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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
INTRODUCTION TO DESALINATION Explore the principles, methods, and applications of modern desalination processes Introduction to Desalination: Principles, Processes, and Calculations delivers a comprehensive and robust exploration of desalination highlighted with numerous illustrative examples and calculations. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which offers an introduction to the topic that includes chapters covering global water scarcity and the need for "new water." The second section discusses the desalination process, including evaporation, reverse osmosis, crystallization, hybrid systems, and other potable water processes. The final part covers topics that include water conservation, environmental considerations of desalination, economic impacts of desalination, optimization, ethics, and the future of desalination. The book also includes: * A comprehensive introduction to desalination, including discussions of engineering principles, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water, and water chemistry * An extensive engineering analysis of the various desalination processes * Practical discussions of miscellaneous desalination topics, including the environmental and economic effects of the technology Perfect for process, chemical, mechanical, environmental, and civil engineers, Introduction to Desalination: Principles, Processes, and Calculations is also a valuable resource for materials scientists, operators, and technicians working in the field.
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Introduction to Desalination
Principles, Processes, and Calculations
Dr. Louis Theodore
Theodore TutorialsEast Williston, NYUSA
Dr. R. Ryan Dupont
Utah Water Research LaboratoryUtah State UniversityLogan, UTUSA
This edition first published 2022
© 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Theodore, Louis, author. | Dupont, R. Ryan, author. Title: Introduction to desalination : principles, processes, and calculations / Dr. Louis Theodore, Manhattan College, R. Ryan Dupont. Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021060406 (print) | LCCN 2021060407 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119691679 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119691716 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119691747 (epub) | ISBN 9781119691754 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Saline water conversion. Classification: LCC TD479 .T54 2022 (print) | LCC TD479 (ebook) | DDC 628.1/67--dc23/eng/20220124 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060406LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060407
Cover image: © MARK GARLICK/Getty Images
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIX TwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Brief Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Dedication
Part I Introduction
1 Global Water Scarcity and the Need for “New Water”
2 Technical Glossary
3 Engineering Principles
4 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Materials
5 Water Properties
6 Water Chemistry
7 The Conservation Laws, Stoichiometry, and Thermodynamics
8 Unit Operations
Part II Desalination and Water Treatment Processes
9 The Desalination Process
10 Evaporation
11 Reverse Osmosis
12 Crystallization
13 Traditional Desalination Processes
14 New Desalination Processes
15 Non-Desalination Processes
Part III Select Related Topics
16 Water Conservation
17 Economic Considerations
18 Optimization Considerations
19 Ethical Considerations
20 The Future of Desalination
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Total daily per capita water...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Flow diagram for a three-step...
Figure 3.2 Common process flow diagram...
Figure 3.3 Simplified process flow diagram...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Solid-liquid-vapor equilibria...
Figure 5.2 Psychrometric chart, low temperatures...
Figure 5.3 Psychrometric chart, high temperatures...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Fluid Flow through a Cylinder Tube.
Figure 7.2 Bypass, Recycle, Purge, and Makeup.
Figure 7.3 Diagram to Calculate the Magnitude...
Figure 7.4 Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 3.
Figure 7.5 Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 4.
Figure 7.6 Diagram for Illustrative Example 5.
Figure 7.7 Schematic for Lake Pumped Storage...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Hypothetical Flow System.
Figure 8.2 Process Flow Diagram.
Figure 8.3 Boiler Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 4.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Basic Desalination Process.
Figure 9.2 Desalination Unit Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 4.
Figure 9.3 Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 6.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Simple Evaporator.
Figure 10.2 Simple Evaporator with Reuse...
Figure 10.3 Flash Evaporator System.
Figure 10.4 Two-stage Flash Evaporation System.
Figure 10.5 Multi-stage Flash Evaporation System.
Figure 10.6 Multi-effect Evaporation System.
Figure 10.7 Vapor Compression Process.
Figure 10.8 Evaporator Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 5.
Figure 10.9 Evaporator Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 8.
Figure 10.10 Flow Diagram for Three Stage...
Figure 10.11 Flow Diagram for Energy Conversion...
Figure 10.12 Side and Front Views of the Solar...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Pre-osmosis Equilibrium.
Figure 11.2 Osmosis of a Solvent.
Figure 11.3 Osmotic Pressure.
Figure 11.4 Reverse Osmosis.
Figure 11.5 Diagram of Steps Taking Place ...
Figure 11.6 Different Membrane Separation Processes.
Figure 11.7 Process Flow Diagrams for the RO Process.
Figure 11.8 Seawater Desalination by RO.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Generalized Diagram of the Crystallization Process.
Figure 12.2 Normally Distributed Crystal...
Figure 12.3 Log Normal Crystal Size Distribution (CSD).
