Essentials of Modern Communications E-Book

Djafar K. Mynbaev

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1922

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

Explore Modern Communications and Understand Principles of Operations, Appropriate Technologies, and Elements of Design of Communication Systems

Modern society requires a different set of communication systems than has any previous generation. To maintain and improve the contemporary communication systems that meet ever-changing requirements, engineers need to know how to recognize and solve cardinal problems. In Essentials of Modern Communications, readers will learn how modern communication has expanded and will discover where it is likely to go in the future. By discussing the fundamental principles, methods, and techniques used in various communication systems, this book helps engineers assess, troubleshoot, and fix problems that are likely to occur.

In this reference, readers will learn about topics like:

• How communication systems respond in time and frequency domains
• Principles of analog and digital modulations
• Application of spectral analysis to modern communication systems based on the Fourier series and Fourier transform
• Specific examples and problems, with discussions around their optimal solutions, limitations, and applications
• Approaches to solving the concrete engineering problems of modern communications based on critical, logical, creative, and out-of-box thinking

For readers looking for a resource on the fundamentals of modern communications and the possible issues they face, Essentials of Modern Communications is instrumental in educating on real-life problems that engineering students and professionals are likely to encounter.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

About the Authors

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Modern Communications: What It Is?

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 1

1.1 What and Why of Modern Communications

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 1.1

Questions and Problems for Section 1.1

1.2 Communication Technology on a Fast Track

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 1.2

Questions and Problems for Section 1.2

1.3 Fundamental Laws and Principles of Modern Communications

Questions and Problems for Section 1.3

2 Analog Signals and Analog Transmission

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 2

2.1 Analog Signals – Basics

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 2.1

Questions and Problems for Section 2.1

2.2 Analog Signals – Introduction

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 2.2

Questions and Problems for Section 2.2

2.3 Analog Signals – Advanced Study

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 2.3

Questions and Problems for Section 2.3

2.3.A Mathematical Foundation of Phasor Presentation

3 Digital Signals and Digital Transmission

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 3

3.1 Digital Communications – Basics

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 3.1

3.1.A Brief History of Character Codes

3.2 Digital Signals and Digital Transmission – Introduction

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 3.2

4 Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion (ADC) and Digital‐to‐Analog Conversion (DAC)

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 4

4.1 Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion, ADC

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 4.1

Questions and Problems for Section 4.1

4.1.A Decimal and Binary Numbering Systems

4.2 Digital‐to‐Analog Conversion, DAC, Pulse‐Amplitude Modulation, PAM, and Pulse‐Code Modulation, PCM

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 4.2

Questions and Problems for Section 4.2

4.2.A Modes of Digital Transmission

5 Filters

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 5

5.1 Filtering – Basics

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 5.1

Questions and Problems for Section 5.1

5.2 Filtering – Introduction

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 5.2

Questions and Problems for Section 5.2

5.2.A RL Filter and Resonance Circuits as Filters

5.3 Active and Switched‐Capacitor Filters

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 5.3

Questions and Problems for Section 5.3

5.3.A Active BPF and BSF

5.4 Filter Prototypes and Filter Design

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 5.4

Questions and Problems for Section 5.4

5.4.A Tables of the Butterworth Polynomials

5.5 Digital Filters

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 5.5

Questions and Problems for Section 5.5

What are Digital Filters?

6 Spectral Analysis 1 – The Fourier Series in Modern Communications

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 6

6.1 Basics of Spectral Analysis

Objective and Outcomes for Section 6.1

Questions and Problems for Section 6.1

Time Domain and Frequency Domain

The Fourier Series

Spectral Synthesis

6.2 Introduction to Spectral Analysis

Objective and Outcomes of Section 6.2

Questions and Problems for Section 6.2

6.3 Spectral Analysis of Periodic Signals: Advanced Study

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 6.3

Questions and Problems for Section 6.3

6.3.A Fourier Coefficients of a Two-sided and a One-sided Spectrum of the Periodic Pulse Train for Example 6.3.2.

7 Spectral Analysis 2 – The Fourier Transform in Modern Communications

⋆

8 Analog Transmission with Analog Modulation

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 8

8.1 Basics of Analog Modulation

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 8.1

Questions and Problems for Section 8.1

8.1.A Drawbacks of Baseband Transmission

8.2 Analog Modulation for Analog Transmission – An Advanced Study

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 8.2

Questions and Problems for Section 8.2

8.2.A Finding the Spectrum of an FM Signal with MATLAB

9 Digital Transmission with Binary Modulation

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 9

9.1 Digital Transmission – Basics

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 9.1

Questions and Problems for Section 9.1

9.2 Introduction to Digital Transmission – Binary Shift‐Keying Modulation

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 9.2

Questions and Problems for Section 9.2

9.2.A Jitter

10 Digital Transmission with Multilevel Modulation

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 10

10.1 Quadrature Modulation Systems

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 10.1

Questions and Problems for Section 10.1

10.2 Multilevel PSK and QAM Modulation

Objectives and Outcomes of Section 10.2

Questions and Problems for Section 10.2

10.A Multiplexing

Bibliography

b

Specialized Bibliographies

b

b

b

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.2.1 Conceptual description of routing operation.

Table 1.3.1 Analog and digital transmission characteristics.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1.1 Selected magnitudes vs. time for cosine and sine signals for Exam...

Table 2.2.1 Samples of data for building the graph of a sinusoidal signal in ...

Table 2.2.2 Frequencies of 2.4‐GHz Wi‐Fi band (https://www.electronics-notes....

Table 2.3.A.1 Phase angles and complex numbers.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1.1 Examples of binary logic levels.

Table 3.1.2 Voltage specifications for TTL and CMOS logic families (www.tektr...

Table 3.1.3 ASCII code.

Table 3.1.4 EBCIDIC code.

Table 3.1.A.1 International Morse code (Footnote 5).

Table 3.1.A.2 Baudot code (Footnote 5).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1.1 Actual and assigned sample values and quantization errors for Exa...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1.1 Calculated values of

V

out

,

A

v

, and Θ for Example 5.1.2.

Table 5.1.2 Attenuation and phase shift values for Figure 5.1.11.

Table 5.1.3 Solution to Example 5.1.6.

Table 5.4.1 How to find the amplitude response of any type of Butterworth fil...

Table 5.4.A.1 Coefficients of the Butterworth polynomials.

