Flexible Pipes E-Book

Qiang Bai

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 769

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Written by one of the most well-respected teams of scientists in the area of pipelines, this revolutionary approach offers the engineer working in the energy industry the theory, analysis, and practical applications for applying new materials and modeling to the design and effective use of flexible pipes. Recent changes in the codes for building pipelines has led to a boom in the production of new materials that can be used in flexible pipes. With the use of polymers, steel, and other new materials and variations on existing materials, the construction and, therefore, the installation and operation of flexible pipes is changing and being improved upon all over the world. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry. This new volume is a presentation of some of the most cutting-edge technological advances in technical publishing. This is the most comprehensive and in-depth book on this subject, covering not just the various materials and their aspects that make them different, but every process that goes into their installation, operation, and design. The thirty-six chapters, divided up into four different parts, have had not just the authors of this text but literally dozens of other engineers who are some of the world's leading scientists in this area contribute to the work. This is the future of pipelines, and it is an important breakthrough. A must-have for the veteran engineer and student alike, this volume is an important new advancement in the energy industry, a strong link in the chain of the world's energy production.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

About the Authors

Part I: Design and Analysis

Chapter 1: Flexible Pipes and Limit-States Design

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe

1.3 Comparison between Flexible Pipes and Rigid Pipes

1.4 Failure Mode and Design Criteria

1.5 Limit State Design

References

Chapter 2: Materials and Aging

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Metallic Material

2.3 Polymer Material

2.4 Aging

References

Chapter 3: Ancillary Equipment and End Fitting Design

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Bend Stiffeners and Bellmouths

3.3 Bend Restrictor

3.4 Buoyancy Modules

3.5 Cathodic Protection

3.6 Annulus Venting System

3.7 End Fittings

References

Chapter 4: Reliability-Based Design Factors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Failure Probability

4.3 Safety Factor Based on Reliability

4.4 Design Example

References

Part II: Unbonded Flexible Pipes

Chapter 5: Unbonded Flexible Pipe Design

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe

5.3 Flexible Pipe System and Components

References

Chapter 6: Design and Analyses of Unbonded Flexible Pipe

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Flexible Pipe Guidelines

6.3 Material and Mechanical Properties

6.4 Analytical Solutions in Flexible Pipe Design

6.5 FE Analysis of Unbonded Flexible Pipe

References

Chapter 7: Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Analytical Solution

7.3 FE Analysis

7.4 Results and Discussion

7.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Finite Element Analysis

8.3 FEM Results and Discussion

8.4 Analytical Solution

8.5 Test Study

8.6 Comparison of Three Methods

8.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Tension

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Tension Load

9.3 Results and Discussion

9.4 Parametric Study

9.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Bending

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Helical Layer within No-Slip Range

10.3 Helical Layer within Slip Range

References

Chapter 11: Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Tension and Internal Pressure

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Analytical Solution

11.3 FE Analysis

11.4 Results and Discussion

11.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Cross-Sectional Design and Case Study for Unbonded Flexible Pipes

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Cross-Sectional Design

12.3 Case Study

12.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 13: Fatigue Analysis of Unbonded Flexible Pipe

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Theoretical Approach

13.3 Case Study

13.4 Conclusions

References

Part III: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipes

Chapter 14: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Applications

14.3 Design and Manufacturing

14.4 Analytical Solution

14.5 FE Analysis

14.6 Results and Discussion

14.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 15: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Experimental Tests

15.3 FE Analysis

15.4 Simplified Estimation for Collapse Pressure

15.5 Parametric Study

15.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Pure Tension

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Experimental Tests

16.3 FE Analysis

16.4 Comparison and Discussions

16.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 17: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Bending

17.1 Introduction

17.2 FE Analysis

17.3 Mechanical Behaviors and Discussions

17.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Combined Internal Pressure and Tension

