lanzerotti    Ray Perez             George Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Technical Reviewers

Jon Anderson, Canyon ConsultingJosé-Ángel Ávila-Rodríguez, European Space Agency (ESA) Frank van Diggelen, Broadcom Corporation

Other Technical Reviewers

Michael Braasch, Ohio UniversityAlex Cerruti, The MITRE CorporationSergey Karutin, Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos)Phillip Ward, Navward ConsultingYuanxi Yang, China National Administration of GNSS and Applications

ENGINEERINGSATELLITE-BASEDNAVIGATION AND TIMINGGlobal NavigationSatellite Systems,Signals, and receivers

John W. Betz

The Following Material Has Been Approved by The MITRE Corporation and the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited:

Part I and Appendix A: Air Force Case Number 13-0985 Part II: Air Force Case Number 13-3073 Part III: Air Force Case Number 14-2724 Part IV: Air Force Case Number 14-4351

The author's affiliation with The MITRE Corporation is provided for identification purposes only, and is not intended to convey or imply MITRE's concurrence with, or support for, the positions, opinions or viewpoints expressed by the author.

Copyright © 2016 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-118-61597-3

For Donna

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Useful Constants

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

About the Author

1 Introduction

1.1 Satnav Revolution

1.2 Basic Principles of Satnav

1.3 Satnav Attributes

1.4 Book Structure and How to Use This Book

1.5 More To Explore

Reference

Part I System and Signal Engineering

2 Satellite Orbits and Constellations

2.1 Kepler's Laws

2.2 Orbital Deviations from Ideal

2.3 Constellations

2.4 Useful Geometry Calculations

2.5 Summary

Review Questions

References

3 Satnav Signals

3.1 Signals, Signal Processing, and Spreading Modulations

3.2 Effects of Doppler and of Ionospheric Propagation

3.3 Satnav Signal Characteristics

3.4 Satnav Signal Structure

3.5 Summary

Review Questions

References

4 Link Budgets

4.1 Free-Space Path Loss

4.2 Calculating Maximum and Minimum Specified Received Power in Signal Specifications

4.3 Terrestrial Link Budgets

4.4 Building Penetration and Foliage Losses

4.5 Summary

Review Questions

References

5 Correlator Output SNR, Effective C/N

0

, and I/S

5.1 Channel Model and Ideal Receiver Processing

5.2 Correlator Output SNR With No Interference

5.3 Correlator Output SNR With Interference: Spectral Separation Coefficients and Processing Gain

5.4 Effective C/N

0

5.5 Interference-To-Signal Power Ratios and Effective C/N

0

5.6 A Deeper Look at Spectral Separation Coefficients

5.7 Multiple Access Interference and Aggregate Gain of a Constellation

5.8 Summary

Review Questions

References

6 Error Sources and Error Characterization

6.1 Sources of Error in Satnav Positioning and Timing Calculation

6.2 Dilution of Precision and Error Measures

6.3 Positioning Errors for Standalone and Differential Satnav Receivers

6.4 Other Error Sources

6.5 Summary

Review Questions

Application Questions

References

Part II Satnav System Descriptions

7 Navstar Global Positioning System

7.1 GPS History and Plans

7.2 GPS Description

7.3 GPS Signals

7.4 Summary

Review Questions

Application Questions

References

8 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems

8.1 SBAS History and Plans

8.2 SBAS Description

8.3 SBAS Signals

8.4 Summary

Review Questions

Application Questions

References

9 Glonass

9.1 GLONASS History and Plans

9.2 GLONASS Description

9.3 GLONASS Signals

9.4 Summary

Review Questions

Application Questions

References

10 Galileo

10.1 Galileo History and Plans

10.2 Galileo Description

10.3 Galileo Signals

10.4 Summary

Review Questions

Application Questions

References

11 Beidou System

11.1 BDS History and Plans

11.2 BDS Description

11.3 BDS Signals

11.4 SUMMARY

Review Questions

Application Questions

References

12 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

12.1 QZSS History and Plans

12.2 QZSS Description

12.3 QZSS Signals

12.4 Summary

References

13 Indian Regional Satellite System

13.1 Irnss History and Plans

13.2 Irnss Description

13.3 IRNSS Signals

13.4 Summary

References

Part III Receiver Processing

14 Receiver Front End

14.1 Front-End Components

