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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
FUTURE FIXED AND MOBILE BROADBAND INTERNET, CLOUDS, AND IoT/AI All-in-one resource on the development of Internet and telecoms worldwide, based on the technological frameworks as defined by the ITU Future Fixed and Mobile Broadband Internet, Clouds, and IoT/AI is a highly comprehensive resource that provides full coverage of existing and future fixed and mobile broadband networks, internet, and telecom and OTT services. This book explains how to perform technical, business, and regulatory analysis for future 5G-Advanced, 6G, WiFi, and optical access. This book also covers optical transport, submarine cable, future satellite broadband, cloud computing, massive and critical IoT and frameworks and use of AI / ML in telecommunications. Topics covered include: * Internet technologies, IPv6, QUIC, DNS, IPX, QoS in Internet/IP, cybersecurity, future Internet 2030, Internet governance * Future metallic and optical broadband, carrier-grade Ethernet, SD-WAN, OTN, submarine cable, satellite broadband, business and regulation of broadband * Future mobile and wireless broadband, 5G-Advanced, 5G/6G spectrum management, 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks, QoS, 6G/IMT-2030, WiFi 7 (802.11.be), mobile business and regulatory aspects * Cloud computing architectures and service models, MLaaS, BaaS, future OTT and telecom cloud services, business and regulation of clouds * Future voice, future TV, XR/AR/VR, critical IoT/AI services, future OTT services, metaverse, network neutrality, future digital economy and markets Future Fixed and Mobile Broadband Internet, Clouds, and IoT/AI is an essential reference for government officials and regulators, business leaders, engineers, managers, and employees in the telecommunications industry, ICT business professionals, and students in telecommunications.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
1 Fixed and Mobile Broadband Evolution
1.1 Evolution of Fixed and Mobile Telecommunications
1.2 Internet Evolution
1.3 Convergence of Telecom and Internet Worlds
1.4 Legacy, Over-The-Top (OTT), and Critical Services
1.5 Discussion
References
2 Internet Technologies
2.1 Open Internet Architecture
2.2 Main Internet Technologies
2.3 IPv6 Addressing and Implementation
2.4 IP Interconnections and IP eXchange (IPX)
2.5 HTTP 2.0, HTTP 3.0, and Web Technology
2.6 QoS in Internet/IP Networks
2.7 Cybersecurity and Privacy
2.8 Future Internet Development Toward 2030 and Beyond
2.9 Governance of Broadband Internet
References
3 Future Terrestrial and Satellite Broadband
3.1 Future Metallic Broadband
3.2 Future Cable Broadband
3.3 Future FTTH/FTTx Optical Access
3.4 Carrier-grade Ethernet for Telecoms
3.5 Software Defined – Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)
3.6 Optical Transport Networks
3.7 Submarine Cable Transport Networks
3.8 Satellite Broadband
3.9 Business and Regulatory Aspects of Fixed Broadband
References
4 Mobile Broadband
4.1 Mobile Broadband Evolution (LTE/LTE Advanced Pro)
4.2 5G New Radio
4.3 SDN, NFV, and Network Slicing in 5G
4.4 5G Next Generation Core
4.5 5G Quality of Service (QoS)
4.6 Spectrum Management for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)
4.7 Mobile Access in Unlicensed Bands
4.8 Business and Regulatory Aspects of Mobile Broadband
References
5 Future Mobile and Wireless Broadband
5.1 5G-Advanced
5.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB)
5.3 Future WLAN: Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11ax) and Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be)
5.4 5G – WLAN Interworking
5.5 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks (M2M/IoT Over Satellite)
5.6 Fixed-Wireless Access (FWA)
5.7 5G-Advanced Non-Public (Private) Networks
5.8 Future Mobile Broadband: IMT-2030 and Beyond
5.9 Business and Regulatory Aspects of Future Mobile and Wireless Broadband
References
6 Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence
6.1 Internet of Things (IoT) Framework
6.2 Mobile Internet of Things (e.g., NB-IoT)
6.3 Big Data Architectures and Networking
6.4 ITU’s Framework for Machine Learning (ML)
6.5 AI (Artificial Intelligence)/ML (Machine Learning) for 5G
6.6 Future AI-based Network Service Provisioning
6.7 Blockchain for IoT Data Processing and Management
6.8 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Quantum Internet/IP
6.9 Business and Regulatory/Governance Aspects of IoT, Big Data, and AI
References
7 Cloud Computing for Telecoms and OTTs
7.1 Cloud Computing Architectures
7.2 Cloud Ecosystem
7.3 Cloud Service Models
7.4 Cloud-native and Microservices for OTT Providers and Telecoms
7.5 Edge Computing
7.6 Future OTT Cloud Services
7.7 Future Telecom Cloud Services
7.8 Business Aspects and Regulation of Cloud Computing (Including Security and Privacy)
References
8 Future Fixed and Mobile Services
8.1 Future Telecom and OTT Voice Services
8.2 Future TV/IPTV, Video, and XR/AR/VR Services
8.3 Telecom and OTT Massive IoT Services
8.4 Future Critical IoT/AI Services
8.5 Future OTT Services
8.6 Open Internet vs. QoS, QoE, and Network Neutrality
8.7 Future Digital Economy and Markets
8.8 Regulatory Challenges for Future Telecom and OTT Services
References
9 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Required bitrates for video with different resolutions.
