Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles E-Book
Sivaraman Palanisamy
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Comprehensive resource describing fast-charging infrastructure in electric vehicles, including various subsystems involved in the power system architecture needed for fast-charging Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles presents various aspects of fast-charging infrastructure, including the location of fast-charging stations, revenue models and tariff structures, power electronic converters, power quality problems such as harmonics & supraharmonics, energy storage systems, and wireless-charging, electrical distribution infrastructures and planning. This book serves as a guide to learn recent advanced technologies with examples and case studies. It also considers problems that arise, and the mitigation methods involved, in fast-charging stations in global aspects and provides tools for analysis. Sample topics covered in Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles include: * Selection of fast-charging stations, advanced power electronic converter topologies for EV fast-charging, wireless charging for plug-in HEV/EVs, and batteries for fast-charging infrastructure * Standards for fast-charging infrastructure and power quality issues (analysis of harmonic injection and system resonance conditions due to large-scale penetration of EVs and supraharmonic injection) For professionals in electric vehicle technology, along with graduate and senior undergraduates, professors, and researchers in related fields, Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles is a useful, comprehensive, and accessible guide to gain an overview of the current state of the art.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Fast‐Charging Infrastructure
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fast‐Charging Station
1.3 Fast‐Charging Station Using Renewable Power Sources (RES)
1.4 Digital Communication for Fast‐Charging Station
1.5 Requirements for Fast‐Charging Station
1.6 Case Study: Public Fast‐Charging Station in India
1.7 Conclusion
References
Annexure 1 Photos
2 Selection of Fast‐Charging Station
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Business Model for Fast‐Charging Stations
2.3 Location of Fast‐Charging Station
2.4 Electric Supply for Fast Charging
2.5 Availability of Land
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Business Model and Tariff Structure for Fast‐Charging Station
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Business Model
3.3 Battery Swapping
3.4 Tariff Structure
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Batteries for Fast‐Charging Infrastructure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 C‐Rating of the Battery
4.3 Different Types of Chemistries
4.4 Batteries Used in EVs in the Market
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Distribution System Planning
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Planning for Power and Energy Demand
5.3 Planning for Distribution System Feeders and Equipment
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Electric Distribution for Fast‐Charging Infrastructure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Major Components of Fast‐Charging Station
6.3 Design of Fast‐Charging Station
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Energy Storage System for Fast‐Charging Stations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Renewables + ESS
7.3 Microgrid with Renewables + ESS
7.4 ESS Modes of Operation
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Surge Protection Device for Electric Vehicle Fast‐Charging Infrastructure
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Surge Protection for Fast‐Charging Stations
8.3 Surge Protection for Underground Locations
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Power Quality Problems Associated with Fast‐Charging Stations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Introduction to Power Quality
9.3 Power Quality Problems Due to Fast‐Charging Stations
9.4 Analysis of Harmonic Injection into the Distribution System
9.5 Analysis of System Resonance Condition
9.6 Analysis of Supra‐Harmonics
9.7 Case Study: Harmonic Measurement of 30 kW DC Fast Charger
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Standards for Fast‐Charging Infrastructure
10.1 Introduction
10.2 IEC Standards
10.3 IEEE Standards
10.4 SAE Standards
10.5 ISO 17409 Electrically Propelled Road Vehicles – Connection to an External Electric Power Supply – Safety Requirements
10.6 CEA Technical Standards in India
10.7 BS 7671‐2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Fast‐Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
11.1 Batteries
11.2 Distributed Energy Storage System and Grid‐Friendly Charging
11.3 Ultrafast Chargers
11.4 Interoperable Features
11.5 Charging the Vehicle While Driving (Wireless Charging)
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 A Review of the Improved Structure of an Electric Vehicle Battery Fast Charger
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Battery Charging
12.3 Temperature and Heat Control
12.4 Bidirectional AC–DC Converters
12.5 High‐Frequency Transformers
12.6 Examine Some of the Charger Examples Provided in the References
12.7 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 List of AC chargers.
Table 1.2 List of DC chargers.
Table 1.3 Maximum allowed operating voltage limit.
Table 1.4 Recommended use of cables without thermal management for EV charg...
Table 1.5 Recommended use of cables with thermal management for EV charging...
Table 1.6 Preferred operated voltage rating.
Table 1.7 Preferred rated current.
Table 1.8 Chargers and their ratings.