14.2 Front-End Noise Figure

14.3 Front-End Architectures and Frequency Plans

14.4 Summary

Review Questions

References

15 Analog-to-Digital Conversion

15.1 Introduction to Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Automatic Gain Control

15.2 Linear Analog-to-Digital Conversion

15.3 Precorrelator Analog-to-Digital Conversion—the Digitizing Correlator

15.4 Summary

Review Questions

References

16 Acquisition

16.1 Initial Conditions for Acquisition

16.2 Initial Synchronization Basics

16.3 Initial Synchronization Computation

16.4 Initial Synchronization Performance

16.5 Other Aspects of Acquisition

16.6 Summary

Review Questions

References

17 Discrete-Update Tracking Loops

17.1 Discrete-Update Tracking Loop Formulation

17.2 Discrete-Update Tracking Loop Design

17.3 Tracking Loop Characterization

17.4 Summary

References

18 Carrier Tracking and Data Demodulation

18.1 Signal Processing for Carrier Tracking

18.2 Frequency-Locked Loops

18.3 Costas Loops

18.4 Phase-Locked Loops

18.5 Data Message Demodulation

18.6 Summary

Review Questions

References

19 Code Tracking

19.1 Signal Processing For Code Tracking

19.2 Discriminators for Code Tracking

19.3 Carrier-Aided Code Tracking

19.4 Code Tracking Performance in White Noise

19.5 Code Tracking Performance in White Noise and Interference

19.6 Ambiguous Code Tracking

19.7 Summary

Appendix 19.A RMS Bandwidth

Review Questions

References

20 Position, Velocity, and Time Calculation

20.1 Forming Measurements

20.2 Reducing Pseudorange Errors

20.3 Standard Point Positioning

20.4 Blending Solutions from Multiple Satnav Systems

20.5 Velocity Calculation

20.6 Working with Disadvantaged Receivers

20.7 Precise Point Positioning

20.8 Integrity Monitoring: Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring and Fault Detection and Exclusion

20.9 Summary

Review Questions

References

Part IV Specialized Topics

21 Interference

21.1 Interference Characteristics

21.2 Effects of Interference on Receiver Operation

21.3 Dealing with Interference

21.4 Summary

References

22 Multipath

22.1 Multipath Characteristics

22.2 Multipath Effects

22.3 Multipath Mitigation

22.4 Summary

References

23 Augmentations Using Differential Satnav

23.1 Overview Of Differential Satnav

23.2 Code-Based Differential Systems

23.3 Carrier-Based Differential Systems

23.4 Summary

References

24 Assisted Satnav

24.1 Reducing Ifu And Itu

24.2 Provision Of Clock Corrections, Ephemeris, And Data Message Bits

24.3 Block Processing

24.4 Computing Pseudoranges And Position

24.5 Summary

Reference

25 Integrated Receiver Processing

25.1 Kalman Filter Overview

25.2 Loosely and Tightly Coupled Sensor-Integrated Satnav Processing

25.3 Standalone Vector Tracking

25.4 Ultratightly Coupled Sensor-Integrated Satnav Processing

25.5 Summary

References

A Theoretical Foundations

A.1 Some Useful Functions And Their Properties

A.2 Fourier Transforms

A.3 Signal Theory And Linear Systems Theory

A.4 Stochastic Processes

A.5 Some Results For Keyed Waveforms

A.6 Bandwidth Measures

A.7 Matrices and Matrix Algebra

A.8 Taylor Series And Linearization

A.9 Coordinate System Overview

References

Index

Eula

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 6.8

Table 6.9

Table 6.10

Part II

Table II.1

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Table 7.8

Table 7.9

Table 7.10

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

Table 12.8

Table 12.9

Table 12.10

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Part III

Table III.1

Table III.2

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 15.7

Table 15.8

Table 15.9

Table 15.10

Table 15.11

Table 15.12

Table 15.13

Table 15.14

Table 15.15

Table 15.16

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 16.4

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 17.4

Chapter 19

Table 19.1

Table 19.A.1

Table 19.A.2

Chapter 22

Table 22.1

A Theoretical Foundations

Table A.1

Guide

Cover

Contents

Preface

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PREFACE