Table 5.4.A.2 Butterworth polynomials as products of the first‐ and second‐or...

Table 5.5.1 Discrete function,

v

[

n

], representing a sampled analog signal.

Table 5.5.2 Comparison of analog and digital filters.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1.1 Formulas of cosine signals shown in time domain and in frequency ...

Table 6.2.1 Fourier series of the most common signals.

Table 6.2.2 Example of the effect of filtering on signals: input amplitudes, ...

Table 6.2.3 Input amplitudes, filter attenuations, output amplitudes, and add...

Table 6.2.P19 Questions regarding the process of filtering the signals.

Table 6.3.1 Power and bandwidth of the pulse train in Example 6.3.3.

Table 6.3.2 Fourier coefficients for the pulse train in Example 6.3.2.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1.1 The Fourier transforms.

Table 7.2.1 Fourier transform pairs.

Table 7.2.2 Main properties of the Fourier transform.

Table 7.3.1 Comparison of the Fourier series and the discrete Fourier transfo...

Table 7.3.P5 Communication signals and the Fourier transformations.

Table 7.3A.1 Data for the DFT in Example 7.3.1.

Table 7.3A.2 Samples of calculations of

A

k

and

B

k

for Example 7.3.1.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1.1 Comparison of baseband and broadband transmissions.

Table 8.1.2 Side frequencies of the FM signal in Example 8.1.6.

Table 8.2.1 Values of Bessel function of the first order for various orders a...

Table 8.2.2 Frequencies, relative amplitudes, and relative power of the FM si...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1.1 Standard normal probability distribution function.

Table 9.1.2 MATLAB code and the probabilities of finding

P(Z

 > 

a)

for a standa...

Table 9.1.P84 Measured amplitudes of the lower level of a pulse train.

Table 9.2.1 Power and bandwidth of the ASK signal in Example 9.2.2.

Table 9.2.2 Comparison of BER data for ASK and FSK transmissions in Examples...

Table 9.2.3 Comparison of

E

b

/N

0

ratio for BPSK and DPSK modulations.

Table 9.2.4 Comparison of ASK, FSK, and PSK.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1.1

I

and

Q

projections of dibit symbols.

Table 10.1.2 Carrier's phase angles and signs of

I

k

and

Q

k

components.

Table 10.1.3 Carrier's phase changes for DQPSK.

Table 10.2.1 Symbol mapping for

M

‐ary PSK.

Table 10.2.2 Calculating BER parameters for

M

‐PSK and

M

‐QAM signaling.

Table 10.2.3 Comparison of BER Parameters for

M

‐PSK and

M

‐QAM.

Table 10.2.A.2.S.1 SONET digital hierarchy.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1.1 Basic block diagram of a communication system.

Figure 1.1.2 General block diagram of a communication system.

Figure 1.1.3 The IoT connections to the Internet (cloud).

Figure 1.1.4 Data centers: (a) A view of the interior of construction of a d...

Figure 1.2.S.1.1 Samuel Morse.

Figure 1.2.S.1.2 Morse telegraph key. It is also called Morse–Vail telegraph...

Figure 1.2.S.1.3 Alexander Graham Bell (a) and its early telephone equipment...

Figure 1.2.S.1.4 Guglielmo Marconi and his radio equipment.

Figure 1.2.1 Basic layouts of communication systems: (a) point‐to‐point link...

Figure 1.2.2 Local and regional networks and the Internet (cloud).

Figure 1.2.3 Network topologies.

Figure 1.2.4 The concept of network hierarchy.

Figure 1.2.5 Two types of switching in networks: (a) circuit‐switching netwo...

Figure 1.2.6 Control plane and data plane of a communication network: (a) ge...

Figure 1.2.7 Conceptual view at data transmission through the Internet.

Figure 1.2.8 Basic block diagram of a fiber‐optic communication system.

Figure 1.2.9 Map of undersea (submarine) fiber‐optic cables.

Figure 1.2.10 Example of interconnections between wireless and optical netwo...

Figure 1.2.11 Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. MF, medium frequency; HF, high ...

Figure 1.2.12 Principle of operation of a wireless communication system.

Figure 1.2.13 Propagation modes of EM waves for wireless communications. (a)...

Figure 1.2.14 Wi‐Fi principle of operation.

Figure 1.2.15 Principle of operation of a Li‐Fi system.

Figure 1.2.16 Cellular mobile networks: (A) General architecture; (B) an ind...

Figure 1.2.17 ATS‐3 communication satellite orbiting Earth.

Figure 1.2.18 Satellite communication system.

Figure 1.2.19 Satellite for communications: (A) Satellite motion (not to sca...

Figure 1.2.20 Interconnections of optical, wireless, and satellite communica...

Figure 1.2.P31 (1.3.3aR) Bandwidths of copper wire (twisted pair), coaxial c...

Figure 1.3.1 Bandwidth and bit rate: Two bits are delivered per cycle of a s...

Figure 1.3.2 Spectral efficiency vs. digital SNR.

Figure 1.3.3 Bandwidths of four transmission media: (a) Copper wire (twisted...

Figure 1.3.4 The progress in modern communications and a historical increase...

Figure 1.3.5 Spectral efficiency vs. signal power in optical fiber. (a.u. st...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1.1 Waveforms: (a) Analog signal; (b) digital signal.

Figure 2.1.2 Waveforms – magnitude and amplitude: (a) Magnitudes and amplitu...

Figure 2.1.3 Building the waveform of a voice signal.

Figure 2.1.4 Building the waveforms by a point‐by‐point method: (a) Coarse p...

Figure 2.1.5 Examples of analog and digital signals: (a) An arbitrary analog...

Figure 2.1.6 The waveforms of the cosine and sine signals for Example 2.1.2....

Figure 2.1.7 Waveforms of sinusoidal signals: (a) Sine signal with period

T

1

Figure 2.1.8 Sinusoidal signals with various periods (frequencies): (a)

T

1

=...

Figure 2.1.9 A sine signal with various phase shifts: Θ = 0° (top), Θ = 45° ...

Figure 2.1.10 The impact of phase shift (initial phase) on a waveform's posi...

Figure 2.1.11 A sine signal with a negative 90°‐phase shift for Example 2.1....

Figure 2.1.12 Amplitude of a sine signal: (a) Definition; (b)

A

1

 = 1 V;

A

2

 =...

