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Manoj P R

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Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

Ethereum and Blockchain will change the way software is built for business transactions. Most industries have been looking to leverage these new technologies to gain efficiencies and create new business models and opportunities.
The Ethereum Cookbook covers various solutions such as setting up Ethereum, writing smart contracts, and creating tokens, among others. You’ll learn about the security vulnerabilities, along with other protocols of Ethereum.
Once you have understood the basics, you’ll move on to exploring various design decisions and tips to make your application scalable and secure. In addition to this, you’ll work with various Ethereum packages such as Truffle, Web3, and Ganache.
By the end of this book, you’ll have comprehensively grasped the Ethereum principles and ecosystem.

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Seitenzahl: 387

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

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Leseprobe

Ethereum Cookbook

Over 100 recipes covering Ethereum-based tokens, games, wallets, smart contracts, protocols, and Dapps

Manoj P R

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

Ethereum Cookbook

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author(s) nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavoured to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

Commissioning Editor: Pravin DhandreAcquisition Editor: Namrata PatilContent Development Editor: Eisha DsouzaTechnical Editor:Ishita VoraCopy Editor: Safis EditingProject Coordinator:Namrata SwettaProofreader: Safis EditingIndexer:Aishwarya GangawaneGraphics:Jisha ChirayilProduction Coordinator: Nilesh Mohite

First published: August 2018

Production reference: 1310818

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78913-399-8

www.packtpub.com

To my father.

– Manoj

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Contributors

About the author

Manoj P R is a tech-savvy person who has been working with distributed ledger technology for more than three years. His passion for the latest technology trends in the market has made him an avid learner and contributor in this space. He specializes in Ethereum, JavaScript, and Go. A self-taught programmer, Manoj started his programming career as a freelancer during his early academic life. He has developed many scalable enterprise blockchain solutions for various clients across the globe. He is currently associated with Conduent Labs as a Blockchain SME. He loves solving real-life problems using technology and is a lively contributor towards open source projects. Apart from work, Manoj likes traveling and writing.

About the reviewer

Mayukh Mukhopadhyay is an assistant consultant at Tata Consultancy Services who works on the big data and revenue assurance projects of the world's oldest telecommunication company, where he tames messy data to generate tangible insights. He has authored the book Ethereum Smart Contract Development and engages in occasional pro-bono consultation on blockchain implementation. He has a master's in Software Engineering from Jadavpur University and is an executive MBA candidate at IIT Kharagpur.

I want to thank my daughter, Abriti, who, even at the tender age of 11 months, supports her papa and his foolish endeavours. To my wife, Mrittika, all I want to say is, "Despite our superficial differences, we share the same soul."

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Title Page

Ethereum Cookbook

Dedication

Packt Upsell

Why subscribe?

Packt.com

Contributors

About the author

About the reviewer

Packt is searching for authors like you

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

Download the example code files

Download the color images

Conventions used

Get in touch

Reviews

Getting Started

Introduction

Choosing a client for Ethereum

Getting ready

How to do it...

Geth

Parity

There's more...

Setting up a node and participating in a network

Getting ready

How to do it...

Working with the JavaScript console

Getting ready

How to do it...

There's more...

Saving time and money with INFURA

How to do it...

There's more...

Creating your own private Ethereum network

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Preface

With this practical guide, you will learn how to set up Ethereum and connect to a network, write and deploy quality smart contracts, use Truffle and Ganache to manage your development, create your own Tokens and ICOs, build decentralized games and organization, create your own wallet that supports multiple tokens, and much more.

You'll also learn about the security vulnerabilities that can arise and various other protocols of Ethereum. Moving on, you’ll learn the various design decisions and tips to make your application scalable and secure. With this book and the advanced topics it covers, you can get well versed with the Ethereum principles and ecosystem.

Who this book is for

If you want to set up an Ethereum blockchain network, write and deploy smart contracts, build decentralized applications (DApps) or facilitate peer-to-peer transaction, then this book is for you. It is recommended that the readers should be familiar with basic blockchain concepts and knowledge of JavaScript and NodeJS.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Getting Started, covers the very basics of Ethereum and its tools. You will find the steps required to set up and run a network and interact with it.

Chapter 2, Smart Contract Development, contains a set of recipes that will help you write smart contracts. It also covers the steps to compile, deploy, and test the contracts that you have written.

Chapter 3, Interacting with the Contract, covers the topics that are essential for building a decentralized application (DApp) that can interact with blockchain and the contracts.

Chapter 4, The Truffle Suite, explains a popular tool in the Ethereum ecosystem. This chapter also explains the use cases that will help you to have a better development workflow and build better DApps.