The world of satellite-based navigation and timing opened for me in 1997, when Alan Moore, then the project leader of MITRE's GPS work for the Air Force, asked me a question in the corridor about how to design a new military signal that could share the same frequency band as existing GPS signals while being spectrally separated from civil signals. My off-the-cuff suggestion of a coherently modulated pair of subcarriers led to my development of Binary Offset Carrier and then involvement in other aspects of satnav. Since I had worked on spread spectrum communications, radar, sonar, and other signal-processing applications, satnav seemed to be a natural outlet for my interests and experience. There was a rich corpus of deep technical work to learn from, as well as many challenging problems still demanding innovative solutions. The GPS Joint Program Office was the place to be—full of excitement and plans for the future of GPS, with GPS legends roaming the halls.

Galileo, emerging in the early 2000s, provided an opportunity for collaboration with European colleagues to meet mutual goals of compatibility and interoperability. Japan's QZSS, Russian interest in CDMA signals, China's BeiDou, and India's IRNSS all also emerged, providing additional challenges to be addressed, as well as additional colleagues to learn from.

In 2006, Dr. Chris Hegarty put me in touch with Ms. Carolyn McDonald of NavtechGPS, and Carolyn agreed to sponsor my development and teaching of a short course emphasizing modernized satnav signals and receiver processing. Later versions of this course benefitted from course blocks developed by other experts under my direction. That course, and its extensions over the years, forms the basis of this book.

As my work on GPS and other satnav systems continued, it became clear that system engineering and signal engineering interact strongly with system design and receiver design. Such thinking was innate to legends like Dr. Charlie Cahn, but not necessarily to less experienced engineers. Also, design involves continual trades between implementation complexity and performance, further complicated by the need to assess implementation complexity in the context of future technologies, when signals would be used and receivers would be developed. Yet, no textbooks existed that depicted satnav system engineering and signal engineering in an organized and comprehensive way, or that clearly portrayed complexity and performance trades. Many books summarized the history of GPS and described the original GPS signals, but no text provided a balanced description of all current and planned satnav systems and their signals, including the modernized GPS signals. Multiple texts captured decades of experience in processing the original GPS signals, but books were not available to describe explicitly the processing of new and modernized signals with their different features and technical characteristics. Further, new techniques have been developed and the satnav literature has been enriched by many excellent papers over the past decade, yet these new contributions have not been captured and integrated into a single resource.

This book is my attempt to provide a set of more comprehensive and current perspectives.

John W. Betz

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Long before I began working on GPS, I was benefitting from colleagues and mentors. Mr. Roger Boyell, who worked with me at RCA Government Systems, was an exemplar of how to skillfully blend technical work and technical communication. Professor John Proakis, whose clear teaching style and excellent textbooks were essential to my graduate education, was kind enough to serve as my PhD advisor. At The Analytical Sciences Corporation (TASC), working with Mr. Robert Pinto was like graduate school all over again, while Dr. Seymour Stein, through his consulting work at TASC, demonstrated how theoretical analysis could guide and affect real-world applications.

At MITRE, Mr. Alan Moore provided me with the opportunity to work on GPS, and was extremely supportive of our efforts. Dr. Kevin Kolodziejski, who originally was my graduate student, became a colleague and co-author on multiple award-winning papers. From the beginning Dr. Chris Hegarty, one of the world's premier satnav engineers, has been an extremely helpful colleague. I was fortunate to serve on two signal design teams with Dr. Charlie Cahn, whose contributions to the design of every GPS signal demonstrated his unparalleled insight, productivity, technical breadth, and technical depth, combined with admirable humility and absence of self-promotion.