Figure 12.4 Line Diagram of an Evaporative Crystallizer.
Figure 12.5 Example Crystallizer Process Flow Diagram...
Figure 12.6 Crystallizer Process Flow Diagram with System Data.
Figure 12.7 Forced Circulation Crystallizer Flow Diagram...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 The GADUTH Solar Evaporation Process.
Figure 13.2 The GADUTH Greenhouse Solar Evaporator.
Figure 13.3 Psychrometric Chart, Low Temperatures...
Figure 13.4 Psychrometric Chart, High Temperatures...
Figure 13.5 General Electric Psychrometric Chart.
Figure 13.6 The Theodore Humidification...
Figure 13.7 The GADUTH Dewdrop Process.
Figure 13.8 The Reverse Osmosis and Crystallization Hybrid...
Figure 13.9 The Reverse Osmosis and Crystallization Hybrid...
Figure 13.10 Diagram of Psychrometric Chart...
Figure 13.11 Process Flow Diagram for Illustrative...
Figure 13.12 Process Flow Diagram of Hybrid Desalination...
Figure 13.13 Process Flow Diagram of Dehumidifier System...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 The Theodore Simple Still.
Figure 14.2 Heat Pipe Principles.
Figure 14.3 The Heat Conduit Evaporator Process.
Figure 14.4 The GADUTH Freeze Desalination Process Refrigeration Cycle.
Figure 14.5 The GADUTH Freeze Desalination Process Refrigerant Tanks.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Vacuum Levels Attainable with Various...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Global Water Withdrawals by Sector...
Figure 16.2 General Water Balance Approach.
Figure 16.3 Sewer Map for Soap Manufacturing Facility...
Figure 16.4 Revised Sewer Map for Soap Manufacturing...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Costs Associated with Potable Water Production...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.2 Solution to a Two-variable Minimization Problem.
Figure 18.1 Two-variable Minimization Problems.
Figure 18.3 Possible Solution to a Two-variable Maximization Problem.
Figure 18.4 Graphical Solution for Maximization Problem.
Figure 18.5 Graphical Solution for Illustrative Example 3.
Figure 18.7 Excel Solver Parameters Window Used to Solve...
Figure 18.8 Excel Worksheet Showing the Optimal...
Figure 18.6 Excel Worksheet to Solve the...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Scatter Diagrams: (a) Linear Relationship...
Figure 20.1 Error Difference: Actual and Predicted Values.
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Breakdown of the total water...
Table 1.2 Fresh groundwater, total groundwater...
Table 1.3 Global water resources by...
Table 1.4 Renewable annual fresh...
Table 1.5 Seawater and potable water...
Table 1.6 Water footprint and quantities...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 SI multiples and prefixes.
Table 3.2 Conversion constants
Table 3.3 Conversion constants for volume....
Table 3.4 Conversion constants for...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Commonly used concentration...
Table 4.2 Values of the ideal gas...
Table 4.3 Weight fraction for each...
Table 4.4 Mole fraction calculations...
Table 4.5 Gas composition and component...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Viscosity of air at 1 atmospherea
Table 5.2 Viscosity of water.
Table 5.3 Specific Volume, Enthalpy,...
Table 5.4 Specific volume, enthalpy,...
Table 5.5 Specific volume, enthalpy,...
Table 5.6 Definitions of psychrometric...
Table 5.7 Physical properties of water...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Mineral composition of the...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Data for Illustrative Example 5.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Saline water conversion options.
Table 9.2 Mass Transfer Scenarios...
Table 9.3 Factors Influencing the Choice...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Heat Exchanger Equipment.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Tyler and U.S. Standard Screen Scales
Table 12.2 Early Crystal Size Distribution...
Table 12.3 Crystal Size Distribution...
Table 12.4 Crystal Size-separation Efficiency...
Table 12.5 Crystal Size Distribution and...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Earth Temperatures at Various Depths.
Table 14.2 Cost and Income Data for Desalination...
Table 14.3 Comparison of Total Annual Cost...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Methane.
Table 15.2 Composition and Combustion Properties...
Table 15.3 Composition and Combustion...
Table 15.4 Gravimetric Composition of the...
Table 15.5 Composition of the Dry...
Table 15.6 Composition and Combustion...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Typical Water Use Values...
Table 16.2 Key Areas of Industrial Water...
Table 16.3 Waste Composition of Soap Manufacturing...
Table 16.4 Mass Loadings for Soap Manufacturing...
Table 16.5 Percent Mass Loadings for Each...
Table 16.6 Index 1 Values Based on Main...
Table 16.7 Index 2 Values Based on Secondary...
Table 16.8 Waste Composition of Soap ...
Table 16.9 Mass Loadings for Soap Manufacturing...