Chapter 5, Tokens and ICOs, covers the topics necessary for you to build your own Ethereum-based token and distribute it through ICO.

Chapter 6, Games and DAOs, takes you through a series of interesting recipes that will help you create your own decentralized game or organization.

Chapter 7, Advanced Solidity, contains more advanced recipes about the smart contract language that will help you to achieve more complex tasks efficiently in the Blockchain.

Chapter 8, Smart Contract Security, is designed to help you understand more about the common vulnerabilities and ways to avoid them. It also takes you through the set of tools you can use to analyze the code.

Chapter 9, Design Decisions, contains the recipes to help you decide between the common design questions you may come across while developing a fully functional DApp.

Chapter 10, Other Protocols and Applications, walks you through some of the other Ethereum protocols and applications that might come in handy while building your DApp.

Chapter 11, Miscellaneous, includes a few additional recipes that can help you build better DApps.

To get the most out of this book

It is recommended to have a basic idea about blockchain and its concepts to get the most out of this book. This book does not cover the basics of how blockchain works but focuses more on working with Ethereum.

Basic knowledge of JavaScript and NodeJS would be good to have since interaction with Ethereum happens mostly through JavaScript. Support for other languages is also explained.

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Getting Started

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

Choosing a client for Ethereum

Setting up a node and participating in a network

Working with the JavaScript console

Saving time and money with INFURA

Creating your own private Ethereum network

Creating a blockchain network for development

Using Azure Ethereum as a service

Using MetaMask and other wallets

Using block explorer

Understanding everything about accounts

Installing a solidity compiler

Introduction

It is really important to understand how to configure and work with various implementations of the Ethereum protocol before developing applications in it. There are several flavors, which can be used interchangeably for development, testing, and deployment. Keywords in Ethereum might be very new to a person who is just getting started, so it is important to understand and use the tools and services in the Ethereum ecosystem.

Ethereum is a distributed public ledger, like Bitcoin. Bitcoin acts more like a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, whereas Ethereum is a decentralized platform for building applications. Ethereum has a built-in Turing complete programming language (solidity), which can be used to write smart contracts. This means that Ethereum has a broader application than other traditional blockchains. Ethereum also has a cryptocurrency (Ether), which can be traded for value or to pay the transaction fee for applications and services in Ethereum.

POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), IBFT (Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerance), Raft, and so on are different commonly used consensus algorithms. These algorithms are used to achieve agreement on a data value among distributed systems. Each algorithm has their own advantages and disadvantages, and various blockchain platforms use them based on their requirements.

A smart contract is a computer program that outlines the rules in a relationship. Smart contracts work exactly as intended and cannot be changed at a later point in time. Once deployed, these smart contracts cannot be changed. This gives users trust and transparency. With the help of Ethereum smart contracts, you can create your own tradable tokens, raise funds for your startup, build a decentralized organization, or even make a fun game.

The recipes in this chapter will primarily focus on Ethereum configuration and platform tools, which will help the reader understand more about the Ethereum ecosystem before starting to develop applications.

While the recipes in this chapter will give you an overview of Ethereum and working with various clients, we encourage you to adopt this proposal according to your needs. Since the software used is still in development and gaining in popularity, some organization's policies and antivirus software will prevent you from using this. In such cases, it is typically a good idea to discuss this with your IT security department—if your company happens to have one—well in advance, to prevent lengthy discussions later on.

Choosing a client for Ethereum

In this recipe, we will focus on installing various clients that implement the Ethereum protocol. This will help you learn what each client has to offer, and will enable you to choose and work with an efficient implementation based on your requirements.

Getting ready

If you are using macOS, you will need homebrew to install the packages.

How to do it...

There are several clients that implement the Ethereum protocol and we will mainly focus on geth and parity. You can get more information about the remaining protocols from the official Ethereum documentation (http://www.ethdocs.org/).

Geth

Geth is the official Go implementation of Ethereum:

To install

geth

on macOS, the easiest way to follow is using

homebrew

. Run the following commands in your Terminal to download and install

geth

brew tap ethereum/ethereum brew install ethereum

This command will install the latest stable version of geth on your Mac. If you want to install the development version of geth, then add the --devel flag to the install command:

brew install ethereum --devel

To install

geth

on Ubuntu, run the following commands:

sudo apt-get install software-properties-commonsudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereumsudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install ethereum

If you are using Windows, it is suggested to download the binary from

https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/

and install it by double-clicking the

geth.exe

file.