Much of my work on satnav has been with or for the US Air Force, and I have benefitted from the resulting association with outstanding Air Force officers. As GPS Chief Engineer early in this century, Col. Rick Reaser (Retired) was a mentor and guide in the challenging areas of spectrum management and international interactions. Col. Jon Anderson, PhD (Retired), was the Air Force Captain in 1997 who hosted the meeting where I introduced the Offset Carrier concept; he has remained a friend and colleague over these years as we have worked in different areas of satnav together. It was a pleasure to work with Col. Mark Crews, PhD (Retired), who served as GPS Chief Engineer; Mark made fundamental decisions related to GPS Modernization while leading GPS's international outreach with Europe, Russia, and Japan during critical times. Lt. Bryan Titus was a partner during the early days of GPS–Galileo discussions, and Lt. Col. Bryan Titus remains a colleague and friend as our careers have intersected again. Col. David Goldstein, PhD, in my opinion the prime example of a technical leader in the Air Force, has been a trusted colleague.

Mr. Thomas Stansell, through his consulting work for the US Air Force and US State Department, has had tremendous effect on GPS in this century and on me. I admire his style and his influence, and appreciate what he has done for me.

The Institute of Navigation (ION) and its members have provided a welcoming, stimulating, and educational environment for me and thousands of others in the field of satnav. Thanks to Ms. Lisa Beaty and the staff at the ION National Office for all they do to make the ION a very special professional organization.

Ms. Carolyn McDonald, and her company, NavtechGPS, have been integral to GPS and to satnav for decades. NavtechGPS's early close relationship with the ION, and continuing support of instructors like me, has provided opportunities for our professional growth while literally educating a generation of satnav engineers. Thanks to Carolyn for her friendship and support over these many years, and for originally sponsoring the preparation of course notes that led to many of the chapters of this book.

More recently, I have had the distinct pleasure of working with two other giants of satnav. Dr. Pratap Misra, a gentleman in the truest sense of the word, has been as kind and thoughtful a colleague as one could ever desire. Dr. Frank van Diggelen, with his deep insights combined with entertaining and stimulating style, has been an enjoyable and thought-provoking colleague and collaborator.

My daughter, Dr. Sharon Molly (Betz) Marroquin, carefully reviewed the first 15 chapters in their original manuscript form, providing valuable corrections and suggestions before the births of Hannah Molly and, later, Joseph Daniel, rightly diverted her attention and time.

This manuscript, in its entirety, had to be reviewed by the Air Force before its public release. Thanks to the Air Force officers, especially Capt. Nate Howard and Capt. Doug Pederson, for performing these reviews in addition to all of their other duties working on GPS and serving the nation. Also, I cannot thank enough the following colleagues who reviewed the manuscript in its entirety, providing many valuable comments and corrections: Dr. Frank van Diggelen, Dr. Jon Anderson, Professor Jade Morton, and Dr. José-Ángel Ávila Rodríguez. In addition, many thanks to Mr. Phillip Ward, Dr. Sergey Karutin, Professor Yuanxi Yang, Dr. Jeffrey Hebert, Dr. Alex Cerruti, and Professor Michael Braasch for their reviews of selected chapters. The resulting book benefits considerably from the careful attention and thoughtful suggestions of these reviewers.

My father, the late Edward S. Betz, MD, who was an electrical engineer before becoming a physician, influenced me to select electrical engineering as an undergraduate major, leading me to a fascinating and rewarding professional career. Thanks to my mother, Joanna Wells Betz, who has been everything a mother should be. She has been a continual source of encouragement during this effort.

Most importantly, thanks to my wonderful and loving family, especially my wife, Donna, who endured the countless evenings and weekends required to write this manuscript and go through the challenging process of publication. Thanks also to our four children, Christopher, Sharon, Peter, and James, along with their spouses and children, for their encouragement and support.

Thanks be to God.