Figure 2.1.13 Peak‐to‐peak value: It helps to characterize a sinusoidal sign...

Figure 2.1.14 Definition of amplitude: (a) For an arbitrary analog signal – ...

Figure 2.1.14R Definition of amplitude: (b) for a sinusoidal signal – see Fi...

Figure 2.2.1 A sine signal for Example 2.2.1.

Figure 2.2.2 Initial values of a sine signal with various phase shifts: (a)

Figure 2.2.3 Various initial phases (phase shifts) of a sine signal: (a)

θ

...

Figure 2.2.S.1.1 Phasor: a graphical presentation.

Figure 2.2.S.1.2 Constructing a cosine signal from a phasor presentation: (a...

Figure 2.2.S.1.3 Phasor and the magnitudes of a sine signal.

Figure 2.2.S.1.4 Phasor and a cosine with a phase shift: (a) The phasor's in...

Figure 2.2.S.2.1 Function

v

(

t

) 

= A

 cos(

ωt

) and its numerical ...

Figure 2.2.S.2.2 Function is a rule assigning to each element from a domain ...

Figure 2.2.S.2.3 Continuity of a function: (a) A continuous function,

y

 = si...

Figure 2.2.4 Sinusoidal signal,

v

(

t

) (V) = 3 sin ((2

π

 × 40 × 10

3

)

t

), in...

Figure 2.2.5 Time domain (left) and frequency domain (right) of sinusoidal s...

Figure 2.2.6 Cosine and sine signals in time domain and frequency domain: (a...

Figure 2.2.7 Composite signal

v

(

t

) = 8 − 12 cos((2

π

 × 30)

t

 − 30°) + 5 s...

Figure 2.2.8 Frequency domain and bandwidth.

Figure 2.2.9 Signal bandwidth and transmission bandwidth for Example 2.2.5....

Figure 2.2.P65 Signal for Problem 2.2.65.

Figure 2.3.1 Transmitting a message with a waveform.

Figure 2.3.2 Amplitude‐modulated sinusoidal signal.{4}

Figure 2.3.3 Deterministic and random waveforms. (Source: Professor Ram M. N...

Figure 2.3.4 Continuous (a) and discrete (b) waveforms.

Figure 2.3.5 The average value and instantaneous power of a sinusoidal signa...

Figure 2.2.S.1.2R Constructing a cosine signal from a phasor presentation.

Figure 2.3.6 A sinusoidal signal presented by (a) its waveform, (b) its phas...

Figure 2.3.7 Waveform and phasor diagram for a resistor: (a) The circuit; (b...

Figure 2.3.8 Frequency response of ohmic resistance.

Figure 2.3.9 Waveform and phasor diagram for an inductor: (a) The circuit; (...

Figure 2.3.10 Frequency response of inductive reactance.

Figure 2.3.11 Waveform and phasor diagram for a capacitor: (a) The circuit; ...

Figure 2.3.12 Frequency response of capacitive reactance.

Figure 2.3.13 RLC impedance diagram.

Figure 2.3.14 Series RLC circuit for Example 2.3.2.

Figure 2.3.15 Impedance diagram for Example 2.3.2.

Figure 2.3.16 Phasor diagram for Example 2.3.2.

Figure 2.3.A.1 A complex number and its rectangular and polar forms.

Figure 2.3.A.2 Two complex numbers examined in Example 2.3.A.1.

Figure 2.3.A.3 The sum of and the difference between two complex numbers in ...

Figure 2.3.A.4 Summation of two phasors in Example 2.3.A.2.

Chapter 3

Figure 2.1.1R Waveforms: (a) analog signal; (b) digital signal.

Figure 3.1.1 Digital and analog transmission.

Figure 3.1.2 A digital signal after transmission: This signal delivers corre...

Figure 3.1.3 Digital signal after transmission: This signal is distorted bey...

Figure 3.1.4 RS‐232 transmission code.

Figure 3.1.5 The RS‐232 signal delivering letters in ASCII code: (a) transmi...

Figure 3.1.6 Summary of RS‐232 voltage specifications.

Figure 3.1.7 Digital ICs' electrical signals: (a) high‐level output (sent),

Figure 3.1.8 Digital ICs' voltage specifications.

Figure 3.1.9 TTL voltage specifications.

Figure 3.1.10 Transmission codes: (a) Unipolar nonreturn‐to‐zero (NRZ); (b) ...

Figure 3.1.11 Example of a digital signal: encoding decimal numerals.

Figure 3.2.1 The amplitude and bit (pulse) time of an ideal digital signal....

Figure 3.2.2 Bit time and bit rate for RZ signaling.

Figure 3.2.3 Waveforms of a digital signal: (a) ideal waveform; (b) real wav...

Figure 3.2.4 Basic parameters of a real digital pulse.

Figure 3.2.5 Basic parameters of the digital pulse in 3.2.3.

Figure 3.2.6 Rise time and bit rate: (a) short rise time; (b) intermediate r...

Figure 3.2.7 Timing parameters of NRZ and RZ signals: (a) NRZ signal; (b) RZ...

Figure 3.2.8 Timing parameters of a digital signal in 3.2.5: (a) NRZ signal;...

Figure 3.2.9 Duty cycles of NRZ and RZ signals: (a) an NRZ signal with a dut...

Figure 3.2.P35 The waveform of a digital pulse.

Figure 3.2.P48 Duty cycles of digital signals: (a) NRZ signal; (b) RZ signal...

Figure 3.2.PR51 The timing parameters of a digital signal in 3.2.5: (a) NRZ ...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1.1 The need for analog‐to‐digital conversion (ADC) and digital‐to‐...

Figure 4.1.2 The concept of analog‐to‐digital conversion.

Figure 4.1.3 Three major steps in analog‐to‐digital conversion.

Figure 4.1.4 Sampling (sample‐and‐hold, S&H) technique: (a) Sampling at ever...

Figure 4.1.5 Aliasing: (a) The violation of the Nyquist criterion produces t...

Figure 4.1.6 The quantization operation.

Figure 4.1.7 The quality of an ADC operation depends on the number of bits p...

Figure 4.1.8 The principle of quantization: (a) A sampled analog signal; (b)...

Figure 4.1.9 A staircase input–output characteristic of an ADC quantization ...

Figure 4.1.10 Nonuniform quantization: (a) Quantization with 2 bits per samp...