Table 1.2 Possible cooperation between telecom regulator and non-ICT agencie...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 IPv6 address types.
Table 2.2 HTTP methods.
Table 2.3 Comparison of legacy QoS approaches in IP networks.
Table 2.4 Minimum set of KPIs for IP network service.
Table 2.5 Examples for possible collaboration between telecom regulators and...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 DSL standards and theoretical maximum bitrates.
Table 3.2 DOCSIS standardization.
Table 3.3 Main ITU and IEEE PON standards.
Table 3.4 Performance Tiers (PTs) for Carrier Ethernet.
Table 3.5 Network service attributes.
Table 3.6 Spectrum for use by high-density applications in FSS.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Evolution of digital mobile networks, from 2G to 6G.
Table 4.2 IMT-2020/5G vs. IMT-advanced/4G.
Table 4.3 NR numerologies and physical resource blocks (PRBs).
Table 4.4 5G QoS indicators (5QIs) for GBR.
Table 4.5 5G QoS indicators (5QIs) for non-GBR.
Table 4.6 New 5G QoS indicators (5QIs) for delay critical GBR.
Table 4.7 Definition of frequency ranges for 5G in 3GPP standards.
Table 4.8 5G new radio (NR) and frequency ranges FR1 and FR2.
Table 4.9 5G bands in sub-1 GHz spectrum.
Table 4.10 New 5G NR bands in upper mid bands (3–6 GHz).
Table 4.11 NR bands in FR2.
Table 4.12 FR1 frequency carrier widths vs. sub-carrier spacing (SCS) vs. nu...
Table 4.13 FR2 frequency carrier widths vs. subcarrier spacing (SCS) vs. num...
Table 4.14 Carrier width and SCS for FR2 bands.
Table 4.15 Peak data rates for NR DL cases.
Table 4.16 Peak data rates for NR UL cases.
Table 4.17 Peak data rates for LTE Advanced Pro DL cases.
Table 4.18 Peak data rates for LTE advanced Pro UL cases.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 IEEE 802.11 (i.e. Wi-Fi) standards and their characteristics.
Table 5.2 Comparison of Wi-Fi 7 with previous Wi-Fi generations.
Table 5.3 Possible types of satellite platforms for NTN.
Table 5.4 NR bands for support of mobile satellite services.
Table 5.5 Peak data rates for satellite radio interfaces of IMT-2020/5G.
Table 5.6 Capabilities of IMT-2030/6G.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Comparison of 4G cellular IoT standards.
Table 6.2 Network intelligence levels.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Cloud service models versus cloud capability types.
Table 7.2 MLaaS ecosystem and roles.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Selected examples for spectrum allocations for terrestrial IoT ser...
Table 8.2 QoS requirements for critical IoT (URLLC) services.
Table 8.3 Standardized 5G slice/service types.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Convergence of legacy telecommunication to IP-based networks and ...
Figure 1.2 Fixed and mobile networks based on circuit switching.
Figure 1.3 Internet protocol layering model.
Figure 1.4 Internet vs. IP networks.
Figure 1.5 Average speeds for fixed Internet access, current and future pred...
Figure 1.6 Traffic by application type in Internet in the 2020s.
Figure 1.7 NGN transport and service stratum.
Figure 1.8 Network convergence of telecom operators toward IP and Internet t...
Figure 1.9 Main types of services in current and future IP networks of telec...
Figure 1.10 Main players in the telecom/ICT world.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Internet protocol stack and socket interface.
