Foundation Design E-Book

N. S. V. Kamesware Rao

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 699

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

In Foundation Design: Theory and Practice, Professor N. S. V. Kameswara Rao covers the key aspects of the subject, including principles of testing, interpretation, analysis, soil-structure interaction modeling, construction guidelines, and applications to rational design. Rao presents a wide array of numerical methods used in analyses so that readers can employ and adapt them on their own. Throughout the book the emphasis is on practical application, training readers in actual design procedures using the latest codes and standards in use throughout the world. * Presents updated design procedures in light of revised codes and standards, covering: * American Concrete Institute (ACI) codes * Eurocode 7 * Other British Standard-based codes including Indian codes * Provides background materials for easy understanding of the topics, such as: * Code provisions for reinforced concrete * Pile design and construction * Machine foundations and construction practices * Tests for obtaining the design parameters * Features subjects not covered in other foundation design texts: * Soil-structure interaction approaches using analytical, numerical, and finite element methods * Analysis and design of circular and annular foundations * Analysis and design of piles and groups subjected to general loads and movements * Contains worked out examples to illustrate the analysis and design * Provides several problems for practice at the end of each chapter * Lecture materials for instructors available on the book's companion website Foundation Design is designed for graduate students in civil engineering and geotechnical engineering. The book is also ideal for advanced undergraduate students, contractors, builders, developers, heavy machine manufacturers, and power plant engineers. Students in mechanical engineering will find the chapter on machine foundations helpful for structural engineering applications. Companion website for instructor resources: href="http://www.wiley.com/go/rao">www.wiley.com/go/rao

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Foundations, Soils and Superstructures

1.2 Classification of Foundations

1.3 Selection of Type of Foundation

1.4 General Guidelines for Design

1.5 Modeling, Parameters, Analysis and Design Criteria

1.6 Soil Maps

Chapter 2: Engineering Properties of Soil

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Basic Soil Relations

2.3 Soil Classification

2.4 Permeability

2.5 Over Consolidation Ratio

2.6 Relative Density

2.7 Terzaghi's Effective Stress Principle

2.8 Compaction of Soils

2.9 Consolidation and Compressibility

2.10 Shear Strength of Soils

2.11 Soil Exploration and Sampling

2.12 Site Investigation − Boring, Sampling and Testing

2.13 Split Spoon Sampler and Standard Penetration Test

2.14 Cone Penetration Test

2.15 Field Vane Shear Test

2.16 Other In Situ Tests

2.17 Summary

2.18 Examples

Chapter 3: Bearing Capacity, Settlement, Stresses and Lateral Pressures in Soils

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations

3.3 Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations

3.4 Correlation of UBC and ASP with SPT Values and CPT Values

3.5 UBC and Probable Settlements Using Field Plate Load Test

3.6 Elastic Stress and Displacement Distribution in Soils

3.7 Settlement Analysis

3.8 Lateral Earth Pressure

3.9 Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest

3.10 Other Theories of Lateral Pressure

3.11 Examples

Chapter 4: Rational Design of Shallow Foundations

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Shallow Foundations

4.3 Conventional Design and Rational Design

4.4 Procedures for the Design of Footings

4.5 Conventional Structural Design of Footings

4.6 Foundations in Difficult Soil Formations

4.7 Modeling Soil Structure Interactions for Rational Design of Foundations

4.8 Evaluation of Spring Constant in Winkler's Soil Model

4.9 Soil–Structure Interaction Equations

4.10 Summary

Chapter 5: Analysis of Footings on Elastic Foundations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Literature Review

5.3 Analysis of BEF

5.4 Infinite Beams on Elastic Foundations

5.5 Finite Beams on Elastic Foundations

5.6 Plates on Elastic Foundations

5.7 Summary

Appendix 5.A Matrix of Influence Functions (Method of Initial Parameters)

Chapter 6: Numerical and Finite Difference Methods

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Trial Solutions with Undetermined Parameters