Table 1.9 Chargers used in the fast‐charging station.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Typical C‐rating of a battery.
Table 4.2 Comparison of general Li‐ion batteries and LiPo batteries.
Table 4.3 Specific power, specific energy, energy density, and life cycle f...
Table 4.4 Battery type and their capacity in various EVs available in the m...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Total number of conventional vehicles registered in Tamil Nadu.
Table 5.2 Total number of vehicle projections from 2023 to 2030.
Table 5.3 EV penetration rate target by Government of India (Adapted from h...
Table 5.4 Total number of electric vehicles estimation for the year 2023, 2...
Table 5.5 24 hours power demand for EV charging loads.
Table 5.6 Total daily and yearly energy requirements.
Table 5.7 Summary of the 12 feeders considered for the study [12, 13].
Table 5.8 Voltage harmonic distortion limits at PCC
Table 5.9 Current harmonic distortion limits for system 120 V through 69 kV...
Table 5.10 Summary of load flow analysis for 11 kV F08 Byatha feeder [12, 1...
Table 5.11 Mitigation measures/modifications proposed to strengthen the 11 ...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Difference between radial and expanded radial distribution scheme...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Example of duty cycle of an ESS in EV charging station.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Typical magnitude and duration of the power quality phenomenon [6...
Table 9.2 Summary of EVs charged.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Features of charging modes as per IEC 61851.
Table 10.2 Recommended use of cables without thermal management for EV char...
Table 10.3 Recommended use of cables with thermal management for EV chargin...
Table 10.4 Technical details of AC level 1, AC level 2, DC level 1, and DC ...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Evolution of battery technology by 2030 [3] / IEEE / Public Doma...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Different AC voltage levels of the on‐board charging.
Table 12.2 Different DC voltage levels of the off‐board charging.
Table 12.3 Comparison between the proposed algorithms.
Table 12.4 Performance analysis of lithium‐ion batteries with other batteri...
Table 12.5 Comparison of state of charge estimation methods.
Table 12.6 Comparison of battery failure methods for SoH estimation.
Table 12.7 Characteristics of battery charge equalization techniques.
Table 12.8 Some examples of DC fast chargers available on the market.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Typical SLD of a charging station. MV, medium voltage.
Figure 1.2 Typical SLD of a fast‐charging station.
Figure 1.3 Typical distribution transformer.
Figure 1.4 Typical fast charger.
Figure 1.5 Connection between the EV and EVSE with a cable and plug attached...
Figure 1.6 Connection between the EV and EVSE with detachable/removable cabl...
Figure 1.7 Connection between the EV and EVSE with a cable and plug attached...
Figure 1.8 Integration of RES at AC bus of the fast‐charging station.
Figure 1.9 Integration of RES at DC bus of the fast‐charging station.
Figure 1.10 Integration of BESS at DC bus of the fast‐charging station.
Figure 1.11 Block diagram of the recharging function of the fast‐charging st...
Figure 1.12 SLD of the fast‐charging station.
Figure 1.13 DC fast charger 60 kW.
Figure 1.15 AC slow charger 3 kW.
Figure 1.16 DC fast charger 30 kW charging two EVs at a time.
Figure 1.17 Typical charging parameter of a charger during the charging proc...
Figure A1.1 GB/T standard vehicle inlet and coupler.
Figure A1.2 Status of the charging process of the charger.
Figure A1.3 Installation of DC fast charger in outdoor.
Figure A1.4 Charging gun connected to the electric bus.
Figure A1.5 Name plate rating of DC charger.
Figure A1.6 Name plate rating of EV cable.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Overview of methodology.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Typical EV fast‐charging infrastructure layout.
Figure 3.2 Typical layout of fast‐charging station using the integrated busi...
Figure 3.3 Typical layout of fast‐charging station using the integrated busi...
Figure 3.4 Typical layout of the fast‐charging station using the independent...
Figure 3.5 Typical layout of the fast‐charging station using the independent...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Typical architecture of EVs.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 General structure of the distribution system.
Figure 5.2 Typical load curve of a distribution system.
Figure 5.3 General structure of the distribution system with EV loads.
Figure 5.4 Power demand required for the year 2023.
Figure 5.6 Power demand required for the year 2030.
Figure 5.7 Typical distribution infrastructure planning to cater the EV char...
Figure 5.8 Flowchart of study methodology.