Figure 4.1.11 Quantization errors: (a) The difference between actual and ass...

Figure 4.1.12 The signal's parameters and binary coding for Example 4.1.2.

Figure 4.1.13 The error signal,

ε

k

(

t

k

), is a snapshot of quantization ...

Figure 4.1.14 The digital signal encoded in an NRZ transmission code for Exa...

Figure 4.1.15 The ADC operation from the input analog signal to the output d...

Figure 4.1.P20 Oversampling (a) and undersampling (b) in frequency domain and ti...

Figure 4.1.P50 (4.1.12R) The signal's parameters and binary coding for Example 4.1....

Figure 4.1.P54 The quality of an ADC operation depends on the number of bits...

Figure 4.1.A.1 Decimal numbering system: (a) Whole numbers (integers); (b) f...

Figure 4.1.A.2 Binary numbering system: (a) The whole binary number; (b) the...

Figure 4.1.A.3 Example of converting a decimal number into its binary equiva...

Figure 4.1.A.4 Examples of conversion: (a) Decimal to binary by the successi...

Figure 4.2.1 Digital‐to‐analog conversion.

Figure 4.2.2 Pulse amplitude modulation, PAM: an input analog signal (left),...

Figure 4.2.3 Block diagram of a PCM transmission system.

Figure 4.2.4 Intersymbol interference: Pulses are narrow and well separated ...

Figure 4.2.P12 Noise floor and SNR.

Figure 4.2.A.1 Transmission modes: (a) Simplex transmission; (b) half‐duplex...

Figure 4.2.A.2 Serial and parallel transmission: (a) Serial transmission; (b...

Figure 4.2.A.3 Data (signal) pulses and clock pulses: (a) Data pulses; (b) c...

Figure 4.2.A.4 Principle of digital transmission: (a) Pulses and bits send b...

Figure 4.2.A.5 Discrepancy between transmitter and receiver clocks: (a) Cloc...

Figure 4.2.A.6 Error in received information caused by discrepancy between t...

Figure 4.2.A.7 Asynchronous transmission.

Figure 4.2.A.8 Concept of synchronous transmission.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1.1 Concept of filtering: (a) low‐pass filter; (b) high‐pass filter...

Figure 5.1.2 Example of a low‐pass filter's operation: (a) ideal filter and ...

Figure 5.1.3 Schematic of a low‐pass RC filter.

Figure 2.3.12R Frequency response of capacitive reactance.

Figure 5.1.4 Equivalent circuits: (a) resistor at low frequency and at high ...

Figure 5.1.5 Equivalent circuits of an RC LPF in two extreme situations: (a)...

Figure 5.1.6 Investigation of a low‐pass RC filter's operation in time domai...

Figure 5.1.7 An RC LPF circuit for Example 5.1.2.

Figure 5.1.8 Three waveforms of the output signal for Example 5.1.2.

Figure 5.1.9 (a) Attenuation and (b) phase shift of the RC LPF given in Exam...

Figure 5.1.10 Phase shift in an RC low‐pass filter: (a) phase shift in time ...

Figure 5.1.11 Waveforms (time‐domain presentation) vs. attenuation and phase...

Figure 5.1.12 (a) Attenuation,

A

v

, and (b) phase shift, Θ, of an RC low‐pass...

Figure 5.1.13 Changing

f

C

and

A

v

by changing

R

in RC LPF.

Figure 5.1.14 Changing

f

C

and

A

v

by modifying

C

in RC LPF.

Figure 5.1.15 The example of an industrial attenuation specification of a lo...

Figure 5.1.16 Specifications of the amplitude response of a LPF: (a) Example...

Figure 5.2.1 Concept of a low‐pass RC filter and a high‐pass RC filter: (a) ...

Figure 5.2.2 High‐pass RC filter: (a) schematic of the filter and (b) output...

Figure 5.2.3 Operation of an RC HPF filter: (a) the filter's equivalent circ...

Figure 5.2.4 Experimental setup and the input and output signals of an RC HP...

Figure 5.2.5 Graphs of (a) amplitude response and (b) phase response of the ...

Figure 5.2.6 Experimental setup and output waveforms of the HPF at

f

 = 100 H...

Figure 5.2.7 Concept of building an ideal band‐pass filter from ideal low‐pa...

Figure 5.2.8 Real band‐pass filter: (a) amplitude of the frequency response ...

Figure 5.2.9 Schematic of a band‐pass filter.

Figure 5.2.10 Experimental setup and input and output waveforms at three dif...

Figure 5.2.11 Bode plots of the amplitude and phase frequency responses of t...

Figure 5.2.12 Building an ideal band‐stop filter.

Figure 5.2.13 Block diagram of circuitry for a band‐stop filter.

Figure 5.2.14 Attenuation of a band‐stop filter.

Figure 5.2.15 Time‐domain responses (output waveforms) of LPF, HPF, BPF, and...

Figure 5.2.16 Input‐output view of a low‐pass RC filter operation.

Figure 5.2.17 Time delay of an RC LPF output signal vs. frequency in Example...

Figure 5.2.18 Concept of transfer function.

Figure 5.2.19 General diagram for finding the output signal of an RC LPF by ...

Figure 5.2.20 Straight‐line approximation of (a) amplitude and (b) phase res...

Figure 5.2.21 Actual graph and approximate Bode‐plot graph of an RC LPF freq...

Figure 5.2.22 Bode plots of (a) amplitude and (b) phase of an RC HPF in Exam...

Figure 5.2.P51 The waveforms of input and output signals of an RC LPF.

Figure 5.2.A.1.1 Inductive reactance and the inductor's equivalent circuits:...

Figure 5.2.A.1.2 The circuit of a low‐pass RL filter.

Figure 5.2.A.2.1 Series RLC resonance circuit.

Figure 5.2.A.2.2 Resonance condition.

Figure 5.2.A.2.3 Phasor presentation of the resonance condition in an RLC ci...

Figure 5.2.A.2.4 Resonance in a series RLC circuit in Example 5.2.A.2.1: (a)...

Figure 5.2.A.2.5 Quality factor of a resonance circuit.

Figure 5.2.A.2.6 Tuning a resonance circuit: A tunable circuit (left) and re...

Figure 5.2.A.2.7 Series RLC circuit as a band‐pass filter.

Figure 5.2.A.2.8 The amplitude response of a series resonance circuit workin...