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

2DRMS

twice the distance root mean square

AAI

Airports Authority of India

ADC

analog to digital conversion, or analog to digital converter

AGC

automatic gain control

A-GPS

assisted GPS

ARAIM

Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

ARNS

Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service

AS

anti-spoof

AS

Authorized Service

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASIC

application-specific integrated circuit

AWGN

additive white Gaussian noise

BAW

bulk acoustic wave

BCH

Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem

BDS

BeiDou System

BDT

BeiDou Time

BGBES

BeiDou Ground Base Enhancement System

bps

bits per second

BRSD

Between Receiver Single Differencing

BSQ

bandlimiting, sampling, and quantizationxy

BSSD

Between Satellite Single Differencing

C/A

Coarse/Acquisition

C/N

0

carrier power to noise power spectral density

CAF

cross-ambiguity function

CC

composite clock

CE50

Circular Error 50%, the radius of a circle centered at the true value containing 50% of the estimates

CE90

Circular Error 90%, the radius of a circle centered at the true value containing 90% of the estimates

CED

clock correction and ephemeris data

CEP

Circular Error Probable, the same as CE50

CFAR

constant false alarm rate

CGCS2000

China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000

CNSS

Compass Navigation Satellite System

CORS

continuously operated reference station

CRC

cyclic redundancy check

CRPA

controlled reception pattern antenna

CS

commercial service

CSC

carrier-smoothed code

CSK

code shift keying

DASS

Distress Alerting Satellite System

dB

decibels

dBi

decibels referenced to an isotropic antenna

dBic

decibels referenced to an isotropic circularly polarized antenna

dBil

decibels referenced to an isotropic linearly polarized antenna

dBm

decibels referenced to one milliwatt

dBW

decibels referenced to one watt

DFT

discrete Fourier transform

DLL

delay-locked loop

DOP

dilution of precision

DRMS

distance root mean square

DSSS

direct sequence spread spectrum

ECEF

Earth-centered, earth-fixed

ECI

Earth-centered, inertial

EGNOS

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

EKF

extended Kalman filter

ENU

East-North-Up coordinate system

EOP

Earth Orientation Parameters

FAA

Federal Aviation Administration (of the United States)

FDE

fault detection and exclusion

FEC

forward error control

FFT

fast Fourier transform

FIR

finite impulse response

FLL

frequency-locked loop

FPGA

field-programmable gate array

FRPA

fixed reception pattern antenna

GaAs

gallium arsenide

GAGAN

GPS And Geo-Augmented Navigation

G

agg

Aggregate gain of interference power

GCS

Galileo control system

GEO

geostationary

GGTO

GNSS to GPS Time Offset

GIVE

Grid Ionosphere Vertical Error

GLONASS

Global NAvigation Satellite System

GMS

Galileo mission system

GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System

GoJ

Government of Japan

GPS

Global Positioning System

GST

Galileo System Time

GTRF

Galileo Terrestrial Reference Framework

HDOP

horizontal dilution of position

HEO

highly elliptical orbit

HOW

handover word

I/S

interference to signal ratio (power ratio)

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization

ICD

Interface Control Document

IDFT

inverse discrete Fourier transform

IF

intermediate frequency

IGP

ionospheric grid point

IGS

International GNSS Service

IGSO

inclined geosynchronous orbit

IID

independent and identically distributed

IMES

Indoor MEssaging System

IMU

inertial measurement unit

INS

inertial navigation system

IP3

third-order intercept point

IR

image reject

IRNSS

Indian Regional Satellite System

IS

interface specification

ISRO

Indian Space Research Organization

ITRF

International Terrestrial Reference Frame

ITU

International Telecommunications Union

ITU-R

International Telecommunications Union Radio Sector

JGS

Japan satellite navigation Geodetic System

KF

Kalman filter

L2CL

long spreading code used for the GPS and QZSS L2C signals pilot component

L2CM

medium length spreading code used for the GPS and QZSS L2C signals data component