Figure 5.9 Current waveform at the PCC in the year 2022 [12, 13].
Figure 5.10 Current harmonic spectrum at the PCC in the year 2022 [12, 13]....
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Typical AC charging.
Figure 6.2 Typical DC charging.
Figure 6.3 (a) Battery voltage vs SoC characteristics. (b) Charging current ...
Figure 6.4 SLD for typical fast‐charging station.
Figure 6.5 SLD for the radial scheme for FCS.
Figure 6.6 SLD for the expanded radial scheme for FCS.
Figure 6.7 SLD for the primary selective scheme for fast‐charging station.
Figure 6.8 FCS loads through grid power source‐1.
Figure 6.9 FCS loads through grid power source‐2.
Figure 6.10 SLD for secondary selective scheme for FCS with one grid power s...
Figure 6.11 SLD for the secondary selective scheme for FCS with two independ...
Figure 6.12 Entire FCS loads through distribution transformer‐2.
Figure 6.13 Entire FCS loads through distribution transformer‐1.
Figure 6.14 Primary selective configuration for three distribution transform...
Figure 6.15 Primary loop configuration for three distribution transformers....
Figure 6.16 Sparing transformer configuration for FCS.
Figure 6.17 Spare distribution transformer‐4 is powering LV panel‐2.
Figure 6.18 Typical radial power distribution from LV panel to charger.
Figure 6.19 ATS for redundancy – configuration 1.
Figure 6.20 ATS for redundancy – configuration 2.
Figure 6.21 STS for redundancy – configuration 1.
Figure 6.22 STS for redundancy – configuration 2.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Typical SLD of fast‐charging station loads is powered through a s...
Figure 7.2 Typical SLD of fast‐charging station loads is powered through a s...
Figure 7.3 Typical SLD of fast‐charging station loads is powered through a s...
Figure 7.4 General structure of grid‐connected microgrid [9] / with permissi...
Figure 7.5 Typical SLD of grid‐connected microgrid system for a commercial c...
Figure 7.6 Typical SLD of grid‐connected microgrid system for a commercial c...
Figure 7.7 Typical SLD of grid‐connected microgrid system for a business cha...
Figure 7.8 Typical SLD of grid‐connected microgrid system for a business cha...
Figure 7.9 Typical SLD of standalone microgrid system with a common AC bus....
Figure 7.10 Typical SLD of standalone microgrid system with a common DC bus....
Figure 7.11 Procedure for configuring the duty cycle of an ESS [13] / with p...
Figure 7.12 Typical duty cycle example curve of ESS in an EV charging statio...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Direct and indirect lightning stroke on to the power system equip...
Figure 8.2 Simplified EVSE lightning current distribution from a nearby ligh...
Figure 8.3 Example for the category classifications [6] / with permission of...
Figure 8.4 Example of category C SPD requirement for open location.
Figure 8.5 Example of category C SPD requirement for covered location away f...
Figure 8.6 Example of category C SPD requirement for covered location near t...
Figure 8.7 Example of category B SPD requirement for underground location.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 SLD for the location of power quality measurement for a fast‐char...
Figure 9.2 Impedance vs frequency characteristics for series resonance [15]/...
Figure 9.3 Impedance vs frequency characteristics for parallel resonance [15...
Figure 9.4 Location of harmonic measurement of EV chargers.
Figure 9.5 Voltage RMS trend during the measurement period.
Figure 9.6 Current RMS trend during the measurement period.
Figure 9.7 Voltage and current waveform of 30 kW charger.
Figure 9.8 Voltage harmonic distortion for the voltage waveform shown in Fig...
Figure 9.9 Current harmonic distortion for the voltage waveform shown in Fig...
Figure 9.10 Voltage and current waveform of 30 kW charger.
Figure 9.11 Voltage harmonic distortion for the voltage waveform shown in Fi...
Figure 9.12 Current harmonic distortion for the voltage waveform shown in Fi...
Figure 9.13 Voltage and current waveform of 30 kW charger.
Figure 9.14 Voltage harmonic distortion for the voltage waveform shown in Fi...
Figure 9.15 Current harmonic distortion for the voltage waveform shown in Fi...
Figure 9.16 Voltage THD trend.
Figure 9.17 Current THD trend.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Li‐ion battery pack average cost projection [3] / IEEE / Public ...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Constant voltage–current charging method level.