Figure 2.2 End-to-end IP communication.
Figure 2.3 IPv6 vs. IPv4 header comparison.
Figure 2.4 UDP versus TCP headers.
Figure 2.5 TCP congestion control mechanism.
Figure 2.6 Comparison of TCP and QUIC.
Figure 2.7 Global unicast address type of IPv6.
Figure 2.8 Tunneling mechanisms for IPv4 to IPv6 migration.
Figure 2.9 Example of a MAP-E deployment.
Figure 2.10 Example of a MAP-T deployment.
Figure 2.11 Number of autonomous systems globally in the period 2000–2050.
Figure 2.12 IPX in global IP world.
Figure 2.13 Comparison of HTTP 1.1 and HTTP 2.0.
Figure 2.14 HTTP 3.0 protocol stack
Figure 2.15 Future Web services, computing, and data.
Figure 2.16 End-to-end IP network QoS.
Figure 2.17 IP network QoS measurements.
Figure 2.18 Cybersecurity dimensions.
Figure 2.19 Use case of IPsec and TLS for end-to-end security.
Figure 2.20 Future IP network 2030 and beyond.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Metallic broadband access.
Figure 3.2 DOCSIS 4.0 Frequency Duplex (FDX) spectrum.
Figure 3.3 Future cable networks with Distributed Access Architecture (DAA)....
Figure 3.4 Passive Optical Network (PON) architecture.
Figure 3.5 Carrier Ethernet (CE) architecture.
Figure 3.6 QoS provisioning in Carrier Ethernet.
Figure 3.7 IP/MPLS architecture.
Figure 3.8 Options for MPLS-TP deployments.
Figure 3.9 SDN architecture.
Figure 3.10 SD-WAN use case example for fixed-mobile convergence.
Figure 3.11 Optical transport network (OTN) structure.
Figure 3.12 Optical fiber submarine cable systems.
Figure 3.13 FSS architecture for broadband Internet access.
Figure 3.14 GSO vs. non-GSO satellites.
Figure 3.15 Impact of fixed vs. mobile broadband on the economy.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Development of 3GPP mobile networks in 21st century: From 3G UMTS...
Figure 4.2 4G Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN).
Figure 4.3 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) for 4G mobile networks.
Figure 4.4 Control plane (CP) protocol stack in 4G.
Figure 4.5 5G New Radio (5G NR) numerologies.
Figure 4.6 IMT-2020/5G network slicing.
Figure 4.7 5G architecture.
Figure 4.8 Software based architecture (SBA) for 5G.
Figure 4.9 QoS flow mapping in 5G mobile network.
Figure 4.10 QoE analyses with assistance of artificial intelligence.
Figure 4.11 Spectrum considerations for mobile networks in rural, suburban, ...
Figure 4.12 Bandwidth adaptation (BA) in 5G.
Figure 4.13 Options for 4G and 5G in unlicensed spectrum.
Figure 4.14 ATSSS architecture for 5G.
Figure 4.15 Licensed vs. unlicensed possible use cases for 6–7 GHz spectrum....
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Developments from 5G via 5G-advanced to 6G.
Figure 5.2 5G/5G-Advanced architecture for time-sensitive communications and...
Figure 5.3 Overall architecture of IAB in NG-RAN.
Figure 5.4 Protocol stack for user traffic over IAB.
Figure 5.5 Protocol stack for control traffic over IAB.
Figure 5.6 Untrusted non-3GPP access network architecture in 5G.
Figure 5.7 User Plane (UP) protocols for untrusted 5G-WLAN interworking.
Figure 5.8 Trusted WLAN access to 5G.
Figure 5.9 5G NTN with transparent payload.
Figure 5.10 5G NTN with regenerative payload.
Figure 5.11 Protocol stack for NTN regenerative mode.
Figure 5.12 5G FWA architecture.
Figure 5.13 Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) isolated from public 5G net...
Figure 5.14 NPN hosted by 5G mobile operators.
Figure 5.15 Usage scenarios in IMT-2030/6G.
Figure 5.16 Spectrum for IMT-2030/6G and beyond.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Internet of things dimensions.
Figure 6.2 QoS comparison of massive IoT and critical IoT.
Figure 6.3 Wireless and mobile access technologies for IoT.
Figure 6.4 Comparison of cellular IoT in 5G.
Figure 6.5 Use of NB-IoT and LTE-M in-band 5G NR frequency carrier.