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Analytical Solution

18.3 Inner HDPE layer

18.4 Finite Element Analysis

18.5 Results and Discussion

18.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 19: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Combined Internal Pressure and Bending

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Analytical Solution

19.3 FE Analysis

19.4 Summary

References

Chapter 20: Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Combined Bending and External Pressure

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Experimental Tests

20.3 FE Analysis

20.4 Analysis Results and Discussions

20.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 21: Cross-Sectional Design and Case Study for Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Mechanical Behaviors

21.3 Cross-Sectional Design

21.4 Case Study

21.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 22: Damage Assessment for Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Damage Analysis of Outer Layer

22.3 Influence of Different Intervals

22.4 Effects of Insufficient Strength in Steel Strip

References

Part IV: Bonded Flexible Pipes

Chapter 23: Bonded Flexible Rubber Pipes

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Design and Applications

23.3 Failure Modes

23.4 Integrity Management

References

Chapter 24: Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Experimental Tests

24.3 Analytical Solution

24.4 Finite Element Analysis

24.5 Results and Comparison

References

Chapter 25: Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Analytical Solution of Collapse

25.3 FE Analysis

25.4 Example of Collapse Analysis

25.5 Sensitivity Analysis

References

Chapter 26: Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Bending

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Analytical Solution

26.3 FE Analysis

26.4 Experiment Test

26.5 Results and Discussion

26.6 Parametric Studies

26.7 Conclusions

References

Appendix

Chapter 27: Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Combined Tension and Internal Pressure

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Nonlinear Analytical Solution

27.3 Finite Element Model

27.4 Results and Discussion

27.5 Parametric Study

27.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 28: Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Combined External Pressure and Bending

28.1 General

28.2 Introduction

28.3 Analytical Solution

28.4 Finite Element Model

28.5 Results and Discussions

28.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 29: Fibre Glass Reinforced Flexible Pipes Under Internal Pressure

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Analytical Solution

29.3 Finite Element Analysis

29.4 Results and Discussions

29.5 Winding Angle

29.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 30: Fibre Glass Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure

30.1 Introduction

30.2 FE Analysis

30.3 Results and Discussions

30.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 31: Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Analytical Solution

31.3 Finite Element Analysis

31.4 Analysis Results

31.5 Experimental Test

31.6 Engineering Burst Pressure Formula

References

Chapter 32: Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Analytical solution

32.3 Numerical Simulations

32.4 Experimental Test

32.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 33: Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Bending and Internal Pressure

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Analytical Solution

33.3 Numerical Simulations

33.4 Pure Bending Experimental Test

33.5 Combined Internal Pressure and Bending Experimental Test

33.6 Comparison of Results

33.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 34: Cross-Sectional Design and Case Study for Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Cross-Sectional Design

34.3 Case Study

34.4 Validation by FE Model

34.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 35: Damage Assessment for Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipes

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Analytical Method

35.3 Finite Element Analysis

35.4 Comparison between Analytical Method and FEM

35.5 Summary

References

Chapter 36: Third-Party Damage for Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Pipeline, Soil and Tamper Parameters

36.3 Finite Element Model

36.4 Loading and Boundary Conditions

36.5 Analysis Results

36.6 Summary

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1: Overview of flexible composite pipe applications.

Table 1.2: Comparisons of four different risers.

Table 1.3: Cost comparison between flexible and rigid jumpers.

Table 1.4: Differences between flexible composite pipe and rigid carbon steel pipe.

Table 1.5: Cost comparison between rigid pipe and composite flexible pipe.

Table 1.6: Failure modes and design criteria for unbonded flexible pipes [8].

Table 1.7: Failure modes and failure mechanisms for FCP.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1: Test procedure for polymer materials.

Table 2.2: Test procedures for metallic materials.

Table 2.3: Potential failure modes for high temperature pressure sheath.

Table 2.4: Activation energies for permeability and diffusion in polyethylenes.