Figure 12.2 State diagram of the charging algorithm of the constant current ...
Figure 12.3 Steps of battery charging by the constant current–voltage method...
Figure 12.4 Charging flow chart by the multistep constant current method.
Figure 12.5 State diagram of the pulse method charging algorithm.
Figure 12.6 Block diagram of the sinusoidal pulse charging method.
Figure 12.7 Typical DC fast charger power converter diagrams. (a) A single m...
Figure 12.8 AC–DC converter structures for DC fast chargers. (a) Three‐phase...
Figure 12.9 Isolated DC–DC converter structures for DC fast chargers. (a) PS...
Figure 12.10 Off‐board strategy for the battery charger. (a) Independent bat...
Figure 12.11 Structure of a three‐phase fast battery charger for electric ve...
Figure 12.12 IBC‐type battery charger structure.
Figure 12.13 Structure of an isolated battery charger.
Figure 12.14 The basic circuit structure of the totem pole PFC.
Figure 12.15 Proposed structure for PEV.
Figure 12.16 Proposed resonant converter and a non‐isolated buck converter....
Figure 12.17 A full‐bridge PWM ZVS converter with a capacitor filter output....
Figure 12.18 Full‐bridge ZVS converter.
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854
IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief
Jón Atli BenediktssonAnjan BoseJames DuncanAmin MoenessDesineni Subbaram Naidu
Behzad RazaviJim LykeHai LiBrian Johnson
Jeffrey ReedDiomidis SpinellisAdam DrobotTom RobertazziAhmet Murat Tekalp
Fast‐Charging Infrastructure forElectric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Methods for Large‐Scale Penetration into Electric Distribution Networks
Sivaraman Palanisamy
Senior Power Systems Engineer
Vysus Consulting India Pvt Ltd, India
Sharmeela Chenniappan
Professor, Anna University, Chennai, India
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Professor, University of South‐Eastern Norway, Norway
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Palanisamy, Sivaraman, 1991– author. | Chenniappan, Sharmeela, 1977– author. | Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban, 1978– author.Title: Fast‐charging infrastructure for electric and hybrid electric vehicles : methods for large scale penetration into electric distribution networks / Sivaraman Palanisamy, Vellalur, Madurai, Tamilnadu, Sharmeela Chenniappan, Adambakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, KPRIET, Anna University Govinda Salai, Pondicherry.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley‐IEEE Press, [2023] | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023008826 (print) | LCCN 2023008827 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119987741 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119987758 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119987765 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Battery charging stations (Electric vehicles) | Electric vehicles–Power supply. | Electric vehicles–Electric equipment.Classification: LCC TL220.5 .P35 2023 (print) | LCC TL220.5 (ebook) | DDC 629.28/6–dc23/eng/20230322LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023008826LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023008827
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Lus Costa/Getty Images
Dedication
Mr. P. SivaramanHe is dedicating this book to his father Mr. A. Palanisamy (deceased), mother Mrs. P. Valarmathi, sister Mrs. P. Shanmuga Priya, spouse Mrs. A. Gowri, daughter S. Aathira, and son S. Magizhan.
Dr. C. SharmeelaShe expresses her heartfelt thanks and dedicates this book to her beloved father Mr. N.S. Chenniappan (deceased), and her mother Mrs. C. Kasturi, her brother Sekar, sister‐in‐law Vanitha, niece Shakthi, friends A. Subathra and M.R. Swaminathan, and all her other beloved friends for encouraging her and extending their full support in writing the book.
Dr. P. SanjeevikumarFinally, he also likes to express his sincere thanks to his family members, wife, son, and daughter, for the time sacrificed for his professional activities and the consistent support extended. He also dedicates this book to his father and mother, who provided this opportunity to become an engineer/researcher – their Spirit always Bless him ahead in his Life.
Preface
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are an absolute necessity due to the rapid depletion of petroleum products, increased operational costs, and environmental pollution. The major barrier to increasing the share of EVs in the market is the charging time. EV charging takes a few minutes to a few hours to recharge the battery completely, and EV users have to wait during the charging process. Compared with AC slow chargers, DC fast chargers can charge EVs in less time. Hence, fast‐charging stations or infrastructure is required to increase EV penetration.