L5I

the Inphase data component of the GPS L5 signal

L5Q

the Quadraphase pilot component of the GPS L5 signal

LAMBDA

Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment

LC

inductor-capacitor

LDPC

low density parity check

LEO

low Earth orbit

LEX

QZSS experimental signal

LHCP

left-hand circularly polarized

LNA

low noise amplifier

LO

local oscillator

LTI

linear time invariant

MAI

multiple access interference

MC

master clock

MDR

multipath-to-direct path ratio

MEO

medium Earth orbit

MMIC

monolithic microwave integrated circuit

MOOC

Massively Online Open Course

MS

mobile station

MSAS

MTSAT-based Satellite Augmentation System

MTSAT

Multifunctional Transport Satellite

NANU

Notice Advisory to Navstar Users

NAQU

Notice Advisory to QZSS Users

Navwar

navigation warfare

NCO

numerically controlled oscillator

NDGPS

nationwide differential GPS

NGA

National Geospatial Agency

NICT

Japan's National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

NMCT

navigation message correction table

NRC

National Research Council

OCXO

oven-controlled crystal oscillator

OLS

ordinary least squares

ONSP

Office of National Space Policy (of Japan)

OS

Open Service

P(Y)

precision(encrypted)

PAPR

peak to average power ratio

PDOP

position dilution of precision

PDP

power-delay profile

PFD

power flux density

PLL

phase locked loop

PN

pseudo-noise

PNT

positioning, navigation, and timing

ppm

parts per million

PPP

precise point positioning

PPS

precise positioning service

PRN

Pseudo-Random Number

PRS

Public Regulated Service

PSD

power spectral density

PVT

position, velocity, and time

PZ-90

Parametri Zemli (English translation, Parameters of the Earth) 1990

Q

quality factor (of a filter)

QOC

quadrature offset carrier

QPSK-R

quadrature phase shift keying with rectangular spreading symbols

QZS

Quasi-Zenith Satellite

QZSS

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

QZSST

QZSS Time

RAAN

right ascension of the ascending node

RAIM

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

RC

resistor-capacitor

RDSS

Radio Determination Satellite System

RF

radio frequency

RHCP

right-hand circularly polarized

RMS

root mean-squared

RNSS

radio navigation satellite service

R-S

Reed-Solomon

RS

restricted service

RSS

root sum-squared

RTK

real-time kinematic

SA

selective availability

SAIF

submeter class augmentation with integrity function

SAR

search and rescue

SAR/GPS

search and rescue GPS

SARS

search and rescue service

SAW

surface acoustic wave

SBAS

Satellite-Based Augmentation System

SC

super critical

SDCM

System for Differential Correction and Monitoring

SE50

Spherical Error 50%, the radius of a sphere centered at the true value containing 50% of the estimates

SE90

Spherical Error 90%, the radius of a sphere centered at the true value containing 90% of the estimates

SEP

Spherical Error Probable, the same as SE50

SiGe

HBT silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor

SIR

signal-to-interference power ratio

SISRE

signal in space ranging error

SNR

signal-to-noise ratio

SoL

Safety-of-Life

SPP

standard point positioning

SPS

PS SPS Performance Specification

SPS

standard positioning service

sps

symbols per second

SSC

spectral separation coefficient

SUD

Standard Under Damped

SV

space vehicle

TCXO

temperature compensated crystal oscillator

TDOP

time dilution of precision

TGP

tropospheric grid point

TLM

telemetry word

TOA

time of arrival

TOI

time of interval

TT&C

telemetry, tracking, and command (sometimes telemetry, tracking, and control)

TTIS

time to initial synchronization

UDRE

User Differential Range Error

UEE

user equipment error

UERE

user equivalent ranging error

URA

user range accuracy

USNO

United States Naval Observatory

UTC

(NICT) Coordinated Universal Time as maintained by National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

UTC

coordinated universal time

UTC

ultra-tight coupling

UTC(USNO)

Coordinated Universal Time as maintained by USNO

VDOP

vertical dilution of precision

VGA

variable gain amplifier

VLL

vector locked loop

WAAS

Wide Area Augmentation System

WGS84

World Geodetic System 1984

WLS

weighted least squares

XO

crystal oscillator