Table 16.10 Index 1 Values Based on Main...
Table 16.11 Index 2 Values Based on Main...
Table 16.12 Example Water Balance....
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 What Questions for Illustrative Example 2.
Table 17.2 Economic Cost Data for Desalination...
Table 17.3 Total Annual Cost Calculations for...
Table 17.4 Economic Data for Two Desalination...
Table 17.5 Final Economic Analysis Based...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Desalination System Cost...
Table 18.2 Desalination System Cost...
Table 18.3 Desalination Plant Information...
Guide
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
Dedication
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Preface
Since the late 1960s there has been an increased awareness of a wide range of environmental issues covering all media: air, land, and water. More and more people are becoming aware of these environmental concerns and it is important that all individuals, many of whom do not possess an understanding of environmental problems or have the proper information available when involved with environmental issues, develop capabilities in this area. All professionals should have a basic understanding of the technical and scientific terms related to these issues. One of the key issues is water scarcity and the role desalination can play in improving global water security. Hopefully, this text will serve the needs of those interested in increasing their knowledge of, and help solve, the potable water problems facing society.
The current human population on Earth is approximately eight billion, and almost certainly will increase in the future. The influence and effects of human activities on the environment have become increasingly evident at the local, state, national, and international levels, while particular issues such as potable water availability and desalination have become more pervasive and pressing. The net result is that there has been a more significant increase in both awareness and interest about this topic since the turn of this century.
The authors considered and then decided to write an introductory text on desalination that highlighted pragmatic rather than theoretical materials. It contains three parts and provides material that can be used in teaching an introductory course to those individuals interested in becoming part of this profession. As such, this book is intended to serve as a training tool for those individuals involved with, and those interested in entering this dynamic field. Although the literature is inundated with desalination texts emphasizing theory and theoretical derivations, the goal of this book is to present this subject of desalination from a strictly introductory and pragmatic perspective.
The book is the result of two years of effort by the authors. The first rough draft was prepared during the years 2017 through 2019. The manuscript underwent significant revisions during these past two years, some of it based on the experiences gained from earlier written material.
It should be noted that the authors cannot claim sole authorship to all of the essay material in this text. The present book has evolved from a host of sources, including notes, homework problems, and exam problems prepared by several faculty for undergraduate courses offered at Utah State University and Manhattan College, several other books by L. Theodore and R. Dupont, and a host of Theodore Tutorials published by Theodore Tutorials of East Williston, New York. Although the bulk of the material is original or taken from sources that the authors have been directly involved with, every effort has been made to acknowledge material drawn from other sources.
As noted in the Table of Contents, this desalination book is divided into three parts:
Part I: Introduction
Part II: Desalination and Water Treatment Processes
Part III: Select Related Topics
Part I includes the following chapters: Global Water Scarcity and the Need for “New Water;” a Technical Glossary; Engineering Principles; Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Water; Water Chemistry; Conservation Laws; Unit Operations; and Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Principles. Part II then introduces the desalination process. Part II highlights specific processes including: Evaporation, Reverse Osmosis, Crystallization, Other Desalination Processes, New Desalination Processes, and Other Potable Water Treatment Processes. These seven chapters are generously supplemented with illustrative examples. Part III contains five chapters that are concerned with what the authors have termed, “Select Related Topics,” i.e. Water Conservation, Economic Considerations, Optimization, Ethics, and The Future of Desalination.
The authors hope that this book will place in the hands of academic, industrial, and government personnel – including policy makers and water resource/management planners – a book that covers the fundamental principles and applications of desalination in a thorough and clear manner. The authors further hope that, on completion of the text, readers will have acquired not only a working knowledge of the principles of desalination, but also experience in their application; and, that they will find themselves approaching advanced texts, engineering and science literature, and industrial applications (even unique ones) with more confidence.
Last, but not least, the authors believe that this modest work will help the majority of individuals working and/or studying in the field of desalination to obtain a more complete understanding of this subject matter. If you have come this far and read through this Preface, you have more than just a passing interest in this subject. We strongly recommend that you take advantage of the material available in this book. We think that it will be a worthwhile experience.
East Williston, NY, January 2022 Louis Theodore
Smithfield, UT, January 2022 R. Ryan Dupont
Whisky is
To all the members of East Williston Fire Department, but in particular: Billy
Behan, Angelo Carbone Jr., Domenic Conte, Steve Jones, Billy McLean Jr., Patrick Theodore, and a host of others
and
in loving memory of Marie K. and Robert H. Dupont
Part I Introduction
Chapters in this Part include the following:
Global Water Scarcity and the Need for “New Water”
Technical Glossary
Engineering Principles
Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Materials
Water Properties
Water Chemistry
The Conservation Laws, Stoichiometry, and Thermodynamics
Unit Operations