Table 2.5: Permeability coefficient for HDPE.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1: Steel permissible utilization factors for ancillary equipment [2].

Table 3.2: Potential defects and possible cause of bend stiffener.

Table 3.3: End-fitting permissible utilization factors for unbonded flexible pipes [3].

Table 3.4: Degradation mechanisms for the reinforcements and end-fittings’ materials.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1: Probability model of resistance parameters.

Table 4.2: Statistical properties of resistance for the RTP pipe.

Table 4.3: Statistical properties of load condition No. 1.

Table 4.4: Statistical properties of load condition No. 2.

Table 4.5: Target reliability (corresponding to load condition 1).

Table 4.6: Target reliability (corresponding to load condition 2).

Table 4.7: Safety factors (corresponding to load condition 1).

Table 4.8: Safety factors (corresponding to load condition 2).

Chapter 6

Table 6.1: Permissible utilization of stress for local buckling.

Table 6.2: Properties and requirements of flexible pipe components.

Table 6.3: Ratio range and application.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1: Boundary conditions in FEM.

Table 7.2: Geometric and material parameters of FEM.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1: Basic parameters for each model.

Table 8.2: Comparison of buckling pressures between analytical solution and FEM.

Table 8.4: Parameters of the steel strips.

Table 8.3: Geometric parameters of inner and outer HDPE layers.

Table 8.5: Material properties.

Table 8.6: Comparison between two testing groups.

Table 8.7: Ovalities of the testing specimens.

Table 8.8: Comparison of three methods.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1: Loading path under combined load.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1: Load path under combined loads.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1: Design Requirements.

Table 12.2: Geometrical parameters.

Table 12.3: Material parameters.

Table 12.4: Utilization factor for 8-inch flexible pipe.

Table 12.5: Load Cases.

Table 12.6: Stresses and strains utilization for different layers.

Table 12.7: FEA prediction results.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1: Predicted fatigue life.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1: Pipe specifications used at PDVSA project.

Table 14.2: End fitting weights with flange

Table 14.3: Pipe parameters.

Table 14.4: Material constants.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1: Initial ovality of the testing specimens.

Table 15.2: Comparison between the measured and simulated results for each specimen.

Table 15.3: Differences between the analytical results and the experiment & FEM.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1: Actual dimensions of the tensile test specimen.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1: Pipe dimensions and structure parameters.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1: Geometry parameters of steel reinforced flexible pipe.

Table 19.2: Material properties of steel reinforced flexible pipe.

Table 19.3: Analytical results of burst pressure

Table 19.4: Comparison between analytical solution and FEM.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1: Comparison of buckling load between test and FE analysis

Chapter 21

Table 21.1: Parameters of the designed pipe.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1: Geometric parameters of SRFP.

Table 22.2: Physical and mechanical properties of PE100.

Table 22.3: Physical and mechanical properties of steel strip.

Table 22.4: Parameters of liner pipe with damage layer.

Table 22.5: Stress distributions of inner steel strip layer close to the damage

Chapter 23

Table 23.1: Flexible pipe layer design criteria [1].

Table 23.2: Elastomers used in bonded flexible pipes.

Table 23.3: Product range for hydrocarbon production and gas service

Table 23.4: Product range of bonded flexible hoses for oil export.

Table 23.5: Characteristics of hoses in a CALM system.

Table 23.6: Product range for rotary & vibrator hoses.

Table 23.7: Product range for cementing hoses.

Table 23.8: Product range for choke and kill hoses

Chapter 24

Table 24.1: Mechanical properties of PE.

Table 24.2: Transverse isotropic elastic properties of reinforced tapes.

Table 24.3: Damage initiation properties of reinforced tapes.

Table 24.4: Measured burst pressure of RTP specimens.

Table 24.5: Degradation factors.

Table 24.6: Burst pressure obtained from different methods.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1: Key parameters of RTP for collapse analyses.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1: Dimensions of 4-inch RTP.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1: Comparison of collapse load between FEA and formula for different

D/t.