This book (Fast‐Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Methods for Large‐Scale Penetration into Electric Distribution Networks) covers the different aspects of fast‐charging stations, such as introduction to different types of EV chargers and cables, selection of fast‐charging stations, business models and tariff structures, batteries, distribution system planning by DISCOMs, electric distribution infrastructure within the charging stations, energy storage systems, surge protection devices, power quality problems, and standards.
Chapter 1 covers the various equipment/components involved in the fast‐charging stations, like cables, chargers, switchgear, distribution transformers, energy meters and power quality meters, plugs, and connectors. Also, it covers renewable energy‐powered fast‐charging stations and digital communication between the charger and vehicles.
Chapter 2 describes the business model for fast‐charging stations, the selection of locations for fast‐charging stations, geospatial analysis, and land and electric power supply availability.
Chapter 3 gives detailed information about the integrated and independent business model, the selection of the business model for fast‐charging stations, and the tariff structure. Generally, fast‐charging stations have two different tariff structures, i.e. 1. tariff between electric utilities (DISCOMs) and fast‐charging stations, 2. tariff between fast‐charging stations and EV users.
Chapter 4 covers battery chemistries suitable for fast charging, such as the Li‐ion family, Lead acid and Nickel family. Also, it covers the selection of battery chemistry for EVs and C‐rating.
Chapter 5 describes the need for distribution system planning in terms of electric distribution infrastructure (i.e. distribution feeders and equipment) and power and energy demand requirements to cater for the EV charging loads connected across the distribution system. Real‐time examples are given for this purpose.
Chapter 6 provides detailed information about the electric distribution infrastructure within the fast‐charging station in terms of reliability. It covers the single point of failure, various redundancy configurations for distribution infrastructure, and chargers.
Chapter 7 covers the requirement of an energy storage system for fast‐charging stations and its advantages in combination with renewable energy systems. Also, it covers the various configurations for a renewable energy system and microgrids with and without energy storage systems.
Chapter 8 describes the requirements for surge protective devices for fast‐charging stations in an open location, covered location, and underground location.
Chapter 9 gives the power quality problems associated with fast‐charging infrastructure like harmonics, transients, voltage unbalance, voltage fluctuations, voltage sags and swells, etc. In detail, it covers the analysis of harmonic injection into the distribution system and the method of analysis, resonance, and super‐harmonics.
Standards play an important role in the trouble‐free operation of fast‐charging stations. Chapter 10 covers various international and national standards for fast‐charging stations/infrastructure from an overall perspective, like IEC in Europe, IEEE and SAE in the USA, British standards in the UK, ISO standards, and CEA standards for India.
Chapter 11 provides the requirements for future needs like voltage range, battery chemistry, standardization of battery ratings, distributed energy storage system and grid‐friendly charging, ultra‐fast chargers of more than 400 kW, interoperable features and wireless charging.
Power electronic converters are used for fast charging purposes. Chapter 12 covers the improved structure of power electronic converters for fast charging.
About the Authors
Mr. P. Sivaraman (Member ’20, Senior Member ’21 IEEE) was born in Vellalur, Madurai district, Tamilnadu, India. He completed schooling in Govt. Higher Secondary School, Vellalur, B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, M.E. in Power Systems Engineering from Anna University, Chennai, India in 2012 & 2014, respectively. He has more than eight years of industrial experience in the field of power system studies, renewable energy integration studies, solar PV systems, wind power plant, power quality studies & harmonic assessments, trouble shooting for various power quality problems, providing the techno‐economical solution to various power quality problems. Presently he is working as a Senior Power Systems Engineer at Vysus Consulting India Pvt Ltd, India. He has trained more than 500 personnel on renewable energy and power quality. He is an expert in power system simulation software’s like ETAP, PSCAD, DIGSILENT POWER FACTORY, PSSE, and MATLAB. He is an active participant in the IEEE standards association. He is a working group member of IEEE standard P2418.5 (Standard for Blockchain in Energy), P1854 (Guide for Smart Distribution Systems), IEEE P2800.2 – Recommended Practice for Test and Verification Procedures for Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) Interconnecting with Bulk Power Systems, IEEE P2844 – Recommended Practice for Limiting Voltage Imbalance in Electric Power Systems and P3001.9 (Design of Power Systems Supplying Lighting Systems in Commercial and Industrial Facilities). He is a working group member of IEEE PES task force of Energy storage. He had authored/co‐authored/edited seven books in the field of electrical engineering with Elsevier and Wiley‐IEEE Press, published several papers in national and international conferences. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a member of the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE), a Life Member of the Institution of Engineers (India), and The European Energy Center (EEC). He received Professional Engineer (PEng) certification from the Institution of Engineers India. Also, a speaker who is well versed in both National and International Standards.