Figure 5.2.A.2.9 A series RLC resonance circuit working as a band‐stop filte...

Figure 5.3.1 Passive low‐pass RC filter with loading coil.

Figure 5.3.2 Equivalent circuits of a passive low‐pass RC filter with a load...

Figure 5.3.3 The loading coil must be separated from the passive RC filter b...

Figure 5.3.4 Operation of an RC LPF when a loading coil is separated by circ...

Figure 5.3.5 Equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier.

Figure 5.3.6 Operation of a noninverting op‐amp with a signal source and a l...

Figure 5.3.7 Noninverting op‐amp with negative feedback.

Figure 5.3.8 Operation of a real op‐amp: (a) input–output characteristic of ...

Figure 5.3.9 Schematic of an active low‐pass filter with a noninverting op‐a...

Figure 5.3.10 An active filter based on an inverting op‐amp: general view.

Figure 5.3.11 An RC active LPF based on an inverting op‐amp.

Figure 5.3.12 Operation of the active RC LPF given in Example 5.3.2: (a) wav...

Figure 5.3.13 An active RC HPF based on an inverting amplifier.

Figure 5.3.14 Active HPF: (a) The input and output waveforms at various freq...

Figure 5.3.15 Circuit diagram of a switched‐capacitor filter.

Figure 5.3.11R An RC active LPF based on an inverting op‐amp.

Figure 5.3.16 Switched‐capacitor low‐pass filter for Example 5.3.3.

Figure 5.3.17 An example of the block diagram of an industrial universal swi...

Figure 5.3.P16 Circuit diagram of a closed‐loop inverting amplifier.

Figure 5.3.A.1 A band‐pass active filter based on an inverting op‐amp.

Figure 5.3.A.2 Active BPF: (a) Input and output waveforms at various frequen...

Figure 5.3.A.3 Schematic of an active three‐stage BPF.

5

Figure 5.3.A.4 Schematic diagram of a band‐stop active filter.

6

Figure 5.3.A.5 Active BSF: (a) Input and output waveforms at various frequen...

Figure 5.4.1 Amplitude and phase responses of an ideal filter.

Figure 5.4.2 Amplitude and phase responses of the major filter prototypes: (...

Figure 5.4.3 Amplitude response of a Butterworth filter of various orders.

Figure 5.4.4 The Butterworth filter's amplitude response at various values o...

Figure 5.4.5 Responses of a Butterworth filter of various orders: (a) amplit...

Figure 5.4.6 Pole locations of a normalized Butterworth filter for

n

 = 5 in ...

Figure 5.4.7 MATLAB filter‐designing tool: (a) the window of the filter desi...

Figure 5.4.8 Designing an LPF with Multisim: (a) filter Wizard from Multisim...

Figure 5.4.9 Circuit of a second‐order active LPF with source and measuring ...

Figure 5.4.10 A designed Butterworth second‐order LPF: (a) schematic of the ...

Figure 5.4.11 Fourth‐order Butterworth LPF.

Figure 5.5.1 Digital filter: (a) a block diagram and (b) example of a digita...

Figure 5.5.2 Sampling operation: (a) original analog signal; (b) sampling of...

Figure 5.5.3 Impulse response of an IIR filter.

Figure 5.5.4 Impulse response of a FIR filter.

Figure 5.5.5 Block diagram of an adaptive filter.

11

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1.1 Periodic signals: (a) Sinusoidal signal; (b) square‐wave signal...

Figure 6.1.2 Nonperiodic signals: (a) Distorted sinusoidal signal; (b) recor...

Figure 6.1.3 Cosine signals of (a) 1 kHz, (b) 10 kHz, and (c) 100 kHz with a...

Figure 6.1.4 Sinusoidal signals with phase shifts in time and frequency doma...

Figure 6.1.5 Output voltage of a low‐pass filter presented in time (a) and f...

Figure 6.1.6 Experiment setup, the recorded waveform, and the spectrum of a ...

Figure 6.1.7 Experimental verification of the concept of time and frequency ...

Figure 6.1.8 What is the spectrum of a nonsinusoidal periodic signal?

Figure 6.1.9 Experiment setup (a), the waveform (b), and amplitude spectrum ...

Figure 6.1.10 The experiment setup (center), the waveform of a triangle sign...

Figure 6.1.11 The square wave and its spectrum: (a) The waveform; (b) the amp...

Figure 6.1.S.1.1 The concept of transition from summation to integration.

Figure 6.1.S.1.2 Area under the pulse of a square‐wave signal.

Figure 6.1.S.1.3 Calculating the cosine coefficients of the Fourier series o...

Figure 6.1.S.1.4 Calculating the sine coefficients of the Fourier series of ...

Figure 6.1.12 Process of spectral analysis.

Figure 6.1.13 The waveform of a signal whose spectrum is given has to be fou...

Figure 6.1.14 A single line in frequency domain having an amplitude,

A

, and ...

Figure 6.1.15 Synthesis of a square wave from its spectral components: (a) d...

Figure 6.1.16 Process of spectral synthesis.

Figure 6.1.17 Spectral analysis and synthesis.

Figure 6.1.18 The role of individual harmonics and their summation in the pr...

Figure 6.1.19 Presentations of two harmonics in time domain and frequency do...

Figure 6.1.P2 Periodicity of the signals.

Figure 6.1.P156.1.P15 Three periodic signals whose spectra are to be found....

Figure 6.1.P21 A square‐wave signal.

Figure 6.1.P22 A bipolar shifted square‐wave signal and its Fourier series....

Figure 6.1.P23 A sawtooth signal and its Fourier series.

Figure 6.1.P24 A half‐wave rectified signal and its Fourier series.

Figure 6.1.P25 A digital signal and its Fourier series.

Figure 6.1.P26 A bipolar square‐wave signal.

Figure 6.1.P27 The waveform of a triangular signal.

Figure 6.1.P33 The spectrum of a signal.

Figure 6.2.1 Delayed sawtooth signal and its spectrum for Example 6.2.1: (a)...

Figure 6.2.S.1.1 Examples of waveforms of odd and even functions: The wavefo...

Figure 6.2.2 The output signal you would expect to see when a square‐wave si...

Figure 6.2.3 Time‐domain presentation of filtering a square wave: (a) Experi...

