Industrial Power Distribution E-Book

Ralph Fehr

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 609

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This new edition of Industrial Power Distribution addresses key areas of electric power distribution from an end-user perspective, which will serve industry professionals and students develop the necessary skills for the power engineering field.

• Expanded treatment of one-line diagrams, the per-unit system, complex power, transformer connections, and motor applications
• New topics in this edition include lighting systems and arc flash hazard
• Concept of AC Power is developed step by step from the basic definition of power
• Fourier analysis is described in a graphical sense
• End-of-chapter exercises 

If you are an instructor and adopted this book for your course, please email [email protected] to get access to the instructor files for this book.

Leseprobe

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IEEE Press Editorial Board

Tariq Samad, Editor in Chief

George W. Arnold

Vladimir Lumelsky

Linda Shafer

Dmitry Goldgof

Pui-In Mak

Zidong Wang

Ekram Hossain

Jeffrey Nanzer

MengChu Zhou

Mary Lanzerotti

Ray Perez

George Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Technical Reviewers

Om Malik, University of Calgary

SECOND EDITIONINDUSTRIAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

RALPH E. FEHR, III

Copyright © 2016 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-119-06334-6

CONTENTS

PREFACE

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

CHAPTER 1

UTILITY SOURCE

Objectives

1.1 Electrical Safety

1.2 Delivery Voltage

1.3 One-Line Diagrams

1.4 Zones of Protection

1.5 Source Configuration

1.6 The Per-Unit System

1.7 Power in AC Systems

1.8 Voltage Drop Calculations

1.9 Short-Circuit Availability

1.10 Conductor Sizing

1.11 Transformer Sizing

1.12 Liquid-Immersed Transformer kVA Ratings

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 2

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS AND METERING

Objectives

2.1 Definitions

2.2 Instrument Transformers

2.3 Metering Fundamentals

2.4 Watthour Metering

2.5 Demand Metering

2.6 Pulse-Operated Meters

2.7 Time-of-Use Meters

2.8 Special Metering

2.9 Digital Metering

2.10 Smart Meters

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 3

TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Objectives

3.1 Voltage Selection

3.2 Ideal Transformer Model

3.3 Transformer Fundamentals

3.4 Transformer Circuit Model

3.5 Single-Phase Transformer Connections

3.6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections

3.7 TWO-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

3.8 Six-Phase Transformer Connections

3.9 Transformer Phase Shifts

3.10 Grounding Transformers

3.11 Ferroresonance

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 4

FAULT CALCULATIONS

Objectives

4.1 Overview

4.2 Types of Faults

4.3 Data Preparation

4.4 First-Cycle Symmetrical Current Calculations

4.5 Contact-Parting Symmetrical Current Calculations

4.6 Analyzing Unbalanced Systems

4.7 Physical Example of Vector Components

4.8 Application of Symmetrical Components to a Three-Phase Power System

4.9 Electrical Characteristics of the Sequence Currents

4.10 Sequence Networks

4.11 Short-Circuit Faults

4.12 Open-Circuit Faults

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 5

PROTECTIVE DEVICE SELECTION AND COORDINATION

Objectives

5.1 Overview

5.2 Power Circuit Breaker Selection

5.3 Fused Low-Voltage Circuit Breaker Selection

5.4 Molded-Case Circuit Breaker Selection

5.5 Medium-Voltage Fuse Selection

5.6 Current-Limiting Fuse Selection

5.7 Low-Voltage Fuse Selection

5.8 Overcurrent Device Coordination

5.9 Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 6

RACEWAY DESIGN

Objectives

6.1 Overview

6.2 Conduit and Duct Systems

6.3 Cable Tray Systems

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 7

SWITCHGEAR AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS

Objectives

7.1 Overview

7.2 NEMA Enclosures

7.3 Switchgear

7.4 Motor Control Centers

7.5 ARC Flash Hazard

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 8

LADDER LOGIC

Objectives

8.1 Fundamentals

8.2 Considerations When Designing Logic

8.3 Logic Implementation

8.4 Seal-In Circuits

8.5 Interlocks

8.6 Remote Control And Indication

8.7 Reversing Starters

8.8 Jogging

8.9 Plugging

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 9

MOTOR APPLICATION

Objectives

9.1 Fundamentals

9.2 Energy Conversion and Losses

9.3 Speed–Torque Curves

9.4 Motor Starting Time

9.5 Cable Sizing

9.6 Motor Protection

9.7 Circuit Protection

9.8 Winding Protection

9.9 Motor Starting Methods

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 10

LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Objectives

10.1 Fundamentals

10.2 Lighting Technologies

10.3 Luminaire Designs

10.4 Electrical Requirements

10.5 Lighting System Design Examples

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 11

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Objectives

11.1 Overview

11.2 Configuration

11.3 Sizing and Placement

11.4 Capacitor Switching

11.5 Harmonics

11.6 Resonance

11.7 Protection

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

CHAPTER 12

POWER QUALITY

Objectives

12.1 Overview

12.2 Historical Perspective

12.3 Quantifying Power Quality

12.4 Continuity of Service

12.5 Voltage Requirements

12.6 Transients

12.7 Harmonics

12.8 Power Factor

Summary

For Further Reading

Questions

Problems

APPENDIX A

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

The American Wire Gauge (AWG)