Verify the installation by running the

geth

command:

geth version

It will show the current client details, as displayed here:

Since geth is a development version and still gaining in popularity, some antivirus software may consider it a virus. Also, make sure that you are not violating your organization's policies by using this software.

Parity

Parity is an Ethereum client that is built by Parity Technologies. It is a rust-based implementation and offers some additional functionalities over Go Ethereum:

The easiest way to install

parity

on Mac or Ubuntu is to use the one-line binary installer. This will handle all the hassle of downloading and installing the package:

bash <

(

curl https://get.parity.io

-kL

)

If you are using Windows, then download the binary releases from

https://github.com/paritytech/parity/releases

and install them. You can also see supported binaries for other operating systems as well.

There's more...

You can build and run the client directly from its source code. To build geth from the source in Ubuntu, follow the steps given later. Make sure you have Go and the C compilers installed:

git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum

cd go-ethereum

make geth

Setting up a node and participating in a network

Here, you will learn how to set up a node using the geth command-line tool. You will also see how to connect to a public network and perform operations such as ledger syncing and mining.

Getting ready

You will need a working installation of the geth command-line interface. You can also start a node with parity or any other Ethereum protocol implementation, but the steps may differ for each client.

Commands starting with $ have to be run on the command prompt/terminal and those starting with > will work only on the web3 JavaScript console.

How to do it...

Verify your installation by running the following version command:

$ geth version

Start your node with the following command:

$ geth

This will start an Ethereum node and will connect with the main network. As soon as it finds any peer nodes, it will start downloading the blocks from them.

You can configure the parameters before starting a node. This will help you do things like connect to a different network, expose APIs, and much more. Let's look at a sample initialization and the parameters used in it:

$ geth --networkid 3 --datadir "./ropsten-db" --keystore "./ropsten-keys" --syncmode "fast" --rpc --rpcport "8546" --rpcapi "web3,eth,miner,admin" --rpccorsdomain "*" --port 30301 console

Let's look into each parameter in detail:

--networkid <id>

: A parameter to identify each network. You can either connect to the main/test network (1=Frontier(default), 2=Morden (disused), 3=Ropsten(PoW), 4=Rinkeby(PoA)) or any private network that you have set up.

--datadir <path>

: Directory path for storing the blockchain database and keystore. You can change the default

keystore

directory with the

--keystore

parameter.

--syncmode <mode>

: A parameter to specify the type of

sync

method. You can choose fast, full, or light, based on your needs.

--rpc

: Enables an RPC server through HTTP. You can also change parameters such as

--rpcaddr

--rpcport

, and

--rpcapi

--rpccorsdomain <list>

: Domains from which cross-domain requests are accepted. Use

as a wildcard or specify domains as a comma-separated list.

--port <port>

: Changes the default network listening port (

30303

--console

: Starts the

web3

JavaScript console.

If you get stuck anywhere, you can always make use of the inbuilt help interface. Just enter geth help and it will return a comprehensive list of all commands with their respective description that you can run using geth.

It might take a few minutes to identify the peers that are already on the network. Run the following command to return the list of peers that are currently connected to your node. Your node will start syncing once it finds at least one peer:

> admin.peers

Check the current syncing status by running the following command. It will return false if not syncing:

eth.syncing

Run the

geth attach

command if you would like to connect to this node from a different console. You can also explicitly specify the host and the port. In our case, it is

localhost

and

8546

$ geth attach http://localhost:8546

Your firewall may restrict the node from communicating with an external peer. This can cause issues with the synchronization process. Also, ensure that you are not exposing your RPC APIs to the internet, which can result in attacks.

Working with the JavaScript console

The geth command-line utility has an inbuilt JavaScript Runtime Environment (JSRE). This JavaScript console exposes all web3js objects and methods. You can use this JSRE as a REPL (Read, Execute, Print, Loop) console.

In this recipe, we will learn how to connect and use the JSRE in interactive (console) and non-interactive (script) modes.

Getting ready

You should have the geth command-line tool installed on your system to test this recipe. You can either start a node along with the console or connect to an already existing node.

How to do it...

Start the Ethereum console with the

console

attach

subcommand. The console command starts the

geth

node and opens the JavaScript console along with it. The

attach

command is used to connect to an existing node. Here, we will connect to an already running node that you started earlier:

$ geth attach http://localhost:8545

If you are starting a new node and would like to see the log information, start the node with this:

$ geth --verbosity 5 console 2>> /tmp/eth-node.log

Too many logs can pollute your console. To avoid this, start the node with a specific verbosity value:

$ geth --verbosity 0 console

Take a look at the

web3

object, which is available for you to interact with:

> web3

For managing the node, you can make use of the

admin

API. For the list of supported admin operations, run the following command:

> admin

You can check the current node information with this:

> admin.nodeInfo

This will return an object with properties such as enode, protocols, ports, name, and other details related to the current node, as displayed here:

To see the list of peers connected to the current node, use the peers object:

> admin.peers

You also have access to methods that can help you enable or disable RPC/WS.