Figure 6.2.4 The (a) time‐domain and (b) frequency‐domain presentations of t...

Figure 6.2.5 Process of filtering a square wave: (a) The square wave is expa...

Figure 6.2.6 The square‐wave signal passes through an

ideal

LPF: a frequency...

Figure 6.2.7 The frequency‐domain presentation of filtering a square‐wave si...

Figure 6.2.8 The square wave is presented to an LPF having a low (0.318 kHz)...

Figure 6.2.9 The entire picture of signal filtering: (a) Time‐ and frequency...

Figure 6.2.10 (a) The output waveform in Example 6.2.2; (b) the input and ou...

Figure 6.2.11 Spectra of input and output signals presented to an LPF with d...

Figure 6.2.12 A sinusoidal signal presented to a linear amplifier: waveforms...

Figure 6.2.13 Example of harmonic distortion: The input sinusoidal signal be...

Figure 6.2.14 Harmonic distortion: The input sinusoidal signal after transmi...

Figure 6.2.15 Change in the waveform of an output signal due to phase distor...

Figure 6.2.P1 The waveform and the Fourier series of a sawtooth signal.

Figure 6.2.P6 A shifted triangular signal.

Figure 6.2.P11 Presenting a bipolar NRZ signal to a low‐pass filter.

Figure 6.2.P14 Full‐wave rectified signal presented to a low‐pass filter.

Figure 6.2.P20 Comparison of two experiments regarding the filtering of the ...

Figure 6.2.P30 Two sets of waveforms whose distortion was caused by two diff...

Figure 6.3.1 Spectral analysis of a pulse train: (a) Pulse train waveform; (...

Figure 6.3.S.1.1 Rotating phasors of a Fourier series.

Figure 6.3.2 Examples of (a) two‐sided and (b) one‐sided amplitude and phase...

Figure 6.3.S.2.1 Signals with discontinuity: (a) A square wave with piecewis...

Figure 6.3.3 The spectra of the periodic pulse train for Example 6.3.2: (a) ...

Figure 6.3.4 Definition of the bandwidth of a signal with specific maximum a...

Figure 6.3.5 Pulse train for Example 6.3.2: power spectrum (

P

n

(W) vs.

n

), c...

Figure 6.3.6 Waveforms of the pulse train for Example 6.3.2: (a) The pulse t...

Figure 6.3.P14 Three waveforms of a pulse: ideal (a), piecewise (b), and rea...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1.1 The waveforms and spectra of a pulse train with various

τ

...

Figure 7.1.2 The waveforms and spectra of a pulse train with constant

τ

Figure 7.1.3 The waveforms and spectra of a pulse train with constant

τ

Figure 7.1.4 Conceptual visualization of (a) the (direct) Fourier transform ...

Figure 7.1.5 (a) Rectangular pulse constructed from two unit‐step functions;...

Figure 7.1.6 Causal decaying exponential signal

Ae

−

αt

⋅

u

(

t

): (a) W...

Figure 7.1.7 Rectangular pulse

p

(

t

): (a) Waveform; (b) amplitude spectrum; (...

Figure 2.2.S.2.2R Function is a rule assigning to each element from a domain...

Figure 7.2.1 (a) The concept of function and (b) the transform.

Figure 7.2.S.1.1 (a) A rectangular pulse with width,

W,

amplitude,

A

/

W

, and ...

Figure 7.2.2 Graphs for Example 7.2.1: (a) The spectrum of the delta functio...

Figure 7.2.3 Time‐domain function cos(

ωt

) and its Fourier transform in ...

Figure 7.2.4 Application of the Fourier transform to finding the spectrum of...

Figure 7.2.5 Amplitude and phase responses of the RC LPF in Example 7.2.3.

Figure 7.2.S.2.1 Symbolic picture of finding the impulse response of the RC ...

Figure 7.2.S.2.2 Impulse response of an RC LPF.

Figure 7.2.S.2.3 Conceptual view of the impulse response: The hypothetical s...

Figure 1.1.2R General block diagram of a communication system.

Figure 7.3.1 Signals: (a) Continuous periodic; (b) continuous nonperiodic; (...

Figure 7.3.2 Signals, spectra, and the Fourier transformations: (a) The spec...

Figure 7.3.S.1.1 Examples of digital signal processing: (a) The example of a...

Figure 7.3.S.1.2 The role of spectrum in signal processing: Two spectra of t...

Figure 7.3.3 (a) Gaussian pulse train and (b) sampling of a Gaussian pulse....

Figure 7.3.4 (a) Amplitudes

X

ck

and (b)

X

sk

vs. index

k

.

Figure 7.3.5 Some basis cosine functions,

c

k

[

i

], and cosine members,

A

k

⋅

c

k

[

i

Figure 7.3.6 Basis cosine functions,

c

k

[

i

], presented as sets of dots (left‐...

Figure 7.3.7 The waveforms and the spectra of (a) a rectangular window; (b) ...

Figure 7.3.8 Relationship among the Fourier transforms (a) Derivation of the...

Figure 7.3.P14 The same signal presented in two versions.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1.1 Detailed block diagram of a communication system.

Figure 8.1.2 The record of a human voice in time (a) and frequency (b) domai...

Figure 8.1.3 Concept of broadband transmission (modulation).

Figure 8.1.4 Broadband transmission allows for delivering many signals simul...

Figure 8.1.5 Broadband transmission with frequency modulation does not depen...

Figure 8.1.6 By changing a parameter of a sinusoidal carrier signal, we can ...

Figure 8.1.7 Example of amplitude modulation: amplitude‐shift keying (ASK)....

Figure 8.1.8 Tone (sinusoidal) amplitude modulation. Message signal (top), C...

Figure 8.1.9 Concept of amplitude modulation.

Figure 8.1.10 Modulation indexes of AM signals.

Figure 8.1.11 Overmodulated AM signal.

Figure 8.1.12 AM signals with various values of frequencies of message,

f

M

, ...

Figure 8.1.13 Envelopes of an AM signal: (a) An AM signal (reproduction of F...

Figure 8.1.14 Spectrum of an AM signal.

Figure 8.1.15 The setup of the experiment (left) and the waveform (top right...

Figure 8.1.16 Spectrum of the AM signal in Example 8.1.2.

Figure 8.1.17 The real spectrum of an AM signal: Each spectral component inc...

Figure 8.1.18 Principle of operation of an AM envelope detector (demodulator...