Google Scholar link: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=XLdd0mgAAAAJ&hl=en&authuser=1
Dr. C. Sharmeela holds a B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, M.E. in Power Systems Engineering from Annamalai University, Chidambaram and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai respectively. At present, she holds the post of Professor and Professor‐In‐Charge, Power Engineering and Management, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, C.E.G., Anna University, Chennai. She has done a number of consultancies on Renewable Energy Systems such as Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) Power System, Power quality measurements and design of compensators for industries. She has coordinated and organized several short‐term courses on power quality for Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board Engineers, TN, India. She has also delivered several invited talks and trained 1000+ engineers on the importance of Power Quality, Power Quality Standards and Design of SPV power system for more than 12 years in leading organizations such as CII, FICCI, CPRI, MSME, GE (Alsthom) and APQI. She has authored over 30 journal papers in refereed international journals, co‐authored 15 book chapters, edited five books and authored one book. Her areas of interest include Power Quality, Power Electronics applications to Power Systems, Smart Grid, Energy Storage Systems, Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicle, Battery Management System and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment. She is a senior member of IEEE, Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India), Life Member of ISTE, Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP), New Delhi, India and SSI, India. She has a teaching/research and consultancy experience of 21+ years in the areas of power quality and power systems.
Google scholar link: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=‐YbjPxsAAAAJ&hl=en&authuser=1
Dr. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban (Member' 12, Senior Member' 15 IEEE) received the bachelor's degree from the University of Madras, India, in 2002, the master's degree (Hons.) from Pondicherry University, India, in 2006, and the Ph.D. degree University of Bologna, Italy, in 2012. He was an Associate with various institutions like VIT University India, National Institute of Technology, India, Qatar University, Qatar, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Currently, he is working as a Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology, and Cybernetics, University of South‐Eastern Norway, Norway. He has authored 300 plus scientific papers and has received the Best Paper cum Most Excellence Research Paper Award from IET‐SEISCON’13, IET‐CEAT’16, and five best paper awards from ETAEERE’16 sponsored Lecture note in Electrical Engineering, Springer book series. He is a fellow the Institution of Engineers, FIE, India, fellow the Institution of Telecommunication and Electronics Engineers, FIETE, India, and fellow the Institution of Engineering and Technology, IET, UK. He serves as an Editor/Associate Editor/Editorial Board of the refereed journal, in particular, the IEEE Systems Journal, the IEEE Access Journal, the IET Power Electronics, Journal of Power Electronics, Korea, and the subject editor of the subject Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, the subject Editor of IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, and the subject editor of FACTS journal, Canada.
Google Scholar link: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=KyuMg7IAAAAJ&hl=en&authuser=1
Acknowledgments
We thank the almighty for giving us enough strength and support to complete the book.
Mr. P. Sivaraman expresses his sincere thanks to Mr. Balaji Sriram, Research Scholar, IIT Kanpur; D. Sathiya Moorty, Research Scholar, IIT Ropar; Mr. Upendran, Research Scholar, IIT Madras; Mr. S. Rajkumar, Executive, JLL, Bengaluru; Mr. K. Sasikumar, Electrical Engineer, Mott MacDonald, Bengaluru; Mr. Muthukumaran, Director, TECH Engineering Services, Chennai; and Mr. K. Balaji, Electrical Engineer, Vertiv, Chennai, for providing their technical support, figures, expert review, and finalizing the contents.
Dr. C. Sharmeela expresses her sincere gratitude to her mentor, Prof. Dr. D.P. Kothari, and research supervisor, Prof. Dr. M.R. Mohan, Anna University, Chennai. She also takes this opportunity to thank the funding agency, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) for funding the research project under the Research Promotion Scheme (RPS) titled “Smart Electric Vehicle Charging Station” in supporting her Electric Vehicle Charging research endeavors. She also likes to express her heartfelt gratitude and thanks to the RUSA 2.0 project – “Electric Vehicle Technologies – Smart Material Characterization, Manufacturing and Grid Management” – Thematic Title “Monitoring and Analysis of Power Quality Issues on to the Distribution Network Due to Electric Vehicle Infrastructure,” for providing the test facilities to conduct the Power Quality (PQ) research and analysis in Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE).
