Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers E-Book

M. Rafiquzzaman

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 711

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Updated to reflect the latest advances in the field, the Sixth Edition of Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers further enhances its reputation as the most accessible introduction to the basic principles and tools required in the design of digital systems.

• Features updates and revision to more than half of the material from the previous edition
• Offers an all-encompassing focus on the areas of computer design, digital logic, and digital systems, unlike other texts in the marketplace
• Written with clear and concise explanations of fundamental topics such as number system and Boolean algebra, and simplified examples and tutorials utilizing the PIC18F4321 microcontroller
• Covers an enhanced version of both combinational and sequential logic design, basics of computer organization, and microcontrollers

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Systems

1.1 Explanation of Terms

1.2 Design Levels

1.3 Combinational and Sequential Circuits

1.4 Digital Integrated Circuits

1.6 CAD (Computer-Aided Design)

1.7 Evolution of the Microcontroller

1.8 Typical Microcontroller Applications

Chapter 2: Number Systems and Codes

2.1 Number Systems

2.6 Error Correction and Detection

Questions and Problems

Chapter 3: Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic Gates

3.1 Basic Logic Operations

3.2 Other Logic Operations

3.3 IEEE Symbols for Logic Gates

3.4 Positive and Negative Logic

3.5 Boolean Algebra

3.6 Standard Representations

3.7 Karnaugh Maps

3.8 Quine–McCluskey Method

3.9 Implementation of Digital Circuits with NAND, NOR, and Exclusive- OR/Exclusive-NOR Gates

Questions and Problems

Chapter 4: Combinational Logic

4.1 Basic Concepts

4.2 Analysis of a Combinational Logic Circuit

4.3 Design of a Combinational Circuit

4.4 Multiple-Output Combinational Circuits

4.5 Typical Combinational Circuits

4.6 IEEE Standard Symbols

4.7 Read-Only Memories (ROMs)

4.8 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

4.9 Commercially Available Field Programmable Devices (FPDs)

4.10 Hardware Description Language (HDL)

4.11 Verilog basics

4.12 Verilog modeling examples for combinational circuits

Questions and Problems

Chapter 5: Sequential Logic

5.1 Basic Concepts

5.2 Latches and Flip-Flops

5.3 Flip-flop timing parameters for edge-triggered flip-flops

5.4 Preset and Clear Inputs

5.5 Summary of the gated SR latch and the Flip-Flops

5.6 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits

5.9 Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits

5.10 Design of Counters

5.11 Examples of Synchronous Sequential Circuits

5.13 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

5.14 Verilog description of typical synchronous sequential circuits

Questions and Problems

Chapter 6: CPU, Memory, and I/O

6.1 Design of the CPU

6.2 Memory Organization

6.3 Input/Output (I/O)

6.4 CPU design using Verilog

Questions and Problems

Chapter 7: Microcontroller Basics

7.1 Basic Blocks of a Microcontroller

7.2 Microcontroller Architectures

7.3 Basic Concept of Pipelining

7.4 RISC vs. CISC

7.5 Functional Representation of a Typical RISC Microcontroller—The PIC18F4321

7.6 Basics of Programming Languages

7.7 Choosing a Programming Language

7.8 Introduction to C Language

Questions and Problems

Chapter 8: PIC18F Hardware and Interfacing Using C: Part 1

8.1 PIC18F Pins and Signals

8.2 PIC18F4321 programmed I/O using C

8.3 PIC18F Interrupts

Questions and Problems

Chapter 9: PIC18F Hardware and Interfacing Using C: Part 2

9.1 PIC18F Timers

9.2 PIC18F Interface to an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

9.3 Analog Interface

9.4 Serial Interface

9.5 PIC18F4321 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) Modules

9.6 DC Motor Control

Questions and Problems

Appendix A: Answers to Selected Problems

Appendix B: Glossary

Appendix C: Tutorial for Compiling and Debugging A C-Program Using the MPLAB

Appendix D: Interfacing The PIC18F4321 to a Personal Computer or a Laptop Using PICkit™ 3

D.1 Initial Hardware Setup for the PIC18F4321

D.2 Connecting the Personal Computer (PC) or the Laptop to the PIC18F4321 via PICkit3

D.3 Programming the PIC18F4321 from a Personal Computer OR a Laptop Using the PICkit3

Bibliography

Credits

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Systems

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32

Figure 3.33

Figure 3.34

Figure 3.35

Figure 3.36

Figure 3.37

Figure 3.48

Figure 3.39

Figure 3.40

Figure 3.41

Figure 3.42

Figure 3.43

Figure 3.44

Figure 3.45

Figure 3.46

Figure 3.51

Figure 3.48

Figure 3.49

Figure 3.49

Figure 3.51

Figure 3.52

Figure 3.53

Figure 3.54

Figure 3.55

Figure 3.56

Figure 3.57

Figure 3.58(a)

Figure 3.58(b)

Figure 3.58(c)