For handling Ethereum blockchain-related tasks, use the

eth

object. Run the following command to see the methods supported by it:

> eth

You can check the latest block number (block height) with this:

> eth.blockNumber

You have an option to read the contents of a block. You can pass any block number as a parameter:

> eth.getBlock(301)

In the following screenshot, you can see the block number, difficulty, gas details, miner, hash, transactions, and much more:

eth also has methods related to accounts, transactions, and contracts. We will talk more about those later in this book.

To manage Ethereum accounts, you can make use of the

personal

method. It has options for creating an account, unlocking the account, sending/signing a transaction, and so on:

> personal

You can play around with mining and its methods through the console:

> miner

This console also has an option to monitor the transaction pool through the

txpool

object:

> txpool

web3

also offers some generic methods to help you with the interaction. Some of the examples include conversion of values, encoding, and hashing. One such example to convert

ether

Wei

is given here:

> web3.toWei(1, "ether")

Since it is a JavaScript console, you have complete ECMA5 functionality(Go Ethereum uses Otto JS VM, which is a JS interpreter written in Go). You can declare variables, use control structures, define new methods, and even use any of setInterval, clearInterval, setTimeout, and clearTimeout.

There's more...

You can also execute JavaScript commands in a non-interactive way. There are two different approaches to doing this:

Use the

--exec

argument, which takes JavaScript as input. This will work with both the

console

and

attach

commands:

$ geth --exec "eth.accounts" attach http://localhost:8545

This will print the list of accounts stored in the current node.

You can execute more complex scripts with the

loadScript

method. The path to your scripts folder can be specified with the

--jspath

attribute:

$ geth --jspath "/home" --exec 'loadScript("sendTransaction.js")' attach http://localhost:8545

Saving time and money with INFURA

If you don't want to set up a full node for you decentralized application, then this is the recipe for you. INFURA provides an infrastructure for Ethereum and you can make use of it for free.

How to do it...

Go to the INFURA signup page (

https://infura.io/signup

) and enter

your

name and email.

Once you acknowledge the terms and conditions and have signed up, you will receive an email from INFURA with the providers for each network.

For each network, you will receive an endpoint and an API key:

Main Ethereum network

https://mainnet.infura.io/<api-key>

Test Ethereum network (Ropsten)

https://ropsten.infura.io/<api-key>

Test Ethereum network (Rinkeby)

https://rinkeby.infura.io/<api-key>

Test Ethereum network (INFURAnet)

https://infuranet.infura.io/<api-key>

You can interact with the providers just like you do with your local node. You can use JSON RPC, Web3JS, or even the REST API provided by INFURA to interact with the nodes.

Get the current block number with JSON RPC using cURL:

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "eth_blockNumber", "params": []}' "https://mainnet.infura.io/<your-api-key>"

This will return the current block number, as follows:

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0x512bab"}

INFURA also provides an easy-to-use REST API interface for JSON RPC commands. You can use the JSON RPC methods as the path to get the result:

https://api.infura.io/v1/jsonrpc/mainnet/eth_blockNumber?token=<your-api-key>

To use INFURA with your

web3js

application, you can set the endpoints as HTTP providers:

web3

new

Web3

(

new

Web3.providers.HttpProvider

(

"https://mainnet.infura.io/<your_api_key>

));

There's more...

INFURA also provides support for IPFS and you can use their server as a gateway:

IPFS Gateway

https://ipfs.infura.io

IPFS RPC

https://ipfs.infura.io:5001

Creating your own private Ethereum network

This recipe helps you create your own private POW-based Ethereum blockchain. Here, we will be creating an entirely new custom blockchain that cannot interact with the Ethereum main-net. You will have the flexibility to control parameters such as mining and peers. This will come in handy when you want to have a consortium of your own or even for testing purposes.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need a working installation of the geth command-line interface. No other prerequisites are required.

How it works...

In steps 1 through 5, we created a private Ethereum network. This should be enough for you to run a single-node network. With the minimum difficulty and maximum gas limit, this network is ideal for development and testing. At this point, your application can connect to the network with the default Ethereum port, 8545.

In steps 6 to 9, we are creating another peer and connecting it to the first node. This allows you to have a multi-node Ethereum network. All the blocks will be synced between these two nodes and will be accessible from both nodes. You can create and connect as many nodes as you want with the procedure explained here. Make sure to set appropriate firewall rules to ensure proper communication.