Figure 6.6 Big data ecosystem.
Figure 6.7 Big Data driven networking (bDDN) plane.
Figure 6.8 Machine Learning (ML) architecture.
Figure 6.9 ML marketplace network integration.
Figure 6.10 5G RAN intelligence framework.
Figure 6.11 Split AI/ML inference in 5G/6G system.
Figure 6.12 AI/ML model distribution in 5G/6G system.
Figure 6.13 Federated learning over 5G/6G system.
Figure 6.14 Architecture for cognitive end-to-end network slice management a...
Figure 6.15 Intent-based network.
Figure 6.16 Blockchain of Things (BoT).
Figure 6.17 QKD use as overlay for securing point-to-point application data ...
Figure 6.18 Risk-based approach for AI governance.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Cloud computing functional architecture.
Figure 7.2 Cloud computing ecosystem.
Figure 7.3 Main cloud services models.
Figure 7.4 MLaaS ecosystem.
Figure 7.5 Blockchain as a Service (BaaS).
Figure 7.6 5G deployment stack for cloud-native.
Figure 7.7 Telecom edge cloud scope.
Figure 7.8 Multi-cloud global infrastructure.
Figure 7.9 3GPP edge computing for telecom operators.
Figure 7.10 Edge system architecture for federation support.
Figure 7.11 Cloud service provider categories.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 VoNR (Voice over New Radio) protocol stack.
Figure 8.2 Delivery methods of 5G Multicast Broadcast Services (MBS).
Figure 8.3 5G MBS architecture.
Figure 8.4 5G-XR architecture.
Figure 8.5 Massive IoT ecosystem and interoperability.
Figure 8.6 IoT reference model for interoperability.
Figure 8.7 Network data analytics function (NWDAF).
Figure 8.8 ICT architecture for smart cities.
Figure 8.9 QoS for V2X in 5G networks.
Figure 8.10 Future web.
Figure 8.11 Regulatory interventions in regard to network neutrality.
Figure 8.12 Relations between Internet/managed IP networks and OTT/specializ...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854
IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor-in-Chief
Moeness Amin
Ekram Hossain
Desineni Subbaram Naidu
Jón Atli Benediktsson
Brian Johnson
Tony Q. S. Quek
Adam Drobot
Hai Li
Behzad Razavi
James Duncan
James Lyke
Thomas Robertazzi
Joydeep Mitra
Diomidis Spinellis
Future Fixed and Mobile Broadband Internet, Clouds, and IoT/AI
Toni Janevski
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
Skopje, North Macedonia
Copyright ©2024 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Names: Janevski, Toni, author.
Title: Future fixed and mobile broadband Internet, clouds and IoT/AI/Tori Janevski.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2024] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023057788 (print) | LCCN 2023057789 (ebook) | ISBN
9781394187966 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394187973 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394187980 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Broadband communication systems. | Cloud computing. |
Internet of things. | Artificial intelligence.
Classification: LCC TK5103.45.J36 2024 (print) | LCC TK5103.45 (ebook) |
DDC 621.39/81—dc23/eng/20240128
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023057788
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023057789
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Yuichiro Chino/Getty Images
To my great sons, Dario and Antonio, and to the most precious woman in my life, Jasmina.
About the Author
Toni Janevski, Ph.D., is Full Professor in telecommunications at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies (FEEIT), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University (UKIM), Skopje, North Macedonia. During 1996–1999, he worked for T-Mobile Macedonia. Since 1999, he has been with FEEIT. During 2005–2008, he was Member of the Commission of the Agency for Electronic Communications of Macedonia. From 2008 to 2016, he was Member of the Senate of UKIM. In 2009, he established the ITU Center of Excellence (CoE) of FEEIT, and served as its head during the period 2009–2022. Since 2009, he has successfully tutored and/or coordinated many international ITU courses in the ITU Academy every year. He received the “Goce Delchev” state award for science in 2012 and “UKIM best scientists” award for 2013, both of which can be received once in a lifetime. Professor Janevski has written multiple books with the well-known publishers Wiley and Artech House, as well as over 200 scientific papers in the field of telecommunications in journals and conferences. He is elected Head of Telecommunications Institute of FEEIT for the term 2023–2026. Prof. Janevski is elected member of the ITU Group on Capacity Building Initiatives (GCBI) for two 4-year terms, 2019–2022 and 2023–2026.