Figure 3.59

Figure 3.60

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.24

Figure 4.25

Figure 4.26

Figure 4.27

Figure 4.28

Figure 4.29

Figure 4.30

Figure 4.31

Figure 4.32

Figure 4.33

Figure 4.34

Figure 4.35

Figure 4.36

Figure 4.37

Figure 4.38

Figure 4.39

Figure 4.40

Figure 4.41

Figure 4.42

Figure 4.43

Figure 4.44

Figure 4.45

Figure 4.46

Figure 4.47

Figure 4.48

Figure 4.49

Figure 4.50

Figure 4.51

Figure 4.52

Figure 4.53

Figure 4.54

Figure 4.55

Figure 4.56

Figure 4.57

Figure 4.58

Figure 4.59

Figure 4.60

Figure 4.61

Figure 4.62

Figure P4.16

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 5.23

Figure 5.24

Figure 5.25

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.26

Figure 5.27

Figure 5.28

Figure 5.29

Figure 5.30

Figure 5.31

Figure 5.32

Figure 5.32

Figure 5.34

Figure 5.35

Figure 5.36

Figure 5.37

Figure 5.38

Figure 5.39

Figure 5.40

Figure 5.41

Figure 5.42

Figure 5.43

Figure 5.44

Figure 5.45

Figure 5.46

Figure 5.47

Figure 5.48

Figure 5.49

Figure 5.50

Figure 5.51

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Figure 5.53

Figure 5.54

Figure 5.55

Figure 5.56

Figure 5.57

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Figure 5.60

Figure 5.61

Figure 5.62

Figure 5.63

Figure 5.64

Figure 5.65

Figure 5.66

Figure 5.67

Figure 5.68

Figure 5.69

Figure 5.70

Figure 5.71

Figure 5.72

Figure P5.5

Figure P5.7

Figure P5.8

Figure P5.9

Figure P5.10

Figure P5.15

Figure P5.17

Figure P5.18

Figure P5.19

Figure P5.22

Figure P5.25

Figure P5.27

Figure P5.28

Figure P5.33

Figure P5.34

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.23

Figure 6.24

Figure 6.25

Figure 6.26

Figure 6.27

Figure 6.28

Figure 6.29

Figure 6.30

Figure 6.31

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Figure 6.33

Figure 6.34

Figure 6.35

Figure 6.36

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Figure 6.41

Figure 6.42

Figure 6.43

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Figure 6.60

Figure 6.61

Figure 6.62

Figure 6.63

Figure 6.64

Figure P6.13

Figure P6.22

Figure P6.32

Figure P6.33

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

Figure 7.17

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Figure P8.6

Figure P8.7

Figure P8.9

Figure P8.11

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.24

Figure 9.25

Figure 9.26

Figure 9.27

Figure P9.14

Figure D.1

Figure D.2

Figure D.3

Figure D.4

Figure D.5.

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2.

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6(a)

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Table 4.12

Table 4.13

Table 4.14

Table 4.15

Table 4.16

Table 4.17

Table 4.18

Table 4.19

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 5.8

Table 5.9

Table 5.9(b)

Table 5.10

Table 5.11

Table 5.12

Table 5.13

Table 5.14

Table 5.15

Table 5.16

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 6.8

Table 6.9

Table P6.34

Table P6.35

Table 7.1

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers

Sixth Edition

M. Rafiquzzaman, Ph.D.

Professor

California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

and

President

Rafi Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Rafiquzzaman, Mohamed.

[Fundamentals of digital logic and microcomputer design]

Fundamentals of digital logic and microcontrollers / M. Rafiquzzaman. – Sixth edition.

pages cm

Revised edition of: Fundamentals of digital logic and microcomputer design.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-118-85579-9 (cloth)

1. Logic circuits. 2. Microcomputers–Design and construction. 3. Electronic digital computers-Circuits. I. Title.

TK7888.4.R34 2014

621.39'5–dc23

2014017642

To my wife, Kusum; son, Tito; daughter-in-law,

Trina; and my grand children

Preface

The fifth edition of the book covered basics of computer engineering and science from digital logic to the design of a complete microcomputer system using Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000. With the growing popularity of microcontrollers, it is now necessary to have a clear understanding of the basic principles of microcontrollers at the undergraduate level. Microcontrollers play an important role in the design of digital systems. They are found in a wide range of applications including office automation systems such as copiers and fax machines, consumer electronics such as microwave ovens, digital instruments, and robotics.

Hence, a typical microcontroller such as Microchip Technology's PIC18F is used to replace the 8086 and 68000 in this edition. Several PIC18F-based simple practical applications using C-language are provided. The sixth edition covers an enhanced version of both combinational and sequential logic design, basics of computer organization and microcontrollers.