Table 28.2: Comparison of calculation results of RTP under bending.

Chapter 29

Table 29.1: Sectional parameters of FGRFP.

Table 29.2: Materials properties of each layer for FGRFP.

Chapter 30

Table 30.1: Dimensions of FGRFP.

Table 30.2: Material properties of each layer.

Table 30.3: Physical properties of material used for inner and outer layers

Chapter 31

Table 31.1: Physical and mechanical properties of materials for PSP.

Table 31.2: Value of burst pressure of five specimens [2].

Table 31.3: Comparison of burst pressures.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1: Geometric parameters of specimen.

Table 32.2: Comparison of buckling external pressure for different methods.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1: Mechanical properties of PE100 and steel wire.

Table 33.2: Dimension of experimental specimens.

Table 33.3: Geometric and parameters of PSP.

Table 33.4: Physical and mechanical properties of the PSP.

Table 33.5: Comparison of burst pressure.

Chapter 34

Table 34.1: Parameters for cross-sectional design.

Table 34.2: Material parameters.

Table 34.3: Design coefficients.

Table 34.4: Geometrical parameters.

Table 34.5: Individual capacities under different load cases.

Table 34.6: Design strength capacities under different load cases.

Table 34.7: Comparison between analytical solution and FEM.

Chapter 35

Table 35.1: Pipe parameters.

Table 35.2: Physical and mechanical properties of PE100.

Table 35.3: Physical and mechanical properties of steel wire.

Table 35.4: Comparison of short-term burst capacity for different methods.

Table 35.5: Burst capacity with different number of steel wires.

Chapter 36

Table 36.1: Pipeline geometry.

Table 36.2: Physical and mechanical parameters of soil.

Table 36.3: Materials parameters of temper.

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Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106www.scrivenerpublishing.com

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

ADVANCES IN PIPES AND PIPELINES

Flexible Pipes

Qiang Bai

Yong Bai

Weidong Ruan

This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2017 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-04126-9

Preface

With the rapid development of pipeline engineering technology, flexible pipes have been widely used in the oil and gas industry, both onshore and offshore. They are considered to be an efficient solution in terms of technical as well as economic performance due to their easy and fast laying procedure, durability and recoverability. Nowadays, many researchers and engineers keep on exploring and advancing new design and analysis methods for different types of flexible pipes. However, there is no book available that systematically introduces the design procedures and analysis criteria for different types of flexible pipes.

This book mainly proposes ultimate strength criteria, strength-based cross-sectional design and damage assessment of different types of flexible pipes in the oil and gas industry. We wish that this book will be a useful reference source of flexible pipe design and analysis for pipeline engineers.

The authors would like to thank Mr. Phil Carmical of Scrivener Publishing, for his continuous encouragement. The authors would like to appreciate Dr. Yong Bai’s graduate students and post-doctoral fellows at Zhejiang University who provided the initial technical writing for Chapter 4 (Mr. Weishun Dai), Chapters 9, 10, & 13 (Mr. Yutian Lu), Chapters 7, 8, & 11 (Mr. Shuai Yuan), Chapter 12 (Mr. Shuai Yuan & Mr. Peihua Han), Chapters 14 & 18 (Mr. Wei Chen), Chapters 15-17 & 20 (Ms. Ting Liu), Chapters 19, 29, & 30 (Ms. Shanying Lin), Chapter 21 (Ms. Ting Liu & Mr. Peihua Han), Chapter 22 (Dr. Wei Dai), Chapter 24 (Ms. Yuxin Xu), Chapters 25 & 26 (Mr. Weidong Ruan), Chapters 27 & 28 (Mr. Tianyu Zhang & Mr. Jiandong Tang), Chapter 31 (Mr. Zhaohui Shang & Mr. Haichao Xiong), Chapter 32 (Mr. Peng Wang), Chapter 33 (Ms. Songhua Liu), Chapter 34 (Mr. Peihua Han), Chapter 35 (Dr. Gao Tang & Mr. Pan Fang) and Chapter 36 (Dr. Gao Tang & Mr. Kaien Jiang). Thanks to all persons involved in reviewing the book, particularly Mr. Akira Bai of University of California at Berkeley, who reviewed the whole book.