6.3 Finite Difference Method

6.4 FDM Applications to General BEF Problems

6.5 Boundary Conditions

6.6 Calculation of Bending Moments

6.7 Shear Forces

6.8 Vertical Reactions

6.9 Simplification for Prismatic Beams

6.10 FDM for Rectangular Plates on Elastic Foundations

6.11 FDM for Circular and Annular Plates on Elastic Foundations

6.12 BEF Software Package

6.13 Summary

Chapter 7: Finite Element Method

7.1 General Philosophy

7.2 Finite Element Procedure

7.3 Formulation of Finite Element Characteristics (Stiffness Analysis)

7.4 Beam Elements

7.5 Plate Elements for Bending Theory

7.6 Summary

7.7 Examples

Appendix 7.A Stiffness and Stress Matrices for Plate Elements

Chapter 8: Parameters and Criteria for Foundation Design

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Design Considerations

8.3 Codes, Practices and Standards

8.4 Design Soil Pressure

8.5 Gross and Net Values of the Safe Bearing Capacity and Allowable Soil Pressure

8.6 Presumptive Bearing Capacity

8.7 Settlements and Differential Settlements

8.8 Cracks Due to Uneven Settlement

8.9 Suggestions to Reduce Large Differential Settlements

Chapter 9: Deep Foundations – Piles, Drilled Piers, Caissons and Pile-Raft Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Piles

9.3 Functions of Piles

9.4 Design of Pile Foundations

9.5 Type and Length of Piles

9.6 Pile Load Capacity

9.7 Lateral Load Capacity of Piles

9.8 Stresses on Lower Strata Due to Pile Foundations

9.9 Settlement Analysis

9.10 Design of Piles and Pile Groups

9.11 Drilled Piers or Drilled Caissons

9.12 Non-Drilled Caissons

9.13 Pile-Raft Systems

9.14 Examples

Chapter 10: Design of Piles and Pile Groups

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Use of Pile Foundations

10.3 Types of Piles and Pile Groups

10.4 Efficiency of Pile Groups

10.5 Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations

10.6 Lateral Capacity of Piles

10.7 Pile Group

10.8 Settlement of Piles

10.9 Settlement Under Lateral Load

10.10 Design of Pile Caps

10.11 Uplift

10.12 Batter Piles

10.13 Design of Pile Foundations

10.14 Summary of Assumptions and Guidelines for Design

10.15 Example

10.16 Construction Guidelines

Chapter 11: Machine Foundations

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Types of Machine Foundations

11.3 General Requirements of Machine Foundations and Design Criteria

11.4 Dynamic Loads

11.5 Physical Modeling and Response Analysis

11.6 Analysis by Lysmer and Richart

11.7 General Analysis of Machine–Foundation–Soil Systems Using Analog Models

11.8 General Equations of Motion

11.9 Methods of Solution

11.10 General Remarks

11.11 Framed Foundations

Appendix 11.A Elements of Vibration Theory

Appendix 11.B Stiffness and Damping Parameters

Appendix 11.C General Guidelines for Design and Construction of Machine Foundations

Chapter 12: Structural Design of Foundations

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Analysis of Foundations

12.3 Structural Design

12.4 Isolated Footings

12.5 Wall Footings

12.6 Combined Footings

12.7 Strap Footings

12.8 Raft Foundations

12.9 Circular and Annular Footings

12.10 Construction Guidelines for Footings

12.11 Construction of Raft Foundations

12.12 Examples of Structural Design

Appendix 12.A Details of RC Design

Appendix 12.B Expressions for BM and SF for Circular and Annular Slabs, and Foundations

Appendix 12.C Structural Design of Shallow Foundations

Appendix 12.D Comparative Features of Concrete Codes for Foundation Design

References

Author Index

Subject Index

This edition first published 2011

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kameswara Rao, N. S. V.

Foundation design: theory and practice / N.S.V. Kameswara Rao.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-82534-1 (hardback)

1. Foundations. I. Title.

TA775.K337 2010

624.1'5–dc22

2010029407

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-82534-1

ePDF ISBN: 978-0-470-82535-8

oBook ISBN: 978-0-470-82536-5

ePub ISBN: 978-0-470-82815-1

To Divinity all pervading

Preface

It is well realized that ‘Geotechnical Engineering is an engineering science but its practice is an art!’ Foundations are essential interfaces between the superstructure and the supporting soil at the site of construction. Thus they have to be designed logically to suit the loads coming from the superstructure and the strength, stiffness and other geological conditions of the supporting soil. With an enormous increase in construction activities all over the world, structures and their foundations have become very sophisticated while the supporting soil has to accommodate these variations and complexities. This book focuses on the analysis and design of foundations using rational as well as conventional approaches. It also presents structural design methods using codes of practice and limiting state design of reinforced concrete (RCC) structures.