Like the fifth edition, emphasis is given on the basic concepts. To cite an example, we clearly point out that computers understand only 0's and 1's. It is, therefore, important that students be familiar with binary numbers. Furthermore, we focus on the fact that computers can normally only add. Hence, all other arithmetic operations such as subtraction are performed via addition. This can be accomplished using two's-complement arithmetic for binary numbers. This topic is, therefore, also included along with a clear explanation of signed and unsigned binary numbers. Basic concepts such as this are illustrated with simple examples throughout this edition.

As in the previous edition, three design levels are covered in this book: device level, logic level, and system level. Device-level design using simple devices such as transistors is included for typical logic gates such as NOT. Logic-level design is the technique in which logic gates are used; design of digital components such as an adder is provided. Finally, system-level applications are covered using a typical microcontroller such as the PIC18F.

Digital systems at the logic level are classified into two types of circuits: combinational and sequential. Combinational circuits have no memory whereas sequential circuits contain memory. Microcontrollers are designed using both combinational and sequential circuits. Therefore, these topics are covered in detail.

This edition of the book contains more details for synthesizing digital logic circuits using a popular hardware description language such as Verilog. An overview of contemporary digital circuit implementation using a popular programmable logic device (PLD) such as field programmable gate array (FPGA) along with the CAD (computer aided design) tools is included.

Several chapters in the previous edition containing digital logic design have been retained and even strengthened in this edition. A few chapters of this new edition are written to present the fundamental concepts of C language programming and interfacing techniques associated with Microchip Technology's PIC18F4321 microcontroller. The PIC18F family continues to be popular. The PIC18F family is an excellent educational tool for acquiring an understanding of both hardware and software aspects of typical microcontrollers.

Several PIC18F-based simple practical applications using C-language are provided. Most of the examples are implemented successfully in the laboratory. In summary, the sixth edition covers an enhanced version of both combinational and sequential logic, basics of computer organization, and microcontrollers.

The following major changes have been provided in this edition:

Revised Chapters 1 through 5 of the fifth edition to update and strengthen certain topics on both combinational and sequential circuits. Several new examples are included. In addition, certain topics such as timing diagrams, hazards, stability, and Verilog and FPGA are enhanced.

Chapter 6 of this edition contains design of the CPU, memory, and I/O. Design of both hardwired and microprogrammed CPU is included.

Chapters 7 through 9 of this edition include microcontroller basics and PIC18F-based applications using C.

In this edition, the book is divided into nine chapters as follow:

Chapter 1 presents an explanation of basic terminologies, fundamental concepts of digital integrated circuits using transistors; a comparison of LSTTL, HC, and HCT IC characteristics, evolution of the microcontroller, and technological forecasts.

Chapter 2 includes various number systems and codes suitable for representing information in typical digital systems.

Chapter 3 covers Boolean algebra along with k-map simplification of Boolean functions. Several examples are included. The basic characteristics of digital logic gates are also presented.

Chapter 4 presents the analysis and design of combinational circuits. Typical combinational circuits such as adder, decoder, encoder, multiplexer, demultiplexer, and ROMs are included. An introduction to PLDs and FPGA is provided. Synthesis of combinational logic design using Verilog is also included.

Chapter 5 covers various types of flip-flops. Analysis and design of sequential circuits such as counters and registers are covered. An overview of topics such as flip-flop set-up time, hold time, and metastability is provided. Finally, synthesis of sequential logic design using Verilog is included.

Chapter 6 introduces basic concepts associated with CPU, memory, and I/O. It also covers the design of CPU including registers, ALU, and the control unit.

Chapter 7 presents basics of microcontroller including organization, memory, I/O, and C programming concepts.

Chapter 8 provides typical C programs which include I/O examples with LEDs and switches. PIC18F-based programmed and interrupt I/O using C are covered in a simplified manner.

Chapter 9 contains simple PIC18F-based applications using C. These include A/D and D/A converters, LCD displays, on-chip timers, DC voltmeter, and motor control using PWM (pulse width modulation).

The book can easily be adopted as a text for “digital logic design” and/or “introduction to microcontrollers” at the undergraduate level in electrical/computer engineering and computer science. The book introduces microcontroller hardware and software to form a bridge between digital logic and an advanced follow-up course in microcontrollers. The book provides an introduction to one of today's popular microcontrollers, the PIC18F family. Although no advanced mathematical background is required, a basic course on DC circuits is required. A first course in C language programming is essential. Since C language programming is prerequisite for the course on microcontrollers, I/O and interfacing using C is included in this book. The audience for this book can also be practicing engineers and scientists in the industry. Practitioners of digital system design in the industry will find more simplified explanations, together with examples and comparison considerations, than are found in manufacturers’ manuals.

The author is especially indebted to his colleague, Dr. R. Chandra, of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona for reviewing the manuscript. The author is also grateful to his students Robert Benenyan, Michael Hachache, Cameron Chitsaz, Gagneet Bhatia, Luke Stankiewicz, and others for making constructive suggestions and to CJ Media of California for preparing the final version of the manuscript. Finally, the author is indebted to his deceased parents, who were primarily responsible for his accomplishments.

M. RAFIQUZZAMAN

Pomona, California