The authors would like to thank the flexible pipe manufacturing company OPR Inc. for their support for publishing this book.

Dr. Q. Bai, Prof. Y. Bai, and Mr. W.D. Ruan October 1, 2016

About the Authors

Dr. Qiang Bai has more than 20 years of experience in subsea/offshore engineering including research and engineering execution. Experienced in different aspects of subsea engineering for shallow water and deep water and mechanical engineering. He has worked at Kyushu University in Japan, UCLA, OPE, JP Kenny, and Technip. His experience includes various aspects of flow assurance and the design and installation of subsea structures, pipelines, and riser systems. Dr. Bai is the coauthor of the books of “Subsea Pipelines and Risers”, “Subsea Engineering Handbook”, and “Subsea Pipeline Design, Analysis and Installation”.

Professor Yong Bai is the president of Offshore Pipelines & Risers Inc. in Houston, and also the director of the Offshore Engineering Research Center at Zhejiang University. He has previously taught at Stavanger University in Norway where he was a professor of offshore structures. He has also worked with ABS as manager of the Offshore Technology Department and DNV as the JIP project manager.

Professor Yong Bai has also worked for Shell International E & P as a staff engineer. Through working at JP Kenny as manager of advanced engineering and at MCS as vice president of engineering, he has contributed to the advancement of methods and tools for the design and analysis of subsea pipelines and risers. Professor Bai is the author of the books “Marine Structural Design” and “Subsea Pipelines and Risers” and more than 100 papers on the design and installation of subsea pipelines and risers.

OPR has offices in Houston, Texas, USA; and Hangzhou, China. OPR is engaged in the design, analysis, installation, engineering, and integrity management of pipelines, risers, and subsea systems such as subsea wellheads, trees, manifolds, and PLET/PLEMs.

Part IDESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Chapter 1Flexible Pipes and Limit-States Design

1.1 Introduction

The origin of flexible pipes can be traced to pioneering work carried out in the late 1970 s. Initially, flexible pipes were used in relatively benign weather environments such as offshore Brazil, the Mediterranean and the Far East. However, flexible pipe technology has advanced so rapidly that they are now used in various areas in the North Sea [1] and have gained popularity among designers in the Gulf of Mexico. Flexible pipes can be applied in water depths up to 8,000 ft., pressures up to 10,000 psi, high temperatures above 150 °F and can withstand large vessel motions in adverse weather conditions. Figure 1.1 illustrates a typical flexible riser used in deep water and shows the different configurations used for different water depths. This type of dynamic application is typically used in floating production systems with high pressure production risers, export risers, chemical/water/injection lines and gas lift lines.

Figure 1.1 Typical flexible riser configurations [2].

1.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe

This book explores the application of flexible pipes in the oil and gas industry, both onshore and offshore. The flexible pipe’s advantages include its composite structure that combines an internal polymeric sealing layer that transports fluids, helical armoring layers that provide the required strength and a polymeric outer sheath that prevents seawater from interacting with the armor layers. As a result this kind of pipe has a low bending stiffness in comparison to axial tensile stiffness, allowing a much smaller radius of curvature than a homogenous pipe with the same anti-pressure capacity. This particular structure gives the flexible pipe a number of advantages over other types of pipelines and risers such as steel catenary risers, including inherent corrosion resistance, reduced transport and installation costs due to prefabrication and storage on reels and compatibility with compliant structures allowing a permanent connection between a floating support vessel and subsea installations.

Figure 1.2