Dr. P. Sanjeevikumar takes this opportunity to thank the University of South‐Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway, for providing substantial time and facilities to execute his professional activities; the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics colleagues; his research collaborates/researchers; and the contributed authors for their vital time to make this book a successful outcome.
1Introduction to Electric Vehicle Fast‐Charging Infrastructure
1.1 Introduction
The electric vehicles (EVs) are an absolute necessity due to the rapid degradation of fossil fuels and they are free from environmental pollution during their operation. In a conventional vehicle, petroleum products like petrol or diesel, or gasoline are used as a fuel for transportation. Similarly, in EVs, energy stored in the batteries is used as fuel for transportation. So, batteries in the EVs are to be recharged whenever the battery state of charge (SoC) indication is low or on a need basis by a charger or charging equipment. The charging equipment used to recharge the batteries in EVs is called as electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) [1, 2]. An EVSE is placed in a charging station, and it receives the electric power supply from DC or AC supply system and supplies the DC power to recharge the renewable energy storage system (RESS) or simply batteries in the EVs. The typical single‐line diagram (SLD) of a charging station is shown in Figure 1.1.
The IEC 61851‐1:2017 [3] classifies the EVSE in a charging station into the following types:
Characteristics of power supply input
The EVSE is classified based on the grid supply system used to power the EVSE,
EVSE connected to AC grid power supply system
EVSE connected to DC grid power supply system
Characteristics of power supply output
The EVSE is classified based on the type of current it will deliver to the EV,
AC EVSE
DC EVSE
AC and DC EVSE
Figure 1.1 Typical SLD of a charging station. MV, medium voltage.
Based on the type of electric connection method
Plug and cable connected
Permanently connected
Based on environmental conditions
Indoor
Outdoor
Based on access to the EV users
Locations with restricted access
Location with non‐restricted access
Based on the mounting method
Stationary EVSE equipment
Non‐stationary EVSE equipment
Based on protection against electric shock
Class I equipment
Class II equipment
Based on charging modes
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
These charging equipment are generally classified into AC charging and DC charging based on where the actual conversion of AC to DC takes place. In AC charging method, the actual conversion of AC to DC takes place inside the EV or onboard. The different types of AC chargers available in the markets are listed in Table 1.1.
In the DC charging method, the actual AC to DC conversion takes place outside of EV (i.e. inside of EVSE) or off‐board. The different types of DC chargers available in the markets are listed in Table 1.2.
Also, based on the time taken to recharge the battery to 100% SoC, EVSE is classified into slow charging and fast charging. In the slow charging method, it will take six to eight hours or above to recharge the battery to 100% SoC. This slow charging method is also called overnight charging. In the fast‐charging method, EVs are recharged at a higher power rating charger and usually, it will take 15–30 minutes to recharge the battery up to 80% SoC [2]. So, the fast‐charging method is a widely adopted method to recharge EVs used for commercial purposes including freight transfers. Based on the location of the charging process carried out, charging stations are also classified into residential/home charging and public charging. Residential charging is widely used by EVs owner because recharging is economical at home (i.e. energy cost is less). It normally uses slow chargers to recharge the battery and EVs owner charge their vehicle mostly during the night‐time [4]. On the other hand, public charging stations (e.g. charging station at shopping mall, cinema theater, highway, etc.) allow EV users to recharge their vehicle outside the residential premises. The public charging station generally employs DC fast chargers to recharge EV batteries in lesser time to avoid the waiting period.
Table 1.1 List of AC chargers.
S. No
Charger type
Connector/Socket
Maximum power output
1
Type 1
Yazaki socket
Up to 7.4 kW (32 A, single phase)
2
Type 2
Mennekes socket
Up to 44 kW (63 A, three Phase)
3
Type 3
Grand socket
Up to 22 kW (32 A, three Phase)
Table 1.2 List of DC chargers.
S. No
Charger type
Maximum power output
Communication protocols
1
CHAdeMO
Up to 400 kW DC charging (1000 V, 400 A)
Control Area Network (CAN) for communication between EV and EVSE
2
GB/T
Up to 237.5 kW DC charging (950 V × 250 A)
CAN for communication between EV and EVSE
3
Tesla super charger
Up to 135 kW DC charging (410 V × 330 A)
CAN for communication between EV and EVSE