Figure 8.1.19 Principle of operation of a superheterodyne AM detector: (a) t...

Figure 8.1.20 A clear AM signal sent (left) and a noise‐distorted AM signal ...

Figure 8.1.5R The concept of frequency modulation.

Figure 8.1.21 Single‐tone FM signal: Message signal (top), carrier wave (mid...

Figure 8.1.22 The frequency of an FM signal.

Figure 8.1.23 The plot of the FM signal (a) and the simulation circuit (b) f...

Figure 8.1.24 FM modulation index: This is a measure of the depth of modulat...

Figure 8.1.25 Waveforms of signals and their spectra: The farther a signal's...

Figure 8.1.26 FM signals with various spectra and their modulation indexes....

Figure 8.1.27 Waveform and spectrum of an FM signal.

Figure 8.1.28 FM signals with different

f

C

and

f

M

ratios:

,

, and

. The m...

Figure 8.1.29 Operation of a voltage‐controlled oscillator: (a) concept of F...

Figure 8.1.30 FM demodulation: (a) the concept; (b) the principle of FM demo...

Figure 8.1.31 FM demodulation with PLL: (a) the PLL principle of operation a...

Figure 8.1.32 Example of phase modulation: phase‐shift keying (PSK).

Figure 8.1.33 Sinusoidal phase modulation for Example 8.1.7: (a) message sig...

Figure 8.1.A.1 Baseband transmission can deliver only one signal at a time....

Figure 8.1.A.2 Signal distortion during analog transmission.

Figure 8.1.6R Amplitude, frequency, and phase modulations of a sinusoidal ca...

Figure 8.2.1 Example of analog amplitude modulation.

Figure 8.2.2 Example of analog frequency modulation of non‐periodic informat...

Figure 8.2.3 Example of analog phase modulation (a) with nonperiodic informa...

Figure 8.2.4 The waveforms (A) and one‐sided spectra (B) of a tone AM signal...

Figure 8.2.5 Examples of AM modulation: (A) the waveforms of a message signa...

Figure 8.2.6 The one‐sided waveforms and spectra of the full AM signal in Ex...

Figure 8.2.7 The waveforms and spectra of a double‐sideband (DSB) tone AM si...

Figure 8.2.8 The spectra of an arbitrary DSB AM signal and its components: T...

Figure 8.2.9 Waveform and spectrum of (a) DSB AM signal and (b) that of full...

Figure 8.2.10 Filtering method for generating an SSB AM signal: (a) The bloc...

Figure 8.2.11 Phasing method of generating an SSB AM signal: (a) The block d...

Figure 8.2.12 The spectrum of (a) a USB signal and (b) an LSB signal generat...

Figure 8.2.13 The spectrum of a vestigial sideband, VSB, signal. (Figures ar...

Figure 8.2.14 Bessel function of the first kind for various orders (

n

) and m...

Figure 8.2.15 Example of the spectrum of an FM signal with a sinusoidal mess...

Figure 8.2.16 Example of the power spectrum for a single‐tone FM signal with...

Figure 8.2.17 The amplitude spectrum and bandwidth of a single‐tone FM signa...

Figure 8.2.18 The waveform of the sinusoidal dual‐tone FM signal (a) and its...

Figure 8.2.19 The detailed spectrum of the FM signal modulated by two harmon...

Figure 8.2.20 The sidebands' separation in the FM signal modulated by two ha...

Figure 8.2.21 The waveform of the sinusoidal dual‐tone FM signal (a) and its...

Figure 8.2.22 The detailed spectrum of a sinusoidal dual‐tone FM signal with...

Figure 8.2.23 The sidebands around the carrier frequency of the sinusoidal d...

Figure 8.2.24 Diagram of an FM transmission and signal‐to‐noise ratio, SNR, ...

Figure 8.2.25 Block diagram of an FM transmission system with preemphasis an...

Figure 8.2.A.1 The spectra of an FM signal with

f

C

 = 87.9 MHz,

f

M

 = 0.15 MHz...

Figure 8.2.A.2 The spectra of an FM signal with

f

C

 = 87.9 MHz,

f

M

 = 0.15 MHz...

Figure 8.2.A.3 The spectra of an FM signal with

f

C

 = 87.9 MHz,

f

M

 = 0.15 MHz...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1.1 (Reproduction of Figure 1.1.8.) Block diagram of an optical (fi...

Figure 9.1.2 Rise time and modulation bandwidth.

Figure 9.1.3 Spectral attenuation of various transmission media: (a) copper‐...

Figure 1.1.2R Block diagram of a communication system.

Figure 9.1.4 External and internal noise.

Figure 9.1.5 The measurements of thermal noise at various bandwidths.

Figure 9.1.6 The spectrum of internal noise.

Figure 9.1.7 Reducing the harmful effect of noise by filtering: (a) Using a ...

Figure 9.1.8 Noise figure of an optical amplifier.

Figure 9.1.9 Fiber‐optic communication link with several optical amplifiers:...

Figure 9.1.10 Gaussian (bell) curve, which is the graphical representation o...

Figure 9.1.11 A Gaussian (bell‐shaped) curve representing normal probability...

Figure 9.1.12 Gaussian curves with various mean and standard deviation value...

Figure 9.1.13 Calculating the probability of finding random variable

z

withi...

Figure 9.1.14 Calculating the probability of finding

Z

in the tail of the Ga...

Figure 9.1.15 Graph showing

P

(

Z

 > 

a

) vs. a, that is,

Q

(

a

).

Figure 9.1.16 Decision procedure in digital transmission: Bits #1 and #2 hav...

Figure 9.1.17 Concept of the error probability in digital transmission: (a) ...

Figure 9.1.18 The receiver part of a communication system: detection of a di...

Figure 9.1.19 Error vector magnitude (EVM).

Figure 9.1.20 Eye diagram: (A) The concept of formation and (B) the composit...

Figure 9.1.21 Eye diagram and its parameters: (a) The set of histograms show...

Figure 9.1.22 Eye diagram and the probability of errors: (a) the eye diagram...

Figure 9.1.23 An eye diagram for Example 9.1.2.

Figure 9.1.P10 Example of an industrial specification for the input–output c...

Figure 9.1.P91 Eye diagram for Problem 91 (Section 9.1).

Figure 9.2.1 Three types of binary shift keying modulation: (a) The pulse tr...