There's more...

puppeth is a command-line tool that comes with geth. It can help you create a new Ethereum network, down to the genesis block, bootnodes, miners, and ethstats servers, in a user-friendly way. Start puppeth using the following command:

$ puppeth

You will be asked to enter a network name. You can either enter a new network name or use the one that you already created using puppeth. Once you enter it, you can see the list of things that puppeth can do.

Create a new genesis file using puppeth and use Proof of Authority (clique) as the consensus algorithm. Try creating a private network with the generated genesis file.

Creating a blockchain network for development

You don't always have to create a fully functioning node to support your development. There are development networks that can simulate an Ethereum network. In this recipe, you will learn about ganache-cli (previously TestRPC), which is part of the Truffle suit of Ethereum development tools and is a command-line tool that you can use to create your personal blockchain network for Ethereum development.

Getting ready

Since the tool is written in JavaScript and distributed via npm, you will need Node.js(>= v6.11.5) installed on your machine to try this recipe.

How to do it...

Follow these steps to install and create a test Ethereum network using npm:

Install

ganache-cli

using

npm

npm install -g ganache-cli

Starting a basic blockchain network is as simple as running this command:

ganache-cli

You will know that your blockchain is ready when you see this screen:

Ganache creates a virtual Ethereum blockchain, and it generates some sample accounts for you to use during development. Each account is filled in 100 Ether so that you only have to focus on development. You can access the network from http://localhost:8545.

You can use a few parameters to customize the blockchain. Here's one such example:

ganache-cli -a 5 -e 2000 -p 8080 -l 999999

-a

: Number of accounts to generate while starting the network. The default is

-e

: Amount of Ether to allocate for each account. The default is

100

Ether.

-p

: Port number for listening to RPC requests. The default is

8,545

-l

: Gas limit for each block. The default is

90,000

You can find the complete list of parameters to configure here:

https://github.com/trufflesuite/ganache-cli.

By default, accounts are unlocked and you can do the transaction from any account without a password. You can change this by using the --secure or -n flag. This will lock all accounts by default and you need to unlock each one to send a transaction.

There's more...

There is a GUI for ganache that offers an easy-to-use interface for creating Ethereum networks. It even offers an intuitive User Interface (UI) for browsing blocks and transactions.

You can download and install the ganache GUI from http://truffleframework.com/ganache/.

Using Azure Ethereum as a service

Azure offers cloud solutions to deploy and configure Ethereum consortiums with a simple single-click deployment through the Azure portal. In this recipe, you will learn how to deploy a flexible Ethereum network, consisting of a set of load-balanced transaction nodes, with which an application or user can interact to submit transactions, and a set of mining nodes to record transactions.

Getting ready

You will need an Azure subscription to create an Ethereum consortium. Other dependencies will be configured by the provider itself.

How to do it...

Follow these steps to create an Ethereum POW blockchain in Azure:

click

Create a resource

from the left navigation bar.

Select

Create Ethereum Proof-of-Work Consortium

under

Blockchain

Once you click Create, you can see a five-step wizard that will guide you through the setup process. The first step will ask you to choose a username, password, subscription, location, and so on. Provide the appropriate values and click OK:

Step 2 will ask you to configure the regions in which the nodes should be deployed. For a simple network, one region should be enough.

Step 3 is all about configuring the number of nodes that should be dedicated to mining and transactions. Mining nodes do all the heavy lifting of creating blocks, and transaction nodes take care of broadcasting the transaction from your application. Choose the number of nodes for each category and their respective configuration to meet your needs.

Step 4 focuses more on the parameters of blockchain that you are about to create. You can compare it with the genesis file you will create during private network configuration.

Once you are finished on the Ethereum settings tab, you can choose the

Operations Management Suite

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Ethereum Cookbook E-Book

Manoj P R

Ethereum Cookbook

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Contributors

About the author

About the reviewer

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Table of Contents

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

Download the example code files

Download the color images

Get in touch

Reviews

Getting Started

Introduction

Choosing a client for Ethereum

Getting ready

How to do it...

Geth

Parity

There's more...

Setting up a node and participating in a network

Getting ready

How to do it...

Working with the JavaScript console

Getting ready

How to do it...

There's more...

Saving time and money with INFURA

How to do it...

There's more...

Creating your own private Ethereum network

Getting ready

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Creating a blockchain network for development

Getting ready

How to do it...

There's more...

Using Azure Ethereum as a service

Getting ready

How to do it...