This book was evolved from the courses on Foundation Engineering taught by the author formerly in the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India and presently in the School of Engineering and IT, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Accordingly, the contents of the book are presented in a user-friendly manner that is easy to follow and practice.

Contents

The book consists of 12 chapters plus appendices. Chapters 1, 2, 3 present the engineering properties, tests and design parameters needed for the analysis and design of foundations. Chapter 4 discusses the conventional and rational approaches for designing different types of shallow foundations, including rafts. Methods for exact solutions using beams and plates on elastic foundations are presented in Chapter 5. Numerical methods of analysis such as finite difference method (FDM) and methods of weighted residuals (Galerkin, least squares, etc.) are discussed in Chapter 6. The finite element method (FEM) for foundation analysis is explained in Chapter 7. The design criteria for shallow foundations are presented in Chapter 8 while actual design principles are given in Chapter 12 along with structural design details. Chapter 9 discusses the design and construction of deep foundations such as piles, large diameter drilled piers, pile raft systems and non-drilled piers/caissons. The construction aspects and design of pile foundations are presented in Chapter 10. The principles of machine foundation design are discussed in Chapter 11. Chapter 12 summarizes the important provision of RCC design codes and comparative features of commonly used codes such as the Indian Code, Euro Code, and ACI Code. As mentioned earlier, detailed examples of structural design of shallow foundations are also given in this chapter.

Special Features

Every effort has been made to include the background material for easy understanding of the topics being discussed in the text. Both conventional and rational approaches to analysis and design are included. For example, the provision of RCC codes, pile design and construction, vibration theory and construction practices, as well as tests for obtaining the design parameters are included in the respective chapters. Examples of structural design of foundations are also discussed in detail. Comparative features of different RCC codes relevant to foundation design are also examined to help designers. In addition, several examples have been worked out to illustrate the analysis and design methods presented. Also, assignment problems are given at the end of each chapter for practice.

The author hopes that this book will be a very useful resource for courses on Foundation Engineering and Design, Soil-Structure Interaction, and so on, at undergraduate as well as postgraduate levels, besides being helpful to research, development and practice.

N. S. V. Kameswara Rao

January, 2010

Acknowledgments

I am happy to bring out this book on Foundation Design: Theory and Practice after teaching this course formerly at IIT Kanpur, India, and currently at the School of Engineering and IT, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. I express my gratitude to all my colleagues, students and authorities in both of these institutions for their cooperation and help in bringing out this book. I am extremely happy that this book is being published during the Golden Jubilee Year (2010) of IIT Kanpur, India. I am thankful to Dr. B.M. Basha, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering IIT, New Delhi (former M. Tech. student at IIT Kanpur), for his extensive help in working out the design examples (Appendix 12.C). I am grateful to Dr. John W. Bull, Newcastle University, United Kingdom, for reviewing and giving useful suggestions on Appendix 12.D – Comparative Features of Concrete Codes, included in this book. My thanks are also due to Ms. Chong Chee Siang and Mr. Ashrafur Rob Chowdhury, graduate students at Universiti Malaysia Sabah for their help in preparing the manuscript and figures. I also thank Mr. K.P. Chary, former graduate student at IIT Kanpur for helping in the preparation of the manuscript.

I am pleased to thank Dr. Rosalam Sarbatly, Dean, Mr. Radzif and Mr. Jodin, former and current Heads of the Civil Engineering Program, School of Engineering and IT, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, for their encouragement in publishing this book.

I offer my grateful salutations to my parents for their blessings. Finally, I am delighted to express my thanks to my wife Ravi Janaki, grandchildren Raaghavi and Harish, and my family members Sree, Ravi, Siva, Sarada, Krishna and Kalyani for their enthusiastic support during the preparation of this book.

N. S. V. Kameswara Rao

January, 2010