APPENDIX B

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

Series Impedances

Parallel Impedances

Delta-to-Wye Transformation

Wye-to-Delta Transformation

Voltage Divider

Current Divider

Mesh-Current Analysis

Node-Voltage Analysis

Evaluating Determinants

Cramer's Rule

APPENDIX C

PHASORS AND COMPLEX NUMBER MATHEMATICS

Complex Operators

Notations for Complex Numbers

Properties of Conjugation

Euler's Formula

APPENDIX D

IMPEDANCE DATA

APPENDIX E

AMPACITY DATA

APPENDIX F

CONDUIT DATA

INDEX

IEEE PRESS SERIES ON POWER ENGINEERING

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Table 10.9

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Appendix A

Table A.1

Table A.2

Table A.3

Table A.4

Appendix C

Table C.1

Appendix D

Table D.1

Table D.2

Table D.3

Table D.4

Table D.5

Table D.6

Table D.7

Table D.8

Appendix E

Table E.1

Table E.2

Table E.3

Table E.4

Table E.5

Table E.6

Table E.7

Table E.8

Table E.9

Table E.10

Table E.11

Table E.12

Table E.13

Table E.14

Table E.15

Table E.16

Table E.17

Table E.18

Table E.19

Table E.20

Table E.21

Table E.22

Table E.23

Table E.24

Appendix F

Table F.1

Table F.2

Table F.3

Table F.4

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Effects of Electrical Current on the Human Body

Figure 1.2

480Y/277 V System

Figure 1.3

High-Leg Delta System

Figure 1.4

Zones of Protection

Figure 1.5

Radial System

Figure 1.6

Ring Bus

Figure 1.7

Ring Bus with Breaker Failure

Figure 1.8

Split Ring Bus

Figure 1.9

Primary Selective System

Figure 1.10

Primary Selective System Normal Configuration

Figure 1.11

Primary Selective System Backup Configuration

Figure 1.12

Primary Loop System

Figure 1.13

Primary Loop System with Normally Open Point

Figure 1.14

Primary Loop System with Reclosers

Figure 1.15

Secondary Selective System

Figure 1.16

Secondary Spot Network

Figure 1.17

Sparing Transformer

Figure 1.18

Per-Unit Example

Figure 1.19

Components of AC Power

Figure 1.20

Voltage Drop Example

Figure 1.21

Definition of Transformer Impedance

Figure 1.22

Liquid-Immersed Transformer (

Photo courtesy of Pennsylvania

Transformer Technology, Inc.)

Figure 1.23

Dry-Type Transformer (

Photo courtesy of Alfa Transformer

)

Figure 1.24

Radiator with Fans (

Photo courtesy of Progress Energy

)

Figure 1.25

Oil Pump with Flow Gauge (

Photo courtesy of Progress Energy

)

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

245 kV Capacitive Voltage Transformer. (

Photo courtesy of Trench Group

.)

Figure 2.2

15 kV Voltage Transformer. (

Photo courtesy of GE Power Sensing

.)

Figure 2.3

Voltage Transformer Polarity. (

Photo courtesy of GE Power Sensing

.)

Figure 2.4

Voltage Transformer Dot Convention

Figure 2.5

69 kV Current Transformer. (

Photo courtesy of ABB, Inc.

)

Figure 2.6

Current Transformer Polarity. (

Photo courtesy of GE Power Sensing

.)

Figure 2.7

Current Transformer Dot Convention

Figure 2.8

Bushing-type CTs Left to Right: Cast Resin (outdoor type), Tape Wound (indoor type), Board Mount (indoor type, typical for generators). (

Photo courtesy of GE Power Sensing

.)

Figure 2.9

34.5 kV Metering Units. (

Photo courtesy of Trench Group

.)

Figure 2.10

230 kV Metering Units. (

Photo courtesy of Trench Group

.)

Figure 2.11

Wattmeter Connection

Figure 2.12

Primary Circuit and Secondary Circuit Voltages and Currents

Figure 2.13

CT Correction Factors by Accuracy Class

Figure 2.14

VT Correction Factors by Accuracy Class

Figure 2.15

Watthour Meter (Front, Side, Rear, and Exploded views). (

Photos courtesy of Michael Celestin

.)

Figure 2.16

Electromechanical Watthour Meter with Demand Register. (

Photo courtesy of Elster Group GmbH

.)

Figure 2.17

Electronic Watthour Meter with Demand Capability. (

Photo courtesy of Elster Group, GmbH

.)