Figure 9.2.2 Amplitude‐shift keying (ASK) modulation: (a) The modulation con...

Figure 9.2.3 The amplitude spectrum of the ASK signal for Example 9.2.1: (a)...

Figure 7.1.7R The waveform (a) and amplitude spectrum of a rectangular pulse...

Figure 9.2.4 The waveforms and spectra of a rectangular pulse train, sinusoi...

Figure 9.2.5 (a) Power spectrum and (b) cumulative power in percentage of th...

Figure 9.2.6 Power spectrum, percentage of the total power, and bandwidth of...

Figure 9.2.7 The power spectrum and bandwidth of a rectangular pulse train....

Figure 9.2.8 Pulse waveforms and their changes due to channel bandwidth: If ...

Figure 9.2.9 Typical configuration of a coherent BASK receiver.

Figure 9.2.10 Binary frequency‐shift keying (FSK) modulation: (a) The modula...

Figure 9.2.11 Spectrum of a BFSK signal with a periodic message.

Figure 9.2.12 The power bandwidth of a binary FSK signal with a periodic mes...

Figure 9.2.13 Power spectrum and bandwidth of an FSK signal with pulse train...

Figure 9.2.14 Industrial graph of BER vs. received power: Measured results f...

Figure 9.2.15 A continuous‐phase FSK (CPFSK) signal: (a) Generating a CPFSK ...

Figure 9.2.16 The waveforms of the CPFSK signal in Example 9.2.6: (a) The me...

Figure 9.2.17 The block diagram of an incoherent BFSK detector.

Figure 9.2.18 The block diagram of a coherent BFSK detector.

Figure 9.2.19 Examples of applications of FSK modulation technology in the I...

Figure 9.2.20 Concept of binary phase‐shift keying (PSK) modulation: (a) The...

Figure 9.2.21 Block diagram of a coherent BPSK receiver.

Figure 9.2.22 Modulation of BPSK and DPSK signals: (a) Pulse train deliverin...

Figure 9.2.23 Demodulation of a binary DPSK signal.

Figure 9.2.A.1 The concept of jitter: (a) A pulse train with ideal pulse int...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1.1 The concept of multilevel modulation: (a) two‐level modulation...

Figure 10.1.2 Graphical presentation of quadrature phase‐shift keying with b...

Figure 10.1.3 Formation of the waveforms of QPSK signals modulated by (a)

11

Figure 10.1.4 The

I

and

Q

components of dibit phasors in a QPSK constellatio...

Figure 10.1.5 Constellation diagram and waveforms of

I

,

Q

, and QPSK signals:...

Figure 10.1.6 Generating a QPSK signal: (a) block diagram of a QPSK transmit...

Figure 10.1.7 The eye diagrams of multilevel signals: (a) two‐level (PAM2) a...

Figure 10.1.8 Rise time in (a) PAM2 and (b) PAM4 pulses.

Figure 10.1.9 A coherent QPSK receiver.

Figure 10.1.10 Comparison of phase shifts between (a) QPSK and (b) OQPSK sig...

Figure 10.2.1 Graphical presentation of 8‐PSK signaling: (a) signal space an...

Figure 10.2.2 Constellation diagrams and BER performance of

M

‐ary PSK: (a) 8...

Figure 10.2.3 BER of various

M

‐ary PSK.

Figure 10.2.4 Constellation diagrams of multilevel quadrature amplitude modu...

Figure 10.2.5 BER of various

M

‐QAM signaling systems as a function of digita...

Figure 10.2.6 (a) Examples of industrial constellation diagrams, eye diagram...

Figure 10.2.7 64‐QAM signaling: (a) constellation diagram with symbol mappin...

Figure 10.2.8 Spectral efficiency vs. digital SNR.

Figure 10.2.9 Spectral efficiency vs. digital signal‐to‐noise ratio for vari...

Figure 10.A.1.1 The concept of multiplexing (Tx, transmitter; Rx, receiver; ...

Figure 10.A.1.2 (a) Time‐based and (b) frequency‐based principles of multipl...

Figure 10.A.2.1 Synchronous time‐domain multiplexing: (a) conceptual view an...

Figure 10.A.2.S.1 Multiplexing hierarchy of digital signals of T system.

Figure 10.A.2.S.2 Add/drop multiplexing in the T system (MUX, multiplexer; D...

Figure 10.A.2.S.3 Types of synchronization in communication networks: (a) as...

Figure 10.A.2.2 TDM transmission: (a) synchronous TDM and (b) statistical (a...

Figure 10.A.3.1 The principle of frequency division multiplexing (

PSD

,

power

...

Figure 10.A.3.2 Division of the entire channel bandwidth into the set of sma...

Figure 10.A.3.3 An example of an OFDM signal: (a) rectangular pulse and its ...

Figure 10.A.3.4 The concept of wavelength‐division multiplexing, WDM, and th...

Figure 10.A.3.5 WDM signal: a spectral view. (

Note

: Computer simulation of a...

Figure 10.A.3.6 The spectrum of a transmission optical fiber.

Figure 10.A.3.7 Spectral efficiency of DWDM systems.

Figure 10.A.3.8 Bandwidth and channel spacing of coarse wavelength‐division ...

Figure 10.A.4.1 Concept of code‐division multiplexing, CDM.

Figure 10.A.4.2 Spread spectrum operation: (a) transmitting part of a CDM sy...

Guide

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Essentials of Modern Communications

Djafar K. Mynbaev

New York College of Technology of the City University of New York

Lowell L. Scheiner

Late of New York University Tandon School of Engineering

Copyright

This edition first published 2020

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This work's use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Mynbaev, Djafar K., author. | Scheiner, Lowell L., author.

Title: Essentials of modern communications / Djafar K. Mynbaev, New York City

    College of Technology of the City University of New York, Lowell L.

    Scheiner, Late of New York University, Tandon School of Engineering.

Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2020. | Includes bibliographical

    references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019053579 (print) | LCCN 2019053580 (ebook) | ISBN

    9781119521495 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119521464 (adobe pdf) | ISBN

    9781119521457 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Telecommunication.

Classification: LCC TK5101 .M96 2020 (print) | LCC TK5101 (ebook) | DDC

    621.382–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053579

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053580

Cover design by Wiley

Cover image: © KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images

To Bronia

About the Authors

Djafar K. Mynbaev